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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A comparison of food safety knowledge among restaurant managers, by source of training and experience, in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma.

The annual incidence of illness related to food consumption continues to present a challenge to environmental health management. A significant fraction of cases have been attributed to consumption of food in restaurants, and as the number of meals eaten away from the home continues to rise, the potential for large-scale foodborne-disease outbreaks will continue to increase. Food handlers in retail establishments contribute to the incidence of foodborne disease; therefore, it is essential that workers and management staff have a thorough understanding of safe food practices. Since the training, certification, and experience of food service managers vary greatly, it is also likely that managers' knowledge base may differ. In the study reported here, restaurant managers were administered a survey designed to measure their understanding of basic food safety principles. The sources of training, certification, and experience were found to significantly affect the level of food safety knowledge; however, increased hours of training did not increase knowledge. In addition, the time lapsed since training did not significantly affect the level of knowledge.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Why do patients choose chemotherapy near the end of life? A review of the perspective of those facing death from cancer.

PURPOSE: The number of patients receiving chemotherapy near the end of life is increasing, as are concerns about goals of treatment, toxicity, and costs. We sought to determine the available sources of knowledge, the choices, and concerns of actual patients, and how patients balanced competing issues. METHODS: We used a literature search from 1980 to present. RESULTS: Available patient sources provide little information about prognosis, choices, alternatives, consequences, or how to choose. Many patients would choose chemotherapy for a small benefit in health outcomes, and for a smaller benefit than perceived by their health care providers for their own treatment. Adverse effects are less a concern for patients than for their well health care providers. There are no decision aids to assist patients with metastatic disease in making their choices, such as there are for adjuvant breast therapy. CONCLUSION: The perspective of the patient is different from that of a well person. Patients are willing to undergo treatments that have small benefits with major toxicity. Receiving realistic information about the different options of care and the likelihood of successful treatment or adverse effects is difficult. These factors may explain some of the increased use of chemotherapy near the end of life. Decision aids and honest, unbiased sources to inform patients of their prognosis, choices, consequences, typical outcomes, and ways to make decisions are needed. More prospective information about how patients make their choices, and what they would consider a good choice, would assist informed decision making.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Empowering patients with diabetes: a qualitative primary care study focusing on South Asians in Leicester, UK.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore the experience and attitudes of primary care patients with diabetes living in a UK community with a high proportion of South Asian patients of Indian origin, with particular reference to patient empowerment. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients with diabetes attending two general practices in Leicester, UK. Patients were interviewed in English, Gujarati or Punjabi and interviews were transcribed with translation into English where necessary. Broad themes were identified and Framework charting was used to organise data for analysis. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with 15 South Asian and 5 white patients. We identified both similar and culturally specific elements within the experience, attitudes and barriers in the two ethnic groups. High regard for education, particularly in South Asians, was associated with a positive attitude to empowerment through knowledge, but also sometimes led to low motivation to become partners in diabetes management. High prevalence of diabetes and strong family networks meant that families were an important source of knowledge for South Asians and that these patients generally had good emotional support. Practical considerations such as the need for a convenient venue for educational initiatives were common to both ethnic groups, but some cultural preferences were also identified, for example for appropriate language provision and separate gender sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Educational initiatives aimed at promoting self-management in chronic diseases such as diabetes need to be designed with an awareness of the complexity of social and cultural experiences and attitudes in target communities.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Self-esteem maintenance processes: why low self-esteem may be resistant to change.

If most people desire to maximize feelings of self-worth, how do we explain the persistence of low self-esteem? Results from four studies suggest that people with low self-esteem may be less likely to accept positive feedback from themselves than from an outside source but equally likely to accept negative feedback from the self and an outsider. When the self was the source of positive feedback, people high, but not low, in self-esteem incorporated the feedback into their self-views; in contrast, when positive feedback came from a knowledgeable external source, both high and low self-esteem people accepted it. Finally, when self-generated feedback was negative, participants low in self-esteem accepted it. The authors discuss how these findings shed light on the maintenance of low self-esteem.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Factors influencing contraceptive use in Tehran.

BACKGROUND: Despite reluctance to conceive, approximately 30% of couples do not use any method of contraception. Health concerns, side effects, failure of the method and some demographic issues such as education, age, residential region and number of living children have a major effect on contraceptive use. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine those factors which influence contraceptive use in Tehran. METHODS: Data from the project "The Study of the Effectiveness of Postpartum Consultation about Family Planning on Contraceptive Practice during 2 years after Parturition in University Hospitals of Tehran in 1996" were applied for the analysis of those factors which influence contraceptive use by Iranian couples. A total of 4177 women of reproductive age who gave birth in one of the 12 hospitals in Tehran during the 24 hours following the interview of the initial study and had at least one living child were enrolled in the present study. The questionnaire used included some questions about socio-demographic status, fertility history, knowledge of contraceptives and the source of this knowledge, and previous contraception practice and its effectiveness. RESULTS: Using a logistic regression model, it was found that age, women's level of education, their husbands' level of education and previous familiarity with contraceptive methods were the most significant factors influencing contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that health policy makers strengthen the family planning services through providing appropriate counselling in family planning clinics.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Survey on knowledge and attitudes on AIDS among administrative and medical staff and policemen].

This survey was conducted among administrative, medical staff and policemen at county level in Yunnan province of PR. China concerning knowledge and attitude on HIV/AIDS. The main statistics of this survey were about the characteristics of the three groups, the degree of being interested in knowledge on HIV/AIDS and the sources of the knowledge and their attitude.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Epistemological development in adolescence and adulthood: a multidimensional framework.

Theories of epistemological development are reviewed. A framework describing variations in adolescents' and adults' intuitive conceptions of knowledge is proposed. Within the proposed framework, naive epistemologies are conceptualized in terms of their assumptions concerning (a) the nature of the knowledge acquisition process, (b) the degree of correspondence between knowledge and reality, (c) the certainty of knowledge, (d) the commensurability of knowledge across individuals, (e) the degree to which knowledge forms or inheres in a coherent system of thought, (f) the nature of meaning, (g) the appropriate procedures for evaluating competing beliefs, (h) the nature and role of authorities as sources of knowledge and justification, and (i) the nature of reality. This framework is used to describe possible developmental changes in adolescents' and adults' concepts of knowledge and to suggest how future researchers might address core issues concerning epistemological development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Familiarity with, knowledge of, and attitudes toward epilepsy in residents of Seoul, South Korea.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of epilepsy in Seoul, South Korea, a country where social stigma toward epilepsy is still pronounced. METHODS: We randomly selected 1000 persons living in Seoul and performed telephone interviews regarding public awareness, knowledge, and attitudes toward epilepsy. RESULTS: Among 1000 respondents, the 92% who had read or heard about epilepsy became the subjects of the study. Word of mouth was most often referenced as a source of knowledge (78%). Forty-seven percentage believed that epilepsy is inheritable, whereas 5% thought that epilepsy is a mental illness. Marriage of their children to an epileptic person, childbearing by women with epilepsy, and employing a person with epilepsy were opposed by more than 50% of respondents. The reasons for the negative attitudes were that epilepsy was hereditary and untreatable (P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that there still remains negative attitudes regarding the marriage, childbearing, and employment of persons with epilepsy, which may stem from misconceptions about the cause and treatability of epilepsy, possibly due in part to the influence of herbal medicine, and South Korea's ethnic homogeneity. Public health education either through media or school health education is urgently needed to improve knowledge about, and attitudes toward epilepsy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A survey of the scientific data and training methods utilized by collegiate strength and conditioning coaches.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which scientific research influences college strength and conditioning coaching practices and to determine the training methods utilized. A total of 321 surveys were mailed to Division I strength and conditioning coaches, and the response rate was 42.7% (137 of 321 surveys). Results indicate that all subjects held a baccalaureate degree, the majority in a human performance-related field, and that 75% were Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS) certified. The respondents' most widely utilized professional resources were the Strength and Conditioning Journal (94%) and other collegiate coaches and programs (93%). Forty-seven percent of respondents indicated that other collegiate coaches and their programs were the most important sources of knowledge outside of formal education. The majority indicated that they used a periodization protocol (93%) utilizing multiple sets (97%), plyometrics (90%), explosive movements (88%), and Olympic lifts (85%). Respondents tend to rely on sources of information that may not be defined as scientific, as evidenced by the low priority given to peer-reviewed literature. Respondents also tend to employ the methods they utilized as athletes. Reliance on these sources may not take advantage of advances made through scientific research in exercise physiology, biomechanics, and more specifically the area of strength and conditioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On the need for evidence-based medicine.

Doctors always seek to base their decisions on the best available evidence. Often this evidence represents extrapolations of pathophysiological principles and logic rather than established facts based on data derived from patients. The advent and proliferation of randomized controlled trials have led to a rapid increase in the quantity and quality of clinically valid evidence concerning clinical history taking and physical examination, issues of diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and other important health care issues. As a result it is becoming possible to make explicit much of the implicit non-verbal reasoning of expert clinicians, making their clinical reasoning more comprehensible and accessible to trainees. The ability to track down, critically appraise and incorporate evidence into clinical practice has been named 'evidence-based medicine'. As the quantity of valid evidence increases so does the requirement for each of us to develop the skills necessary to assimilate, evaluate and make best use of that evidence for patients. Often we fail to identify or address our daily needs for clinically important knowledge, leading to a progressive decline in our clinical competency. When we do seek knowledge traditional sources of information such as journals and text-books are often either too disorganized or out of date and we often resort to asking colleagues. The need to maintain and expand clinically important knowledge has been partially addressed by increasing demands for continuing medical education but how might this be best achieved? Recent evaluations suggest that three evidence-based medicine strategies help fulfill these goals. They include; learning evidence-based medicine, seeking and applying evidence-based medical summaries generated by others, and accepting evidence-based protocols developed by others.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed2006

Social marketing: should it be used to promote evidence-based health information?

The implementation of public health knowledge is a complex process; researchers focus on organizational barriers but generally give little attention to the format and validity of relevant information. Primary and secondary papers and practice guidelines should represent valid and relevant sources of knowledge for clinicians and others involved in public health. However, this information is usually targeted at researchers rather than practitioners; it is often not completely intelligible, does not explain what it really adds to existing knowledge or which clinical/organizational context to place it in, and often lacks 'appeal' for those who are less informed. Moreover, this information is sometimes founded on biased research, shaped by sponsors to give scientific plausibility to market-driven messages. A "social marketing" approach can help public health researchers make evidence-based information clear and appealing. The validity and relevance of this information can be explained to target readers in light of their own knowledge levels and in terms of how this information could help their practice. In this paper we analyse the barriers to knowledge transfer that are often inherent in the format of the information, and propose a more user-friendly, enriched and non-research-article format.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed1995

[Kaspar Schwenckfeldt--a Silesian physician, Renaissance student of nature, and bibliophile].

Kaspar Schwenckfeldt (1563-1609) is numbered among the intellectual celebrities of the Age of Renaissance in Silesia. He was the first to describe the flora of this region. His work Stirpium et fossilium Silesiae catalogus, based on his own research, was the fundamental source of knowledge about those plants for almost two centuries. His work on Silesian mineralogy, Fossilium Silesiae catalogus, omnia generis mineralia, metalla, succos, terrae, lapillos, fontes medicatos et thermae continens, even at present day is a valuable source of information on the occurrence of minerals in Silesia in the distant past. On the basis of Theriothropeum Silesiae one can reconstruct the rich realm of Silesian fauna of 16th/17th centuries. The monography of cieplice Slaskie, Hirschbergischen warmen Bades, published in 1607, is one of the oldest descriptions of this spa. The analysis of the physical-chemical characteristics of the waters and the information about their possible medical application was the fullest expert's opinion of that time. Up to the present days, a hand-written register of his collection of books has been preserved in the Stadtarchiv in Görlitz. It contains 705 items, which include medical publications, works on magic and occultism, as well as books connected with the Reformation movement, studies in Old Greek and Latin philologies, books on the history of some European countries. His versatility and rich scientific output place him among the most outstanding minds of his age.

Austria↗
PubMed1994

Effects of two formats of informed consent on knowledge amongst persons with advanced HIV disease in a clinical trial of didanosine.

To determine subjects' perception of the purpose of informed consent, 113 subjects were recruited from a dose-controlled clinical trial of didanosine (ddI). Subjects were surveyed regarding how they made decisions regarding their medical care in general, about how they obtained information about this trial in particular, and several aspects of the informed consent procedure. Subjects were then randomly allocated to receive information about the trial by either a written only format or a written and verbal format 1 week before commencement of the trial. An eight-item instrument assessed knowledge of ddI prior to and subsequent to receiving information. Most subjects obtained information about HIV-related issues from their specialist (70%) or general (51%) medical practitioner. A large proportion of subjects (88%) reported that they believed their specialist medical practitioner always acted in their best interest. The majority of subjects (79%) believed that subjects should be allowed the choice between participating in the clinical trial and receiving the drug outside the trial mechanism. Of the subjects, 96% believed that informed consent was necessary in clinical trials; however, their opinions of the purpose of informed consent varied widely. Although they signed the informed consent, 44% of the subjects stated that they did not understand 'all' of the information that was provided. We found that the provision of information by written mode alone, or written and verbal modes were both associated with significant increases in knowledge levels and that there was a significant interaction in the degree of change between the two methods, with the written plus verbal method showing the most improvement over time. There was an interaction between degree of improvement in knowledge of didanosine in subjects who received written information versus those who received written and verbal knowledge and time (pre- versus post-consent) and a significant main effect for time. All subjects were relatively well-informed about the drug and stated that specialist and general medical practitioners were their major source of knowledge for all aspects of their HIV health care.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the mandatory child abuse course for physicians: do we need to repeat it?

INTRODUCTION: Child abuse is one of the most common disorders affecting children of all ages. The objective of this study was to measure and assess the effectiveness of the mandated New York State child abuse and maltreatment course, and to identify and define the need for a refresher course. METHODS: This study was conducted in two parts. Part 1 consisted of a web-based survey among the paediatric members of 'Physicians Online' in New York State, and Part 2 consisted of an anonymous questionnaire survey using conventional US mail among the registered physicians in New York State who took the mandatory 'Recognition of Child Abuse and Maltreatment Course' between January 1988 and December 1998. The questionnaire included demographic information, test questions, and opinions of the physicians regarding the need for a refresher course. RESULTS: The web survey yielded 239/664 (36%) responses in 1 week. Approximately 45% of the respondents agreed that participation in the course produced a significant difference in their knowledge base and recommended that the course should be repeated every 5 years. The response rate for the mail survey was 56% (424/756). Among the respondents, 88% agreed that participation in the course produced an increased source of knowledge and practice (mean score of 3.2 +/- 1.2 using a scale of 1-5; where 1 = disagree and 5 = agree). The time since the course was taken (1-5 years vs >5 years ago) did not significantly influence their responses. Although 84% of the respondents answered the test questions correctly, significant differences were noted across practice specialty (P<0.05). In response to the question regarding the necessity for a refresher course, the mean score was 2.55 +/- 1.6 using a linear scale of 0-5 (where 0 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that practice specialty, not the time since the course was taken, made a significant difference in the knowledge of recognition and reporting of child abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

One-and-a-half decades of HIV/AIDS in Tamil Nadu: how much do patients know now?

Tamil Nadu has experienced the impact of HIV/AIDS for one-and-a-half decades and is considered a trailblazer in India in terms of combating the infection. So what are the knowledge levels among 292 HIV patients at Government Hospital for Thoracic Medicine and Christian Medical College? Latent class analysis revealed that it was not adequate. Television and peer contact were found to be most effective as source of knowledge for HIV. Patients who were in contact with health personnel might be expected to have more information but they came out with low scores. Association of knowledge with socio-demographic characteristics revealed that education, occupation, income, place of residence, and age were important predictors. Future information, education and communication programmes need to consider the variation across different socio-demographic groups as a basis for targeting education programmes.

Adult↗