Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Joint Capsule”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

[Clinical and histopathological findings in mycoplasmal polyarthritis of rats. II. Course of disease between the 2. and 6. week (authors transl)].

Between the 9th and 42nd day p.i. the clinical features and microbiological findings of rats infected intraperitoneally with mycoplasma arthritidis were recorded and a histological investigation was carried out. From the 12th day p.i. arthritic lesions clinically showed a gradual regression. Until the 42nd day p.i. mycoplasmas and purulent exudate were present within the joint cavity. During the course of infection a gradual increase of mesenchymal cell activity was found, leading to the formation of considerable amounts of secondary synovialis. Between the epiphysis the pannus formed tissue laces, which after the 3rd week p. i. showed sequestration. During the further course of disease an increased number of focal plasma cell accumulations was observed within the joint capsule. Partial erosions of hyaline cartilage, especially near its edge, could frequently be seen. Within the cellular exudate of the joint cavity the number of macrophages steadily increased whereas remmants of exudate were mainly located in the recesses of the joint capsule. In the periarticular tissue, cellular infiltration, mesenchymal cell proliferation and purulent necrotic foci were present. In the supporting osseous tissues osteomyelitis, abscesses, periosteal new bone formation and the occurrence of mosaic bone could be observed. The lesions found in spleen and lymph-nodes indicated the persistence of a systemic reaction within the RES.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Retinaculum-plasty in dorsal wrist ganglion].

Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations are described. Ganglion extirpation often leaves larger defects in the joint capsule of the wrist, causing problems. A flap using parts of the retinaculum extensorum provides a reliable closure of the joint capsule defect and may reduce the risk of ganglion recurrences.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

New surgical approach to the plantar fetlock joint through the digital flexor tendon sheath wall and suspensory ligament apparatus in cases of concurrent septic synovitis in two cattle.

A new surgical approach to the infected fetlock joint is described in two cattle suffering from septic tenosynovitis of the lateral digital flexor tendon sheaths of the right lateral hind-digits with concurrent septic serofibrinous arthritis of the adjoining fetlock joints, caused by penetrating wounds. In both patients, the infected sheaths were opened and the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons were removed. Intraoperatively, a small entry through the fetlock joint capsule was detected, directly distal to the lateral proximal sesamoid bone. The tract was surgically enlarged and a second approach into the plantar fetlock joint pouch was created proximally by making a 3 cm long and 0.5 cm wide incision between the two lateral suspensory ligament branches. This allowed easy access to the plantar joint pouch, removal of fibrin clots and an effective joint lavage using 5L of sterile saline solution. The incisions of the fetlock joint capsules remained unsutured and were drained using soft polyurethane foam to preclude premature closure. The tendon sheath wounds remained unsutured. In both patients, the digital flexor tendon sheath and the fetlock joint were lavaged daily for the following three days. The infection was eliminated in both cattle and both fully recovered without residual lameness.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Experimental studies on connective tissue of the capsular ligament. Influences of aging and sex hormones.

Influences of aging and sex hormones on connective tissue metabolism in the hip joint capsule of Wistar rats were analyzed both biochemically and morphologically. As age advanced, collagen content and collagen fibril diameter of the hip joint capsule tended to increase gradually in both sexes until sexual maturation was reached. Collagen content was significantly greater in males than in females after sexual maturation. The collagen content and fibril diameter were considerably increased by ovariectomy and significantly decreased by the administration of estrogen, or estrogen combined with progesterone, whereas they were significantly increased by the administration of testosterone in orchiectomized male rats.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Blood flow in the juvenile hip in relation to changes of the intraarticular pressure. An experimental investigation in dogs.

The blood flow in the hip joint of puppies was studied by means of the microsphere technique. The flow was determined before, during and after intraarticular pressure increase. A venous tamponade of 50 mmHg resulted in a significantly reduced flow in the femoral head and after an arterial tamponade of 150 mmHg the flow almost ceased. The proximal femoral metaphysis, the acetabulum and the hip joint capsule, on the contrary, showed varying degrees of flow increase. It is suggested that the significantly increased blood flow in the hip joint capsule during the intraarticular pressure increase of 50 mmHg and 150 mmHg is caused by an autoregulatory mechanism tending to restore the blood flow in the suffering femoral head. The demonstrated disturbance of the circulation in the juvenile femoral head after venous tamponade supports the theory that synovitis may be the basic mechanism in the production of Calvé-Legg-Perthes' disease.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1990

Effects of radioulnar instability on the radiocarpal joint: a biomechanical study.

Five fresh cadaver upper extremities were studied with use of a static positioning frame, pressure-sensitive film and a microcomputer-based videodigitizing system to assess the effect of increasing radioulnar instability on the load distribution within the proximal carpal joint. Three stages of radioulnar instability were studied: (1) an avulsion fracture at the base of the ulna styloid; (2) an avulsion fracture at the base of the ulna styloid plus disruption of the dorsal portion of the distal radioulnar joint capsule; and (3) an avulsion fracture at the base of the ulna styloid, disruption of the dorsal portion of the distal radioulnar joint capsule, and disruption of the radioulnar interosseous membrane. All stages of radioulnar instability demonstrated a decrease in the lunate contact area in positions with the forearm in supination. In stage 3 instability there was also less lunate contact area in positions with the forearm in neutral pronation/supination. In stage 3 instability the lunate high pressure area centroid was abnormally palmar in all positions and the scaphoid high pressure area centroid was abnormally palmar in positions with the forearm in pronation or supination.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Carrageenan-induced coxitis in puppies.

We studied the influence of chronic synovitis and joint effusion on the blood supply and growth of the immature femoral head in 12 puppies. Twelve weekly intraarticular injections of Carrageenan solution caused unilateral coxitis with caput magnum formation. Joint pressures in the neutral position were 0.9 kPa in the coxitis hips and -0.5 kPa in the contralateral hips. The joint capsule in coxitis showed hyperemia as measured by tracer microsphere technique. In nonmedicated, awake, standing dogs there was hyperemia of both the femoral head epiphysis and the joint capsule. In all the dogs, acetabular and proximal femoral metaphyseal blood flow was unchanged. In the control group, repeated cannulation and injection of normosaline did not change the hemodynamics, joint pressure, or femoral head size. We found no evidence of femoral head ischemia in coxitis with moderate chronic elevation of resting joint pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

CT arthrography of capsular structures of the shoulder.

The capsular mechanism of the shoulder joint consists of the joint capsule, which is strengthened by the glenohumeral ligaments and the rotator cuff, the glenoid labrum, and a variable number of synovial recesses. Although the fibrous capsule is a lax structure, the normal function of the capsular mechanism makes it an effective barrier against anterior dislocation, particularly in external rotation. There has been a tendency in the past to overestimate the role of the glenoid labrum in stability of the shoulder joint. In patients with instability, the significance of the capsular attachment or its anomalous insertions to the glenoid has not been adequately recognized. Labral tears may develop as secondary lesions due to repeated dislocations and subluxations rather than representing the primary lesion responsible for instability. Operative visualization of capsular defects or detachments is often difficult. Prior knowledge of these lesions can effectively help the choice of an appropriate surgical procedure and reduce operating time. The results of computed tomographic (CT) arthrography of the shoulder joint in 45 patients are reported and the normal and pathologic variations of the joint capsule and particularly the capsular insertions are described. Configuration of the joint recesses and the glenoid labrum are also evaluated. These CT findings were correlated and verified by surgery or arthroscopy in 26 cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Symposium on Surface Replacement Arthroplasty of the Hip. Anatomic considerations.

Division of the joint capsule close to the level of the acetabular labrum provides the best protection for the essential vessels at the base of the neck and does not jeopardize the acetabular blood supply. The vital medial femoral circumflex artery passes posteriorly, directly below the neck, is afforded little protection by the tenuous inferior capsule, and must get careful consideration during joint exposure, especially if severance of the inferior capsule is contemplated. Low trochanterter osteotomy may injure the principal blood vessels to the superior neck and head. Efforts to stabilize an osteotomized greater trochanter by passing a screw or screws into the inferior neck-shaft junction throw a severe and unnecessary stress on this important weight-bearing region of the proximal femur. Deliberate cutting of the anterior edge of the gluteus minimus from the underlying anterior joint capsule (iliotrochanteric band) facilitates capsular exposure.

Acetabulum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dactylitis, a term for different digit diseases.

Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary gives the following definition of dactylitis (deltaalphachitauupsilonlambdaomicronsigma = digit): 'inflammation of a finger or toe'. Although any inflammatory process involving the fingers or toes may be called dactylitis, the term has entered in current use only in some well-defined entities. These differ in the involved tissue of the digit and in the type of involvement. Tuberculous dactylitis is the variant of tuberculous osteomyelitis affecting the short tubular bone of the hands and feet. Radiographs typically show a central, lytic, cystic, and expansive lesion known as spina ventosa. Syphilitic dactylitis is a manifestation of congenital syphilis. Radiological findings mimic those of tuberculous dactylitis but the involvement is bilateral and symmetric. Sarcoid dactylitis is due to typical non-caseating granulomas invading the phalanges and the adjacent soft tissue. Blistering distal dactylitis is an infection of the anterior fat pad on the volar surface of the distal portion of a single finger or more rarely a toe, mostly caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Sickle cell dactylitis, also known as 'hand-foot syndrome', is due to localized bone marrow infarction of the carpal and tarsal bones and phalanges. Spondyloarthritis dactylitis, also called 'sausage-like' digit, is a diffuse painful swelling of the fingers and toes. Recent ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on both finger and toe dactylitis have established that dactylitis is due to flexor tenosynovitis and that the enlargement of the joint capsule is not an indispensable condition for the 'sausage-like' feature. There is no evidence of enthesitis of flexor digitorum tendons and joint capsule.

Fingers↗
PubMed1982

Calcium oxalate microcrystalline-associated arthritis in end-stage renal disease.

Chronic renal failure is known to be associated with secondary hyperoxalemia and the deposition of calcium oxalate in visceral organs, bones, and cartilage. We report the identification of calcium oxalate crystals in the synovial fluid of three patients with chronic renal failure. In one patient, calcium oxalate crystals were also identified within synovium and cartilage. Crystals were pleomorphic and bipyramidal. Some crystals were rod-like and had positive birefringence, thus tending to be confused with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate when observed with only compensated polarized light microscopy. In one patients asymptomatic effusions were associated with joint capsule calcification, but otherwise normal knee radiographs. The other two patients had bilateral knee pain, one having coexistent features of osteoarthritis and the other chondrocalcinosis. Samples of proliferative synovium, joint capsule, and cartilage from the patient with chondrocalcinosis showed abundant calcium oxalate crystals, and not calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate or calcium hydroxyapatite. Thus, radiographically typical chondrocalcinosis may be due to calcium oxalate. Joint disease in chronic renal failure may be associated with calcium oxalate as well as the previously recognized apatite deposition.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The popliteal region: an anatomical study and a new approach to the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament.

Surgical treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries is gaining more and more importance. The central posterior approach according to Abbott (1945) has been considered a standard, with various complications involved owing to the local anatomic conditions. This study is intended to present a modified dorsomedial approach to the posterior capsule of the knee joint that is better adapted to the anatomic conditions. As a basis, the popliteal region was dissected in 150 knee joints, and the course of the popliteal artery with its branches as well as the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve were identified. The medial joint line served as a reference point. It has been shown that the knee joint arteries and the two sural arteries arose at relatively constant levels. At least one of the meniscofemoral ligaments was found in all of the knee joints examined; the anterior ligament was present in a slightly higher percentage than the posterior ligament. The modified dorsomedial approach to the posterior joint capsule was evaluated in 50 knee joints. Dissection was achieved by blunt division of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, with careful preservation of the proximal vascular supply of that muscle. It was necessary to expose neither the popliteal artery and vein nor the tibial nerve. The tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament could be exposed in every knee. The advantage of the new approach to the posterior cruciate ligament described in this study consists in the preservation of the central neurovascular bundle and the excellent exposure of the tibial attachment.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Thermal capsular shrinkage in the throwing athlete.

The role of thermal capsular shrinkage in treating various forms of pathology continues to evolve. The addition of thermal capsular shrinkage to the treatment regimen of standard pathologies in the thrower's shoulder has increased the rate of return to play even at the highest levels. Our data indicate an approximate 20% improvement in the rate of return to play with the addition of thermal capsular shrinkage to traditional treatments. These data represent relatively short-term follow-up. Longer duration of follow-up and increased numbers of patients will further enable us to make recommendations regarding the future use of this technology. As our understanding of the pathology that occurs in the thrower's shoulder continues to improve, so too will our understanding of the effect of applying thermal energy to the joint capsule.

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed1997

[Anatomy of the fetlock joint in horses by means of joint casts].

The equine fetlock joint cavity shows ten pouches. The dorsal recess, which is oriented to the proximal side, is separated from those three pouches, which show to the distal direction, by several capsular folds. These folds are documented by means of sagittal sections through the fetlock joint. A medial/lateral recess is covered by the deep part of the collateral ligament of the fetlock joint. The collateral ligaments as well as the sesamoidean collateral ligaments are closely connected with the joint capsule, from which two capsular folds are separated. Between the part of the sesamoidean collateral ligament, that inserts to the metacarpus/metatarsus and the part that inserts to the proximal phalanx, the fetlock joint cavity pouches as Recessus palmaris/plantaris distalis medialis/lateralis. The palmar/plantar distal pouch, which lies in the median line, is covered by the Ligamentum sesamoideum rectum. This recess is narrowed down by the cruciated sesamoidean ligaments. The dominant palmar/plantar proximal recess is subdivided into several small pouches by strings or bands of the joint capsule, which can already be seen with an unaided eye.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Development of the human knee joint ligaments.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have been published on the development of the human knee joint, but scant attention has been given to the development of the knee joint ligaments. The only elements that have received much attention are the cruciate ligaments and their relationships with the synovial membrane. METHODS: We summarize our observations on the development of the knee joint ligaments in 50 serially sectioned human embryonic and fetal lower limbs (26 embryos and 24 fetuses). RESULTS: The patellar ligament begins to form in O'Rahilly stage 20, with the muscle fibers of the quadriceps muscle being attached inferiorly to the tibial tuberosity. The cruciate ligaments (beginning with the posterior) arise from the articular interzone in O'Rahilly stage 21. Subsequently, with the organization of the Wrisberg's meniscofemoral ligament, in week 10 of development, the cruciate ligament system is completed. The lateral collateral ligament begins to form in O'Rahilly stage 23, and from its first appearance it is independent of the knee joint capsule. At this time, development of the tendon of the popliteus muscle begins. The medial collateral ligament begins to develop in week 9 of development as a condensation of the joint capsule. Two weeks later, the intra-articular pad of fat begins to form from mesenchymal tissue below the patella and between the cruciate and the patellar ligaments. With the organization of the suprapatellar bursa in week 14 of development, knee joint development is complete. CONCLUSIONS: The morphogenetic time table of the knee joint ligaments was established.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
PubMed1977

Scanning electron microscopy of equine synovial membrane.

The scanning electron microscopy of synovial membrane from the radiocarpal and intercarpal joints near the lateral and medial borders of the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis muscle was studied in 5 ponies. Three different morphologic types of synovial membrane were observed. Type 1 synovial membrane was folded and had a surface mat of fibers separated by 1- to 5-micron-diameter holes. The 2nd and 3rd types of synovial membrane were both villous. The surface of type 2 synovial membrane was fibrillar but the surface of type 3 synovial membrane was cellular. The type of synovial membrane present was related to the function of the joint capsule region rather than to the type of subintimal connective tissue. Normal equine synovial membrane was found to be more villous in some regions of the joint capsule than synovial membrane of other species.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

MR arthrography of the hip: improved imaging of the acetabular labrum with histologic correlation in cadavers.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to correlate findings on conventional MR imaging and MR arthrography of the hip with pathologic findings in cadavers with abnormal labra to determine (1) the efficacy of MR imaging in assessing labral degeneration, (2) whether delineation of the labrum from the joint capsule is possible, and (3) if the conspicuity of surface abnormalities of the labrum is improved by administering intraarticular contrast material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve cadaveric hip joints were obtained from elderly cadavers. Each hip was examined using fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled GRASS (gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state) (SPGR) imaging and T1-weighted spin-echo imaging before and after intraarticular injection of contrast material. Thirty-six labral sections (three from each hip joint) were evaluated histologically to determine the labral-capsular relationship, the presence of degeneration, and the configuration of the labral base. These findings were correlated with the results of a blinded MR evaluation of these sections. RESULTS: Delineation of the labrum from the adjacent joint capsule was possible on SPGR and T1-weighted MR arthrographic images (34 of 36 and 33 of 36 specimens, respectively), but was not consistently possible on standard SPGR and T1-weighted MR images (7 of 36 and 4 of 36 specimens, respectively). The sensitivities and specificities of the various MR sequences in evaluating labral degeneration varied from 50% to 67%, and from 25% to 94%. Increased signal at the base was common in both the normal (n = 12) and the abnormal (n = 24) labrum. CONCLUSION: Conspicuity of the acetabular labral complex is enhanced with the intraarticular administration of contrast material. Although MR arthrography did not improve our specificity for diagnosing labral degeneration, the detection of surface abnormalities, particularly those near the base, was significantly improved.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1989

The anatomic relationship of the insertion of the superior lateral pterygoid muscle to the articular disc in the temporomandibular joint of human cadavers.

Confusion has existed as to whether the major insertion of the superior lateral pterygoid muscle is into the articular disc or the condyle. Five human cadaver joints were studied under the dissecting microscope. This allowed superior lateral pterygoid fibres to be selectively placed under tension to determine their point of insertion and to examine the integrity of the anterior joint capsule. All superior lateral pterygoid fibres gained either direct or indirect insertion to the condyle. A classification for the variation in insertion is suggested. The fibres of the anterior joint capsule extended from the anterior rim of the condyle to the roof of the infratemporal fossa but under the foot of the disc they blended with and became indistinguishable from disc fibres.

Cadaver↗