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PubMed1994

Kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with running in different shoes.

The characteristics of the midsole were examined in four pairs of running shoes by a materials test. The variables of interest were the peak acceleration, time to peak acceleration and the kinetic energy absorbed. Ten subjects then ran at a recreational jogging pace (3.5 ms-1) barefoot and in the shoes. An accelerometer secured to the lower tibia was used to measure the peak acceleration and time to peak acceleration associated with footstrike. Subjects were also videoed and a kinematic analysis was undertaken at the knee and ankle joints. The results from the materials test showed that the shoes differed in their midsole characteristics, however, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the peak acceleration and time to peak acceleration during running in shoes. These variables were significantly greater in the barefoot running condition (P < 0.05), as compared with running in shoes. Small and subtle kinematic differences were observed between the barefoot and shoe conditions. It appears that the differences observed between the shoes in the materials test were not sufficient to elicit the kinematic changes observed between the barefoot and shoe conditions. It is suggested that runners operate within a 'kinetic bandwidth' when responding to impact stresses.

Absorption↗
PubMed1997

Exercise and smoking habits among Swedish postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To assess exercise habits and their relation to smoking habits and social and medical factors in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a questionnaire to all 1324 55-56 year old women in Linköping, Sweden. RESULTS: Response rate was 85%. About a third of the women took part in some kind of quite strenuous exercise for at least one hour a week. After a quarter worked out once a week; fewer did swimming and jogging. One in four women smoked. Women who used hormone replacement therapy, who were not smoking and who had a physically light occupation more often took part in strenuous sports. Women who had been treated for malignancies or with back problems exercised to the same extent as women in the general population. CONCLUSION: About a third of the post-menopausal women exercised on a regular basis, if exercise involved in getting to and from work was not counted. Since regular physical exercise has many health benefits, more women should be encouraged to take part in regular physical exercise. Factors probably associated with level of education and general awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle positively influenced the likelihood of these women to be physically active on a regular basis. A previous malignant disease or current back problems did not prevent women from taking part in exercise on a regular basis.

Back↗
PubMed1999

Dynamic strength of the quadriceps muscle and sports activity.

The study objectives were to examine the dynamic strength of the quadriceps muscle in athletes, and investigate its association with participation in sport. The study comprised 168 active competitive non-pregnant athletes, aged 14-24 years. The dynamic strength of their quadriceps muscle was measured, and they answered a questionnaire about sports activity and occupation. The dynamic strength of the quadriceps muscle was significantly higher in men than in women, and was positively associated with body weight, years of jogging, years of soccer, and weekly hours of basketball. In conclusion, the dynamic strength of the quadriceps muscle seems to be associated with sports activity. The results suggest sport specific adaptation, which may reflect high levels of running and jumping activity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1982

Effects of chronic exercise on cardiac output and its determinants.

A protocol which combines the noninvasive measurement of cardiac output (Q), systolic time intervals (STIs), and blood pressure was used to evaluate the effects of jogging on cardiac function. Studies were conducted during levels of steady-state cycle ergometer exercise which represented approximately 35, 55, and 75% of aerobic capacity. Subjects were 15 healthy men (mean age = 37.2 years) and 13 healthy controls. Predicted aerobic capacity (pred VO2max) increased 15 and 17% in the training group after 3 and 6 months of training; the control group displayed a small detraining effect. Changes in the training group versus control group included significant increases in exercise Q, stroke volume (SV), mean systolic ejection rate (MSER), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Changes in STIs were small and usually nonsignificant. The findings, considered in relation to echocardiographic measurements from the same subjects (L. A. Wolfe, D. A. Cunningham, P. A. Rechnitzer, and P. M. Nichol. 1979 J. Appl. Physiol. 47: 207-212.), suggested that changes in cardiac output were due to an increased preload, rather than a change in exercise heart rate, reduced afterload, enhanced contractile state, or myocardial enlargement.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Endurance exercise training in orthostatic intolerance: a randomized, controlled trial.

Orthostatic intolerance is a syndrome characterized by chronic orthostatic symptoms of light-headedness, fatigue, nausea, orthostatic tachycardia, and aggravated norepinephrine levels while standing. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of exercise endurance training on orthostatic symptoms and to examine its usefulness in the treatment of orthostatic intolerance. 2768 military recruits were screened for orthostatic intolerance by questionnaire. Tilt-table testing identified 36 cases of orthostatic intolerance out of the 2768 soldiers. Subsequently, 31 of these subjects with orthostatic intolerance entered a randomized, controlled trial. The patients were allocated randomly to either a "training" (3 months jogging) or a "control" group. The influence of exercise training on orthostatic intolerance was assessed by determination of questionnaire scores and tilt-table testing before and after intervention. After training, only 6 individuals of 16 still had orthostatic intolerance compared with 10 of 11 in the control group. The Fisher exact test showed a highly significant difference in diagnosis between the 2 groups (P=0.008) at the end of the study. Analysis of the questionnaire-score showed significant interaction between time and group (P=0.001). The trained subjects showed an improvement in the average symptom score from 1.79+/-0.4 to 1.04+/-0.4, whereas the control subjects showed no significant change in average symptom score (2.09+/-0.6 and 2.14+/-0.5, respectively). Our data demonstrate that endurance exercise training leads to an improvement of symptoms in the majority of patients with orthostatic intolerance. Therefore, we suggest that endurance training should be considered in the treatment of orthostatic intolerance patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Concurrent myocardial and cerebral infarctions after intranasal cocaine use.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cardiac and cerebrovascular complications associated with cocaine abuse have increasingly been reported, but concurrent development of cocaine-induced cardiac disease and stroke has rarely been reported. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 37-year-old man with a remote history of intravenous heroin and amphetamine use, cardiomyopathy, and recent cocaine use developed chest pain and ventricular tachycardia 30 minutes after intranasal cocaine hydrochloride use and jogging on a cold winter morning. Ventricular tachycardia was converted to atrial fibrillation. He was proven to have a small myocardial infarction. Within 6 hours of cocaine use he suffered a left hemisphere stroke. Cardiac electrophysiologic evaluation revealed inducible ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of concurrent myocardial infarction, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and cerebral infarction temporally related to cocaine use. It is probable that one mechanism by which cocaine use causes stroke is to trigger expression of a known cardiac source of embolism.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative pull-out and cyclic-loading strength tests of anchorage of hamstring tendon grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

This study examined four devices for anchorage of hamstring tendons used as anterior cruciate ligament grafts: a stirrup, a clawed washer and screw, and "soft" and round-headed interference screws. Ultimate strength tests were performed using bovine tendons and bones. The stirrup was significantly stronger than the other anchorage devices, failing at 898 N. The clawed washer failed at 502 N, the soft screw at 691 N, and the round-headed screw at 445 N. Cyclic loading to 150 N (to simulate walking) caused elongation of 2.1 mm with the stirrup by 1100 cycles, and 6.7 mm with the clawed washer by 300 cycles. Different hole and soft screw diameters and placements (inside-out versus outside-in) allowed 1-to 3-mm slippage (no significant differences) by 1100 cycles. The round-headed screw allowed 6.8-mm slippage by 1100 cycles, and a sharp edge below the screw head caused tendon damage. Cyclic loads to 450 N (to simulate jogging) were then imposed until failure, and all specimens failed rapidly; only stirrup fixation kept all specimens intact after 300 load cycles. We concluded that anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using hamstring tendons will slacken if rehabilitation is too aggressive, so forces on the reconstructed ligament should be minimized until tendon-to-bone healing occurs.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

Physical exercise-induced changes and season-associated differences in the pituitary-ovarian function of runners and joggers.

The hormonal responses to energetic chronic exercise and to seasonal shift from autumn to spring were evaluated by measuring concentrations of serum FSH, LH, PRL, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and sex hormone-binding globuline (SHBG) during 1 menstrual cycle in the autumn (light training season) and 1 in the spring (hard training season) in 18 endurance runners and 12 age-matched nonrunning women, and in 13 joggers and 11 age-matched nonjogging women. The appearance, growth, and maximal size of the ovarian follicles were monitored by ultrasonography. The high intensity training of the runners was associated with decreased concentrations of FSH on cycle days 7-8 in the autumn, E2 on cycle days 12-13 in the spring and days 22-23 in both seasons, P on cycle days 20-21 in both seasons and days 22-23 in the autumn, and T on cycle days 12-13, 14-15, and 22-23 in the spring. Jogging, however, did not alter the concentrations of these hormones. Using as criteria the presence of 2 or 3 abnormal values of the 3 indicators used for evaluation of folliculogenesis (midfollicular E2 lower than 0.09 nmol/liter, luteal phase P lower than 7 nmol/liter, and peak diameter of the largest ovarian follicle less than 15 mm), seriously disturbed folliculogenesis was found in 50% of the 32 study cycles of the runners and 9% of the 23 cycles of their controls (P less than 0.01). In all four study groups, there was a significant seasonal difference in the concentrations of ovarian hormones, with lowered E2, P, and T levels in the autumn. There were no differences in the serum concentrations of SHBG between the study groups or between the autumn and the spring. High training activity and a dark photoperiod appeared to independently suppress ovarian activity and were not associated with chronic changes in anterior pituitary hormone or SHBG concentrations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Sudden cardiac death at exertion.

In order to investigate sudden cardiac death at exertion (sports, and light work in daily life), 226 cases of sudden death during sports and 1,729 autopsy cases of sudden death were studied, and exercise tests were performed on 138 patients with various cardiac diseases. Among sports, marathon or jogging caused sudden death most frequently (52.7%). It occurred often immediately after goal (41.3%) or before goal (28.0%), but cases with a history of heart disease died at the beginning of the race. Severe heat, overwork and other factors may precipitate the sudden death. In autopsy cases of sudden cardiac death which occurred at exertion, coronary arteriosclerosis (C) was found in 67.0%, cardiac hypertrophy of unknown etiology (H) in 7.8% and valvular heart diseases (V) in 7.1%. Sudden death in patients with C or H were more frequent at exertion than at rest. Patients with C were older and died at light work. Those with H of a high degree also died at light work, but the younger ones with a mild H died at sports activity. At exercise test, in patients with arrhythmia or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, abnormalities may occur after exercise. Sudden death at exertion may depend on the predisposing heart disease. Care should be taken especially at the end of the race.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

An examination of situational interest and its sources.

BACKGROUND: Situational interest is articulated theoretically as a construct associated with five dimensional sources: novelty, challenge, attention demand, exploration intention, and instant enjoyment. AIMS: This study aimed to examine the influence of the dimensional sources on situational interest. It was hypothesised that the dimensional sources function differently to contribute to situational interest and that the influence of a source might be mediated by others. SAMPLE: Two samples of 7th, 8th, and 9th grade students were used in the study. There were 281 students (57% male, 43% female) in the first sample and 191 (47% male, 53% female) in the second. METHOD: Students in Sample A evaluated situational interest and the dimensional sources in tasks of analysing jogging and gymnastic stunts on video. Those in Sample B evaluated them in tasks of learning basketball. Correlation and regression analyses and path analyses were used to test the theoretical model. RESULTS: Instant Enjoyment determined situational interest. Exploration and Novelty had positive influences on situational interest via enhancing Instant Enjoyment. Challenge showed little influence. The path analyses for both samples confirmed the inter-dimensional mediation effects of the sources. CONCLUSION: The analysed data support the hypotheses. The dimensional sources had unequal influences on situational interest and the mediation effects among themselves at times strengthened or weakened each other's influences. The findings suggest that to increase situational interest, educators should offer students ample exploratory opportunities during student-task interaction that can lead to instant enjoyment for learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Conduction system in a trained jogger with sudden death.

A 47-year-old extremely active, entirely asymptomatic trained jogger was found dead in bed. He was known to have had sinus bradycardia with first-degree atrioventricular block for eight years and a type 1 second-degree block five years prior to death. A permanent pacemaker had been inserted, and apparently the patient was then in good health and maintained his jogging program until he died suddenly. The conduction system revealed an atrioventricular node situated more to the left of the atrial septum than usual, which made tenuous connection with the surrounding atria due to marked fatty infiltration. The atrioventricular node as it joined the left-sided His bundle revealed fatty metamorphosis, fibrosis, disarray of myocardial fibers, and mononuclear cell infiltration. The right bundle branch was intramyocardial and fibrosed throughout. Increased aging changes of the left side of the septum with arteriolosclerosis and patchy fibrosis were present. This is the first case in which the atrioventricular node was more to the left side of the atrial septum with fatty separation of the node from the surrounding atrial musculature, with myocardial disarray of the nodal-His bundle junction. Although congenital abnormality of the conduction system may remain silent without symptoms for a long time, it should be kept in mind that sudden death may occur sooner or later in some susceptible individuals.

Atrioventricular Node↗
PubMed1987

Serum concentrations of thyrotropin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyroxine binding globulin in female endurance runners and joggers.

The effects of endurance training and season on the function of the anterior pituitary-thyroid axis were studied in 18 female runners and their 12 controls, and in 13 joggers and their 11 controls in Northern Finland, with a large seasonal difference in environmental factors. The serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) and oestradiol (E2) were measured during one menstrual cycle in the light training season (autumn) and in the hard training season (spring). The responses of TSH to intravenous TRH stimulation were also measured in the luteal phase of the cycle during the hard training season. Endurance running did not affect the basal or TRH-stimulated serum TSH concentrations, while those of T4 and fT4 in runners were lowered in both seasons and that of T3 in the light training season in relation to control subjects. The serum concentrations of TBG were also significantly lower in runners than their controls in the luteal phase in both seasons. The effect of jogging on thyroid hormones was less pronounced. Serum concentrations of TSH, T4, fT4, T3 and TBG were generally slightly higher in spring than in autumn. Strenuous endurance training seems to have minor changes on the function of the thyroid gland. Depressed T4 levels in runners may rather be due to lowered TBG levels than due to direct effect of training. In spring the function of anterior pituitary-thyroid axis is more active than in autumn.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A cost-effectiveness analysis of exercise as a health promotion activity.

We used cost-effectiveness analysis to estimate the health and economic implications of exercise in preventing coronary heart disease (CHD). We assumed that nonexercisers have a relative risk of 2.0 for a CHD event. Two hypothetical cohorts (one with exercise and the other without exercise) of 1,000 35-year-old men were followed for 30 years to observe differences in the number of CHD events, life expectancy, and quality-adjusted life expectancy. We used jogging as an example to calculate cost, injury rates, adherence, and the value of time spent. Both direct and indirect costs associated with exercise, injury, and treating CHD were considered. We estimate that exercising regularly results in 78.1 fewer CHD events and 1,138.3 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) gained over the 30-year study period. Under our base case assumptions, which include indirect costs such as time spent in exercise, exercise does not produce economic savings. However, the cost per QALY gained of $11,313 is favorable when compared with other preventive or therapeutic interventions for CHD. The value of time spent is a crucial factor, influencing whether exercise is a cost-saving activity. In an alternative model, where all members of the cohort exercise for one year, and then only those who like it or are neutral continue, exercise produces net economic savings as well as reducing morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Relation of low and moderate intensity exercise with acute mood change in college joggers.

This study investigated a possible relationship between exercise intensity and mood alteration that commonly is associated with physical activity. 91 college students completed the Profile of Mood States before and after 20 min. of jogging at three intensities: 55%, 75%, and 79% of age-adjusted maximum heart rate on different occasions. Exercisers also completed a demographic inventory, a Lie Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Contrary to our expectations, the interaction between exercise intensity and pre-post mood benefits was not significant. Supporting the manipulation of exercise intensity, the univariate interaction between exercise intensity and pre-post exercise scores on Fatigue was significant. Joggers reported short-term mood benefits on the combined subscales of the Profile of Mood States, and each subscale contributed to the benefits. Thus, regardless of the low- or moderate-intensity, participants reported that they "felt better" after exercising.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive strategies and personality variables in adherence to exercise.

Variables associated with adherence to a 6-wk jogging program were examined in a group of 26 ++sedentary women, who received instruction and reinforcement for their efforts: one group of 16 received instruction in cognitive self-statements; the other group of 10 did not. Measures included a battery of psychological questionnaires, percentage of body fat, weight, height, and distance run in a 12-min. test. Subjects maintained logs in which they recorded frequency and duration of exercise. Follow-up data were collected at 6-wk. and 6=mo. postprogram. Initial compliance was related to scores on the Self-motivation Inventory, the Type H (Hard-driving) scale of the Jenkins Activity Survey, and the State Anxiety Scale. At 6-mo. follow-up, none of the measures were significantly correlated with exercise frequency.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stage of motivational readiness: predictive ability for exercise behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if stage of motivational readiness for exercise predicted adherence to a 9-month exercise intervention. METHODS: Three hundred forty-two individuals were randomized into a diet and physical activity trial. The exercise goal was to complete or add at least 10 miles of weekly brisk walking or jogging. Adherence was determined from logs. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of men and 34% of women reported an increase of at least 10 miles per week. Adherence did not differ by baseline exercise motivational readiness stage. CONCLUSIONS: Future work should determine in what contexts stage-targeted interventions are most successful for adoption and maintenance of physical activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Characteristics of physical health conditions in middle-aged and elderly joggers.

To clarify the characteristics of physical health conditions in middle-aged and elderly joggers who run regularly, they were compared with middle-aged and elderly people who did not exercise routinely. The physical health conditions were investigated by a questionnaire survey sent by mail. The subjects were 316 joggers (230 men and 86 women) and 272 non-joggers (173 men and 99 women). The number of joggers having any illness was lower than that of non-joggers in both men and women. In contrast, there was no significant difference in type of illness between joggers and non-joggers. Concerning symptoms, the number of joggers who complained of lumbar pain and shoulder stiffness was low, but the number of joggers with symptoms including knee joint pain and muscle pain as well as injury was high compared to non-joggers. While the results of this study reconfirm that continuous jogging in middle-aged and elderly people may effectively improve their physical condition, based on the finding that the morbidity was low, it appears that many joggers have knee joint pain, a typical disorder due to running.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Dehydration--a risk factor for the decompression-accident in diving].

We report on a decompression-accident with neurological manifestation in an experienced recreational diver. As no obvious omission against the prescribed rules of decompression could be observed, dehydration due to intense jogging prior to the dive was identified as a risk-factor. Hyperbaric treatment resulted in a complete restitution. The physiological aspects are discussed and recommendations for the fluid-intake before diving are given.

Decompression Sickness↗