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PubMed1993

Repeated findings of unidentified small Isospora-like coccidia in faecal specimens from travellers returning to The Netherlands.

Findings are described of small (8-10 microns) coccidian oocysts in the stools of 9 patients presenting with diarrhoea, all of whom with a history of travelling in South Asia and/or South America in the years 1986 and 1987. There was no indication of immunodeficiency. These oocysts, which were immature in freshly excreted stools, could be induced to sporulate into a two-sporocysts stage and are now recognized as Cyclospora spec.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

An Eimeriid origin of isosporoid coccidia with Stieda bodies as shown by phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences.

Morphological and life cycle features of the tissue cyst-forming coccidia have been difficult to interpret in devising taxonomic classifications for the various genera. In this study, we amplified the full small subunit rRNA gene sequence of Isospora robini McQuistion and Holmes, 1988, and the partial sequence of Isospora gryphoni Olsen, Gissing, Barta, and Middleton, 1998 by PCR. Both of these species vary from Isospora species of mammals in having Stieda bodies on the sporocysts. The sequences were cloned and sequenced and were incorporated into an alignment with other Isospora species lacking Stieda bodies as well as with other coccidia. Maximum parsimony analysis of these sequences produced a single most parsimonious tree that placed I. robini and I. gryphoni in a clade containing various other eimeriid species. The Isospora species lacking Stieda bodies were in the sarcocystid clade. Similar results were found by maximum likelihood analysis. These findings indicate that the genus Isospora as defined by several authors is polyphyletic. Taxonomic changes to the genus Isospora would have to incorporate the 2 major clades found by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Isospora species with Stieda bodies should be classified in the family Eimeriidae, whereas those without Stieda bodies should remain in the family Sarcocystidae.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Canine isosporosis - epidemiology of field and experimental infections.

Isospora spp. are the causative agents of canine isosporosis. Of the 3590 diagnostic samples from Austrian dogs (< or = 2 years old), 8.7% contained Isospora oocysts, 78% of which from dogs up to 4 months of age. Non-haemorrhagic and haemorrhagic diarrhoea were significantly more prevalent in Isospora-infected animals than in coccidia-negative ones. Twelve of 15 litters from a large commercial dog breeding unit (examined from the third to the 10th week of life) also excreted Isospora (average prevalence: 36.4%) in intensities from 333 to 35,000 oocysts per gram of faeces (opg). In experimental trials 26 3-week-old Beagle puppies were infected with low (600-6000), medium (10,000) or high (20,000) dose of Isospora ohioensis-group or Isospora canis field isolates. Additionally 21 puppies were infected as above and treated with a symmetrical triazintrione. Parasitological and clinical parameters were examined. The two Isospora species differed significantly concerning intensity and duration of excretion. The pre-patent period was 6-7 days for I. ohioensis and 10-12 days for I. canis. The latter species showed significantly longer excretion and higher opg. This was not influenced by simultaneous infections with both species. Individual patterns of faecal consistency were very variable, irrespective of the infection dose. Treatment significantly reduced both the intensity and the duration of oocysts excretion as well as diarrhoea in comparison with the infected, untreated group and thus proved to be effective against coccidiosis in experimental infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Spectrum of species and infection frequency of endoparasites in bitches and their puppies in south Germany].

Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, hookworms, Trichuris vulpis, Strongyloides, Hammondia heydorni, Sarcocystis spp., Isospora canis and Isospora ohioensis and/or Isospora burrowsi of at least 9 species were detected in 100 randomly selected dog families in Southern Germany. Examinations carried out 5 to 9 times at weekly intervals revealed a monoinfection in 37 litters, infection with two parasite species in 28 litters, with three species in 10 litters and with four species in 6 litters. During the investigation period, 29 of the examined litters did not excrete helminth eggs, and, of these, 19 also did not excrete oocysts/sporocysts. In order of decreasing frequency among the dog families, the excretion extent of the litters and their mothers was as follows: Toxocara canis 67% and 45%, Isospora ohioensis/burrowsi 36% and 24%, Sarcocystis spp. 12% and 19%, Isospora canis 16% and 8%, Hammondia heydorni 7% and 6%, hookworms 6% and 7% and Toxascaris leonina 3% and 8%, respectively. Trichuris vulpis and Strongyloides eggs were only detected in 6 and 3 of the bitches, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A review of Sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidia of cats and dogs.

The nomenclature, life cycles, and pathogenicity of Sarcocystis of domestic animals are reviewed. Sarcocystis had a 2-host life cycle, with carnivores as definitive hosts and herbivores as intermediate hosts. The following species are found in domestic animals (with the definitive hosts given in parentheses): 3 species in the ox: S cruzi (dog, wolf, coyote, raccoon, fox), S hirsuta (cat), S hominis (man, monkey); 2 species in the sheep: S ovicanis (dog), S tenella (cat); 3 species in the pig: S miescheriana (dog), S porcifelis n sp (cat), S porcihominis n sp (man); and 1 species in the horse: S bertrami (dog). Sarcocystis cruzi, S ovicanis, and S porcifelis are highly pathogenic to the ox, the sheep, and the pig, respectively. Clinical signs of acute bovine sarcocystosis are: anorexia, pyrexia (42 C, or more), anemia, cachexia, enlarged palpable lymph nodes, excessive salivation, and loss of hair at the tip of the tail. Anemia, anorexia, ataxia, and abortions are the chief clinical signs of acute ovine sarcocystosis. These signs are evident at the time of vascular endothelium is parasitized by schizonts. The schizonts disappear in about 1 month, and cysts are formed in the muscles. The cystic phase of sarcocystosis is virtually nonpathogenic. Carnivores shed sporocysts in their feces after ingesting the intramuscular cysts from the herbivores. Sarcocystis is nonpathogenic to the definitive host. Feline and canine coccidia are also reviewed. The following 11 species are found in cats: Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Isospora felis, Isosporarivolta, Besnoitia besnoiti, Besnoitia sp, and 5 types of Sarcocystis (S hirsuta from the ox, S tenella from the sheep, S muris from the mouse, S porcifelis from the pig, and Sarcocystis sp from Grant's gazelle). The following 10 species are found in canine feces (Isospora canis, Isospora ohioensis, Isospora wallacei n sp; and 7 types of Sarcocystis (S cruzi from the ox, S ovicanis from the sheep, S bertrami and Sarcocystis sp from the horse, S miescheriana from the pig, S hemionilatrantis from mule deer, and Sarcocystis sp from Grant's gazelle). The history of Isospora begemina in dogs is reviewed; life cycles of feline and canine coccidia are given; oocysts of common feline and canine coccidia are compared and illustrated; and public health significance of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts is discussed, especially in relation to cats in the household of pregnant women.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and sheep (Ovis aries) meat as a source of dog infection with some coccidian parasites.

Experimental infection of dogs with camel (Camelus dromedarius) meat resulted in infection of the dogs with Isospora canis, Hammondia heydorni and Sarcocystis cameli. The dogs fed sheep (Ovis aries) meat passed oocysts of Isospora canis, Isospora ohioensis and sporocyts of Sarcocystis spp. Extraintestinal stages were detected in the intestinal lymph node of a rabbit killed 4 days following inoculation with Isospora ohioensis oocysts. Dogs fed the rabbit (killed 4 days after inoculation with I. ohioensis) passed I. ohioensis oocysts in their faeces 8 days post-infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Coccidiosis in the European badger (Meles meles) from England, an epidemiological study.

In total 445 faecal samples were collected from 259 European badgers (Meles meles) in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, UK (462080). Microscopical examination revealed infection with 2 species of coccidia Eimeria melis and Isospora melis. From the initial examination of each animal, point prevalence rates of 0.44 and 0.35 were calculated for Eimeria and Isospora respectively. The intensity of infection was significantly greater for Eimeria than Isopora and the distribution of intensities was highly skewed for both species, with a few individuals shedding the majority of oocysts. Incidence and recovery rates for both coccidia species were calculated from longitudinal data collected at 3-monthly intervals from a subset of the adult badger population, and the predicted prevalence rates based on these were similar to the point prevalence rates. This suggests little, if any, parasite-induced mortality in the adult population. In contrast, there was a marked and significant reduction in the point prevalence and intensity of infection with Eimeria from cub to adult badger suggesting a degree of acquired immunity to Eimeria melis on initial exposure and/or that there is significant Eimeria-associated mortality in the cub population. No such relationship was found for Isospora infection. In those adult badgers with co-infections there was a direct relationship between the intensity of Eimeria and Isospora. The taxonomic status of these parasites suggests a heteroxenous life-cycle for I. melis, and direct transmission of E. melis. However, the greater than expected prevalence of co-infection is consistent with a common source of infection, such as communal latrines.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Life cycles of two isopora species in the canary, Serinus canarius Linnaeus.

The endogenous stages of Isospora serini Arogão and Isospora canaria Box are described from experimentally infected canaries, Serinus canarius Linnaeus. Unlike other Coccidia, the first part of the I. serini life cycle takes place in mononuclear phagocytes. Five asexual generations are described from this cell type; 2 additional asexual generations and the sexual stages take place in the intestinal epithelium. Isospora canaria, on the other hand, has a conventional coccidian life cycle in that all of the endogenous stages are in the epithelium of the small intestine, with 3 asexual generations and the sexual generation described in the duodenal epithelium. The 2 species differ in their position relative to the nucleus of the intestinal epithelial cell. Isospora serini is usually on the lumenal side of the nucleus while I. canaria is below the nucleus, toward the basement membrane. The prepatent period is 4-5 days for I. canaria and 9-10 days for I. serini. Patency lasts for 11-13 days in I. canaria infections, but duration of oocyst output is more chronic in I. serini infections, persisting for as long as 231 days. Both species have a diurnal periodicity of oocyst discharge which occurs in late afternoon and evening.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from insectivores. II. Six new species from Japanese shrew moles (Talpidae).

Thirty-eight of 51 (74.5%) shrew moles collected in Japan were infected with from one to four species of Eimeria and/or Isospora including six of six Dymecodon pilirostris and 32 of 45 (71.1%) Urotrichus talpoides. Four eimerians and two isosporans were identified and all are described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria amorphospora n. sp. were subspheroid/ellipsoid, 21.1 x 17.9 (18-25 x 16-21) micrometers. Sporocysts were amorphous, gelatinoid envelopes greater than or equal to 20.3 x 7.5 (17-24 x 7-9) micrometers. Sporozoites were enclosed together within a membrane in each sporocyst. This species was found in 9 of 45 (20%) U. talpoides. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria gonocilia n. sp. were subspheroid/ellipsoid, 28.8 x 24.4 (25-30 x 21-28) micrometers; a highly ornate outer oocyst wall gave the appearance of a ciliated ball. Sporocysts ovoid, pointed at both ends, were 17.0 x 9.9 (15-19 x 7-11) micrometers; this species was found in 4 of 45 (8.9%) U. talpoides. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria talpoidei n. sp. were asymmetrical ovoid, 20.6 x 13.3 (18-23 x 12-15) micrometers, with sporocysts lacrimiform, 12.0 x 5.8 (10-14 x 5-7) micrometers. This species was found in 7 of 45 (15.6%) U. talpoides. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria honshuensis n. sp. were ellipsoid, 15.5 x 11.4 (13-18 x 10-13) micrometers, with sporocysts ovoid, 9.1 x 5.2 (8-10 x 4-6) micrometers. This species was found in 10 of 45 (22.2%) U. talpoides and in 5 of 6 (83.3%) D. pilirostris. sporulated oocysts of Isospora dymecodi n. sp. were subspheroid/ellipsoid, 15.8 x 12.6 (13-17 x 11-13) micrometers, with sporocysts ovoid, 9.1 x 5.2 (8-10 x 4-6) micrometers. This species was found in 10 of 45 (22.2%) U. talpoides and in 5 of 6 (83.3%) D. pilirostris. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora dymecodi n. sp. were subspheroid/ellipsoid, 15.8 x 12.6 (13-17 x 11-13) micrometers, with sporocysts ellipsoid, 10.9 x 6.9 (10-13 x 6-8). This species was found in six of six D. pilirostris. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora urotrichi n. sp. were spheroid/subspheroid, 13.4 x 12.4 (11-16 x 9-14) micrometers, with sporocysts ovoid, 9.2 x 6.3 (8-11 x 5-7) micrometers. This species was found in 27 of 45 (60%) U. Talpoides. Only 14 of 38 (36.8%) infected hosts (one D. pilirostris, 13 U. talpoides) were seen to be naturally infected with only one coccidian species when sampled.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A new coccidian parasite (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the legless lizard Diplometopon zarudnyi (Amphisbaenia: Trogonophidae) in Saudi Arabia.

Large numbers of coccidian oocysts belonging to the genus Isospora were obtained from the intestinal contents of ten legless lizards Diplometopon zarudnyi collected from eastern region, Saudi Arabia. The oocysts are spherical to subspherical, 33.3 x 30.9 (28.6-35.2 x 26.8-32.7) microns with a bilayered wall 1.4 (1.3-1.6) microns thick. Micropyle, polar granule and oocyst residuum are absent. The sporocysts are ellipsoid, 20.1 x 13.8 (17.5-22.3 x 12.2-15.4) microns. A sporocyst residuum, stieda and substieda bodies are present. Sporozoites are banana shaped, blunt at one end and tapered at the other and containing spherical anterior and posterior refractile bodies of the same size. Since this Isospora sp. does not resemble, any other species of Isospora previously described from lizards of the genus Diplometopon, it has been named Isospora diplometoponi n.sp. after the host generic name.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Intestinal parasites in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile].

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing importance of pet-transmitted infections, some of those are considered emerging infections. AIM: To determine the species and frequency of intestinal parasites in pets with diarrhea (hemorrhagic gastroenteritis excluded). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study. Fecal samples from 972 dogs and 230 cats consulting in two veterinary practices in Santiago, between 1996 and 2003, were studied using Burrows' technique. RESULTS: Protozoa were found in 64.8% of dogs and in 66.5% of cats; helminthes in 24% of dogs and 45.2% of cats. The species found in dogs were Blastocystis sp. in 36%, Ameba sp. in 31%, Giardia intestinalis in 22%, Toxocara canis in 11%, Chilomastix sp. in 10%, Isospora sp. in 9%, Trichuris vulpis in 9%, Trichomonas sp. in 5%, Sarcocystis sp. in 4%, Dipylidium caninum in 2%, Ancylostomideos in 2%, Toxascaris leonina in 1%, Physaloptera sp. in 1%, Taenia sp. in 0.4%. Species found in cats were Blastocystis sp. in 37%, Ameba sp. in 30%, G intestinalis in 19%, Chilomastix sp. in 12%, Isospora sp. in 12%, Toxocara cati in 10%, D caninum in 7%, Sarcocystis sp. in 5%, Trichomona sp. in 5%, Toxoplasma gondii in 4%, Taenia sp. in 2% and Physaloptera sp. in 1%. Forty eight percent of parasites found in dogs and 49% found in cats have zoonotic potential. In dogs younger than six months Blastocystis sp., Ameba sp., G intestinalis, Chilomastix sp., Isospora sp. and T canis were significantly more common; the same was observed for Isospora in young cats. Approximately 60% of infected animals bore more than one parasite. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of intestinal parasitism in pets with diarrhea was found; an important proportion of them have zoonotic potential.

Animals↗