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PubMed2004

Infants' vagal regulation in the still-face paradigm is related to dyadic coordination of mother-infant interaction.

The authors investigated relations between mother-infant dyadic coordination and infants' physiological responses. Mothers (N=73) and 3-month-old male and female infants were observed in the still-face paradigm, and mothers' and infants' affective states were coded at 1-s intervals. Synchrony and levels of matching between mother-infant affective states were computed, and infants' heart rate and vagal tone were measured. Infants showed increased negative affect and heart rate and decreased vagal tone during mothers' still-face, indicating physiological regulation of distress. Infants who did not suppress vagal tone during the still-face (nonsuppressors) showed less positive affect, higher reactivity and vagal suppression in normal play and reunion episodes, and lower synchrony in normal play with mothers. The results indicate that infants' physiological regulation in social interaction differs in relation to dyadic coordination of affective behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The effect of infant colic on maternal self-perceptions and mother-infant attachment.

Mothers of infants who developed colic were compared with mothers of non-colic infants on their perceptions of parenting self-efficacy, and separation anxiety as well as their attachment relationship with their infants. Colic was identified prospectively through telephone contacts with mothers. Questionnaires on self-efficacy and separation anxiety were completed when infants were 5 months of age. At 18 months of age mothers and infants (colic and non-colic) participated in a laboratory situation to measure attachment. Results revealed that mothers of colic infants reported feeling less competent as mothers. In addition, while mothers of colicky infants tended to have more separation anxiety than mothers of non-colic infants, they felt that these separations did not have a negative effect on their child. Finally, no differences were revealed for attachment classifications between colic and non-colic infants at 18 months.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal representations of the infant: associations with infant response to the still face.

Mothers' representations of their infants may influence early development of emotional self-regulation. This study examined the associations between characteristics of mothers' (N = 100) narratives about their 7-month-old infants, maternal depression, and their infants' affect regulation during the Still Face procedure. Findings showed that (1) mothers' representations were linked with individual differences in their infants' behavior across the Still Face procedure, (2) the association between mothers' representations and their infants' behavior was mediated by parenting behavior, and (3) mothers' representations explained unique variance in their infants' affect regulation beyond the contribution of maternal depression. Although infants' displays of positive affect diminished while mothers held a still face, only infants of mothers in the balanced representation category returned to high levels of positive affect upon resuming interaction. These findings highlight the role of maternal representations in the process by which dyads repair temporary disruptions in interaction, as well as individual differences in infants' and mothers' responses to the Still Face.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Fathers' involvement in the care of their infants and their attributions of cognitive competence to infants.

The relation between fathers' involvement in the care of their infants and their attributions of cognitive-social skills to infants was investigated in this study. 160 pairs of parents of 9-month-old infants were interviewed. On the average, fathers were available to their infants 2.75 hours per weekday and spent 45-50 min interacting with them. They performed 1 caretaking activity per day, and took sole responsibility for the infant only about once in 10 days. Results indicate that fathers who are less involved in child care attribute lesser competence to infants than relatively more involved fathers, that fathers in general attribute lesser competence to infants than mothers, and that the more involved a father is in infant care, the less difference there is between his attributions and those of his wife's. These results raise the possibility that involvement in care and perception of infants as cognitively competent are mutually reinforcing.

Child Care↗
PubMed1996

Reflux symptoms in 100 normal infants: diagnostic validity of the infant gastroesophageal reflux questionnaire.

To identify the prevalence of reflux symptoms in normal infants, to characterize the diagnostic validity of a previously described 138-item Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (I-GERQ) for separating normal infants from those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and to identify potentially provocative caretaking practices, we administered the questionnaire to 100 infants attending a well-baby clinic (normals) and to 35 infants referred to the Gastroenterology Division for evaluation for GERI) and testing positive on esophageal pH probe or biopsy (GERD infants). Differences were analyzed by Chi-square, and odds ratios were defined. The diagnostic validity of a 25-point I-GERQ GERD score based on 11 items on the questionnaire was evaluated by calculating its sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. We found that normal infants had a high prevalence of reflux symptoms, such as daily regurgitation (40%), respiratory symptoms, crying more than an hour a day (17%), arching (10%), or daily hiccups (36%) but that many symptoms were significantly more prevalent in the GERD than in the normal infants (Chi-square P < .05), and odds ratios were above 3 for nearly 20 items. The positive and negative predictive values for the 25-point I-GERQ score were 1.00 and .94-.98, respectively. Environmental smoke exposure did not quite reach significance as a provocative factor for GERD. Although normal infants have a high prevalence of symptoms suggesting GERD, a simple questionnaire-based score is a valid diagnostic test with high positive and negative predictive values.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of lung function in infants exposed to maternal smoking and in infants with a family history of asthma.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare lung function in infants exposed to maternal smoking with lung function in infants with a family history of asthma. There are no published studies comparing lung function in both groups. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: A tertiary pulmonary care center at a children's hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred five infants with daily wheezing. Thirty-five infants had persistent exposure to maternal smoking, and 70 had a family history of asthma in parents or siblings. MEASUREMENTS: Infant pulmonary function tests were compared between the two groups. The ratio of terminal to peak expiratory flow at tidal breathing at 25% of the previous expiration remaining and the ratio of terminal to peak expiratory flow with forced expiration at 25% of the previous expiration remaining (FEF25/PFEF) were used to evaluate peripheral airflow. A > 25% improvement in FEF25/PFEF after a bronchodilator challenge test was considered a positive response. RESULTS: Most infants in both groups had evidence of peripheral airflow obstruction with forced expiration. In infants exposed to maternal smoking, only 4 of 35 (11.4%) responded to a bronchodilator, compared to 51 of 70 (72.9%) in the group with a family history of asthma (p < 0.0005). There was no statistically significant difference in total respiratory system compliance, total respiratory system resistance, tidal volume, and degree of peripheral airflow obstruction at tidal breathing or after forced expiration in both groups. CONCLUSION: Infants with exposure to maternal smoking and infants with a family history of asthma have altered lung function, and a positive response to a bronchodilator is one variable that seems to differentiate the two groups.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed2005

Echocardiographic measurements in infants of diabetic mothers and macrosomic infants of nondiabetic mothers.

AIM: To compare echocardiographic findings of infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs), macrosomic infants of nondiabetic mothers and healthy full term appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants. METHODS: Included in this study were 83 infants, admitted to our Neonatology Unit. Thirty-three IDMs, including both macrosomic and nonmacrosomic, comprised Group A, 25 macrosomic infants of nondiabetic mothers comprised group B, and 25 healthy full term AGA infants comprised group C. Echocardiographic measurements were performed in the first three days after birth and compared by using one-way ANOVA, Post Hoc Tukey HSD and Student's t tests. RESULTS: The left ventricular end-systolic/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ratio of group A was significantly smaller than that of group C (P<0.05). The interventricular septum/posterior wall thickness ratios of groups A and B were greater than those of group C (P<0.05). The left ventricular mass index of group A was greater than those of groups B and C (P<0.05). The shortening fraction and ejection fraction of group A were increased in comparison to group C (P<0.05). When comparing the values of echocardiographic measurements of macrosomic IDMs (n=9) with nonmacrosomic ones (n=24), and infants of pregestational diabetic mothers (n=11) with those of gestational diabetes mothers (n=22), no statistical difference was found. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that underlying mechanisms common to both macrosomic infants of nondiabetic mothers and IDMs lead to less cardiac alterations in the macrosomic infants of nondiabetic mothers than in IDMs.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2003

Coregulation in mother-infant dyads: links to infants' cardiac vagal tone.

This investigation explored links between mother-infant coregulated communication patterns and infants' emerging parasympathetic regulatory processes (cardiac vagal tone). Participants included 56 first-time mothers and their 6-mo.-old infants (31 girls, 25 boys). A 4-min. baseline EKG was gathered from the infant and an ensuing 15-min. mother-infant dyadic free-play episode was videotaped and coded using Fogel's 1994 Regional Coding System. This system was developed to describe variations in coregulated features of communication among dyads, ranging from symmetrical patterns to disruptive patterns of coregulation. Analysis suggests a positive link between infants' cardiac vagal tone and more symmetrical features of coregulated communication patterns in mother-infant dyads. Cardiac vagal tone was also negatively correlated with unilateral features of coregulation communication systems. These findings point toward the potential relation between emerging physiological regulatory abilities of infants and the more relational regulatory processes in mother-infant dyads.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Parent-infant interaction during feeding when the infant has congenital heart disease.

This article examines parent-infant interaction (PII) during feeding when the infant has congenital heart disease (CHD) using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS) and compares the NCAFS scores of the infants with CHD with those of healthy controls. Twenty mother-infant dyads, 10 with CHD and 10 controls, were studied. Infants with CHD scored significantly lower than controls on both infant subscales, Responsiveness to Caregiver and Clarity of Cues, of the NCAFS. Mothers of CHD infants scored significantly lower on the Social Emotional Growth Fostering subscale. These findings suggest specific behavioral differences in infants with CHD during feeding and support the need for more information about feeding interactions in infants with CHD.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Spontaneous leg movements of infants with Down syndrome and nondisabled infants.

Infants with Down syndrome (DS) represent a population in which new behaviors are acquired significantly more slowly than in nondisabled infants. We propose that infants' spontaneous movements hold a key to understanding the process of development--of integrating intrinsic dynamics and function. In this investigation, we compared the spontaneous leg movements of 10 infants with DS and 2 groups of nondisabled (ND) infants matched for chronological age and motor age. In contrast to common perceptions, we did not observe a significant difference in the frequency of movements between infants with DS and ND infants. But, infants with DS demonstrated significantly fewer of the most complex patterned leg movements, that is, kicking patterns. Further, the frequency with which both DS and ND infants kicked was significantly correlated with the age at which they began to walk. Biomechanical variables were identified, as well, that related to their emergent movement patterns. These data are consistent with Edelman's proposal that spontaneous movements that occur repeatedly in regions of the organism's functional work space facilitate the development of stable behavioral patterns and emphasize the role of the interaction of multiple subsystems in the emergence of new behaviors.

Arousal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Renal developmental delay expressed by reduced glomerular number and its association with growth retardation in victims of sudden infant death syndrome and in "normal" infants.

In victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), renal development has been reported to be significantly impaired. In the present study, we used stereological techniques to estimate volume of kidney cortex and total number of glomeruli in a group of human infants. Infants were classified according to cause of death-SIDS or non-SIDS. Cases were further subdivided according to birth weight-normal birth weight (NBW) or low birth weight (LBW) (we were unable to identify any non-SIDS LBW infants for our study). No significant differences were found between NBW and LBW infants (irrespective of cause of death) for cortical volume, glomerular density, or total glomerular number (p > 0.140). Kidney cortical volume, glomerular density, and total glomerular number were not significantly different between SIDS and non-SIDS infants (p > 0.510). Glomerular number was only significantly less in SIDS infants of LBW (p = 0. 032) than in controls according to the Wilcoxon rank sum test; using the Kruskal-Wallis for one-way analysis, no significant difference was found (p > 0.010). These results contrast with those from previous studies, as a reduction in glomerular number was not noted in SIDS NBW infants, and the mean value for the control (non-SIDS NBW) group was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) from those of previous studies. This indicates that glomerular number reduction is seen in SIDS NBW and non-SIDS NBW cases and is therefore directly associated with growth retardation rather than with SIDS.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1995

Role of infant crying in the early mother-infant dialogue.

This study examines the communicative role of crying by assessing the ability of infants to indicate different degrees of distress in different social circumstances. Behaviors of mother-infant pairs were observed in the home for 7-h periods when the infants were 2, 3, 4, and 5 wk old; and three weekly observations were made when the infants were 1 yr old. A Cry Responsiveness Index (CRI) was derived to quantify the degree to which a baby cried differentially during each observation. This statistic showed significant individual differences. The CRI scores were correlated with maternal measures during the early weeks and negatively correlated with "mother ignore" at one year. The CRI scores were unrelated to the total amount of crying. The results indicate that responsive infants have responsive mothers--or conversely, that responsive mothers have responsive infants. Thus, cry responsiveness is not a function of infant behavior alone but is inherently an expression of the dynamics of the mother-infant interactional system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Experimental studies of infant-parent co-sleeping: mutual physiological and behavioral influences and their relevance to SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).

We hypothesize that maternal sensory exchanges, likely involving a combination of heat, sound, gas, smells, movement, and touch, induce important physiological changes, especially in the healthy infant's arousal patterns, body temperature, and sleep architecture as defined by standard physiological measures. We summarize the results of two preliminary physiological studies, and some early data from a third, in which mothers and infants are monitored using standard polysomnographic techniques as they sleep in the same bed, and then in adjacent rooms. Our data suggest that infant-parent co-sleeping alters the infant's sleep experience as, for example, the characteristics of arousals, the frequency and duration of nursing, infant sleep position and the number of maternal inspections. For example, while sleeping in the same bed, mothers nurse their infants three times more frequently than they do while their infants sleep in an adjacent room. These preliminary data demonstrate significant differences between routine co-sleeping and solitary sleeping environments. This work underscores the importance of studying infant sleep as it unfolds in the co-sleeping environment, the environment within which it evolved over at least 5 million years of human evolution. Should our preliminary findings be confirmed in future studies they will provide a beginning point for considering additional, possibly unconventional ways of helping to reduce SIDS risks.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Risk of sudden infant death syndrome among infants with in utero exposure to cocaine.

To determine whether the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) among infants exposed to cocaine in utero may be elevated, we assessed the risk for SIDS in a large, well-described, prospective cohort of infants whose mothers had or had not used cocaine during pregnancy. Of 996 women consecutively enrolled while registering for prenatal care, 175 used cocaine during pregnancy. Only one infant of the mothers who used cocaine died of SIDS, a risk of 5.6 in 1000, compared with four infants among the 821 nonexposed infants, a risk of 4.9 in 1000. The relative risk for SIDS among infants whose mothers used cocaine during pregnancy compared with those whose mothers did not use cocaine was 1.17 (95% confidence interval 0.13, 10.43), suggesting that there is no increased risk of SIDS among infants exposed in utero to cocaine.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Urinary 5-L-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) excretion is greater in infants in Jamaica than in infants in England.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern of excretion in urine of 5-L-oxoproline, as a measure of glycine status, during the first six weeks of life in Jamaican infants. DESIGN: Spot samples of urine were collected from term and preterm infants at birth and longitudinally to four weeks of age, or at six weeks of age. 5-L-oxoproline was isolated by column chromatography and hydrolysed to L-glutamic acid, which was measured enzymatically and the results expressed relative to creatinine excretion. SETTING: Maternity wards and postnatal clinic of the University Hospital of the West Indies. SUBJECTS: African-Caribbean infants, 19 term and 21 preterm, from birth to four weeks of age, and 79 term infants at six weeks of age. RESULTS: There were no differences between term and preterm infants. Excretion of 5-L-oxoproline increased progressively from birth, 141 mumol/mmol creatinine, to 270 mumol/mmol creatinine at four weeks of age. At six weeks of age, excretion was significantly greater than at birth or four weeks of age, 525 mumol/mmol creatinine. Compared with infants born in England, the excretion of 5-L-oxoproline was not different at birth, but was significantly greater in Jamaican infants at six weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS: Glycine status, indicated by increased excretion of 5-L-oxoproline, is marginal in Jamaican infants at six weeks of age, and this possibly reflects a limitation in the endogenous biosynthesis of glycine due to a dietary limitation of folate or vitamin B-12.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2003

Hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers in summer: a justification for vitamin D supplementation of breast-feeding infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers in a community where maternal sunshine exposure is low. STUDY DESIGN: Serum levels of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD), and intact parathyroid hormone were measured in 90 unsupplemented healthy term breast-feeding Arab/South Asian infants and their mothers in summer. Maternal dietary vitamin D intake was also estimated. RESULTS: The median age of infants was 6 weeks. The median serum 25-OHD concentrations in mothers (8.6 ng/mL) and infants (4.6 ng/mL) were low, and 61% of the mothers and 82% of the 78 infants tested had hypovitaminosis D (serum 25-OHD <10 ng/mL). The infants with hypovitaminosis D had elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and a tendency to higher serum intact parathyroid hormone levels. The average daily maternal vitamin D intake from commercial milk was 88 IU. CONCLUSIONS: Hypovitaminosis D is common in summer in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers. The results provide justification for vitamin D supplementation of breast-feeding infants and mothers in the United Arab Emirates. Low vitamin D intake probably contributed to low maternal vitamin D status.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lead and cadmium levels in commercial infant foods and dietary intake by infants 0-1 year old.

Lead and cadmium levels were determined in 131 infant foods. Mean lead and cadmium levels were 19.3 and 3.3 ng/g for meats, 8.4 and 4.1 ng/g for vegetables, 14.9 and 0.58 ng/g for fruits and desserts, 9.6 and 0.53 ng/g for juices and drinks, and 32.8 and 33.6 ng/g for dry infant cereals. These data, combined with those from other recent surveys, yielded average dietary (food and water) intakes of lead and cadmium by infants 0-1 year old of 2.4 and 0.37 microgram/kg/day, respectively. Lead intakes were most strongly influenced by storage of infant formulas in lead-soldered cans. For infants 0-1 month old, they ranged from 0.5 microgram/kg/day when human or cow milk was fed to infants to 5.3 micrograms/kg/day (exceeding the FAO/WHO provisional tolerable daily intake, PTWI, of lead by children of 3.5 micrograms/kg) when ready-to-use formula stored in lead-soldered cans was fed. Cadmium intakes were most strongly affected by soya based formulas, and ranged, for 0-1 months olds, from 0.16 microgram/kg/day for infants fed human or cow milk to 0.50 microgram/kg/day for infants fed soya-based concentrated liquid formula. Cadmium intakes were all below the FAO/WHO PTDI of cadmium by adults of 0.96-1.2 micrograms/kg.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Breast-fed infants are leaner than formula-fed infants at 1 y of age: the DARLING study.

Anthropometric indexes from 1 to 24 mo were compared between matched cohorts of infants either breast-fed (BF, n = 46) or formula-fed (FF, n = 41) until > or = 12 mo. Neither group received solid foods before 4 mo. Weight-for-length was significantly greater among FF infants from 7 to 24 mo. In both groups, skinfold thickness (triceps, biceps, subscapular, flank, and quadriceps) and estimated percent body fat (%FAT) increased rapidly during the first 6-8 mo and declined thereafter. At all sites except biceps, FF infants had larger skinfold thicknesses in later infancy (particularly 9-15 mo) than did BF infants; %FAT was significantly higher from 5 to 24 mo. Lower energy intake among BF infants explained the difference between groups. Maternal and infant fatness were positively correlated at 12-24 mo. Breast-milk lipid and energy concentration were unrelated to infant fatness. These results indicate that infants BF for > or = 12 mo are leaner than their FF counterparts.

Adipose Tissue↗