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PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of health practices of Canadian and Jordanian nursing students.

The purpose of this study was to compare health-promoting practices of Canadian (n = 49) and Jordanian (n = 44) first-year nursing students using the revised Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Results indicated significant differences between the groups on three subscales: health responsibility, physical activity, and interpersonal relations; however, both groups had similarly low scores. Implications for nurse educators are discussed from both curricular and cross-cultural perspective that focuses on health-promotion activities and programs.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1968

Isolation, confinement, and sensory deprivation.

Long-duration space flight involves sensory monotony, isolation, and confinement. Obviously, data from other such environments are relevant to our concerns; and the application of the concept of arousal both to interpersonal relations and to task performance in space can point to appropriate selection, training, and spacecraft design features. In the context of space flight, all of these leads remain conjectural--simulation as well as laboratory research and initiation of long-duration flights will be the crucial test of the hypotheses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Community dysfunction in schizophrenia: rate-limiting factors.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of cognitive functioning, psychopathology, and severity of extrapyramidal side effects on community outcome in a group of Greek outpatients with schizophrenia. Participants were 40 outpatients with schizophrenia (25 men). Social adjustment was assessed with the Quality of Life Scale (QLS). Severity of symptoms of schizophrenia was measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANNS), and extrapyramidal symptoms with the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS). Finally, a battery of neuropsychological tests was administered in order to assess the following cognitive domains: executive functioning/set shifting, executive functioning/inhibition, fluency, verbal memory, visual memory, working memory, attention, visuospatial ability, and psychomotor speed/visual scanning. Total scores on the QLS were significantly correlated with negative symptoms, parkinsonism, and performance on the fluency tasks. Interpersonal relations subscale was significantly related with negative symptoms and fluency. No significant relationship was found between the Instrumental Role Functioning subscale and the PANSS, ESRS, or any cognitive domain. Scores on the Intrapsychic Foundation subscale were significantly correlated with negative symptoms and fluency. Finally, scores on the Common Objects and Activities subscale were significantly related with severity of negative symptoms, parkinsonism and visual memory. Our findings suggest that severity of negative symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, especially performance on fluency tasks and visual memory, as well as parkinsonism, are important determinants of functional outcome in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The concept of alexithymia: an empirical study using psychodynamic ratings and self-reports.

In patients with ulcerative colitis, alexithymia and related traits were studied using the Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile (KAPP), a recently constructed psychodynamic assessment instrument, and other measures of alexithymia (the Schalling-Sifneos Personality Scale (SSPS) and the Beth Israel Questionnaire (BIQ)), and other personality traits using the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). The results of these measures were analyzed for correlation. The prevalence of mental disorder as defined by DSM-III was not above normal, and the KSP T-scores were within normal limits. As rated with the KAPP, alexithymia was uncorrelated with age or level of education, but was inversely correlated with proximity to a major life event (abdominal surgery), suggesting that alexithymia may have a defensive function. Cluster analysis, with Regression in the service of the ego (R), Alexithymia (A) and Normopathy (N) as clustering variables, yielded 3 groups: normal, multidisturbed (problems with R, A and N) and inhibited (problems with R and N). SSPS failed to distinguish between the multidisturbed and the inhibited groups, and BIQ between any groups. In the multidisturbed group, correlations were found with detachment and with disturbances in interpersonal relations. The results suggest that disturbances in object relations are of major importance in alexithymia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Predictors of bereaved parents' satisfaction with group support: an Israeli perspective.

This study evaluates various aspects of group work with bereaved parents who lost a child during military service. More specifically, it assesses the unique and cumulative contributions of various features of group work to the participants' satisfaction with the group support. One hundred and thirty-eight bereaved parents, who participated in 16 support groups, answered a battery of questionnaires tapping 3 aspects of the group work: their motives for joining the group, the interpersonal relations among the group members, and the group leadership style. In addition, the participants were asked to evaluate the contribution of the intervention to their adjustment. The findings indicate that the supportive elements of the intervention were associated with the groups' perceived contribution. The clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Symptoms of depression among community-dwelling elderly African-American and white older adults.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have explored the variance in individual symptoms by race in older adults. METHODS: Data were analysed from the Duke site of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE), a community sample of persons 65 years-of-age and older, 54% of whom were African-Americans. Of the 3401 subjects with adequate data on depressive symptomatology, confirmatory factor analysis and LISREL were first used to confirm the presence of the factor structure previously reported for the CES-D. Next, bivariate analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of individual symptoms by race. Finally, LISREL analysis was performed to control for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: When bivariate comparisons of specific symptoms by race were explored, African-Americans were more likely to report less hope about the future, poor appetite, difficulty concentrating, requiring more effort for usual activities, less talking, feeling people were unfriendly, feeling disliked by others and being more 'bothered' than usual. When LISREL analyses were applied to these data (controlling for education, income, cognitive impairment, chronic health problems and disability and other factors) racial differences in somatic complaints and life satisfaction disappeared, yet differences in interpersonal relations persisted. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms earlier findings of minimal overall differences in symptom frequency between African-American and non-African-American community-dwelling older adults in controlled studies.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Insight and interpersonal function in schizophrenia.

Research has linked impaired insight in schizophrenia to poorer medication compliance and treatment outcome. It is unclear, however, whether poorer interpersonal function is also associated with impaired insight. To examine this question, subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were classified as having unimpaired (N = 44) or impaired (N = 57) insight, and their scores on Heinrichs et al.'s Quality of Life (QOL) Scale were compared. Multiple regressions were conducted to determine the relationship between individual components and social function. Results indicate that subjects with impaired insight had significantly poorer QOL interpersonal relation and intrapsychic foundation scores than unimpaired subjects, despite having equivalent deficit symptoms. Unawareness of the social consequences of illness was found to be the component of insight more closely linked to social dysfunction. This suggests that impairments in insight may be uniquely associated with social dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The capacity for dynamic process scale (CDPS) and patient engagement in opiate addiction treatment.

This study examined the relationship between continuation in an opiate treatment program and patient characteristics such as affect regulation, insight, and capacity for interpersonal relations. Participants consisted of 63 patients randomly selected from those completing an initial interview at a short-term heroin detoxification program. Patient characteristics were assessed using the Capacity for Dynamic Process Scale (CDPS). Results of this study indicated that the CDPS total score for each patient was related to the subsequent number of treatment sessions attended by that patient and significantly differentiated dropouts from completers. These findings support previous use of the CDPS in psychotherapy research. In addition, this study extends use of the CDPS to research on brief pharmacotherapy treatment of opiate addiction.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial difficulties and outcome after temporal lobectomy.

One hundred fifteen consecutive patients in the Austin Hospital Comprehensive Epilepsy Program (Melbourne, Australia) were surveyed to document the psychosocial and rehabilitation difficulties after temporal lobectomy. During the follow-up period (mean 4 years) 3 patients died, 5 patients were lost to follow-up, and 107 patients with family and friends were interviewed. Eighty-four patients (78%) had been seizure-free for the year preceding the interview; 13 others had seizure reduction greater than 75%. Success in ablation or reduction in seizures correlated with the amount of postoperative gain, but in this series, analysis of work and dependency outcome did not emphasize areas of success. Although improvement in work and financial status, interpersonal relations and sexuality were all recorded, successful patients deemed that most advance had been made in the areas of newly acquired independence, enhanced career potential, and social freedom. Significant postoperative anxiety, especially after left temporal lobectomy, was noted, possibly explained by benzodiazepine antiepileptic drug (AED) discontinuation. Although 1 patient committed suicide, neither depression nor psychosis was common in the rehabilitation period, in contrast to results in previous series. Significant sociodomestic problems emerged from this survey, however: 35% of patients considered successes reported postoperative problems stemming from the necessity to restructure family dynamics; in 6%, this resulted in divorce. Moreover, 20% of patients and relatives reported significant behavioral problems in coping with the seizure-free lifestyle. Finally, the problems of the worsened situation after surgical failure indicated the counterproductive potential of ineffective lobectomy. These results indicate the necessity for a preoperative counseling program to prevent these problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Aging and schizophrenic psychosis.

The author discusses the question of the interference of schizophrenia and aging, and specially of the impact of biologic and organic versus social and situational factors. The presentation is based on long-term follow-up studies by the author himself and others, showing favorable outcomes in about half of the cases. Contrary to general beliefs, old age has quite often a favorable influence, eg. by dampening acute productive symptoms and drives, and by improving interpersonal relations. Psycho-organic deterioration is hardly more frequent, in schizophrenics, than in the general population. In conclusion, in old age, too, schizophrenia does no longer appear as a fatally progressive organic disease, but as a multiconditional open life process in vulnerable individuals with persisting potential for improvement even in old age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Role of personality reactions in the pathology of character formation in infantile cerebral palsy (clinico-psychological study)].

In a clinico-dynamic and experimental-psychological study (using methods of examining interpersonal relations and frustration tolerance), the authors investigated 40 children and adolescent suffering from infantile cerebral paralysis responsible for a psychogenic pathological formation of the personality of the deficient type. Inhibitory and excitable variants of the latter are identified. Differential therapeutic-pedagogical and psychotherapeutic measures for the above group of patients are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Altruism and the Vietnam War veteran: the relationship of helping to symptomatology.

This study examines the relationships among demographic factors, combat experiences, personality characteristics, altruism, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. Participants were Vietnam War veterans currently undergoing treatment for PTSD. The developmental level of internalized schemas of interpersonal relations (object relatedness) and the altruistic intent to help were significant predictors of PTSD symptomatology, with lower levels of symptomatology associated with higher levels of altruism. Results indicated that predispositional variables and altruistic intentions may be important factors to consider in designing and implementing treatment programs for chronically impaired veterans with PTSD.

Altruism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving the quality of service delivery in Nigeria.

This study evaluates the effect of a nurse training program in family planning counseling skills on the quality of service delivery at the clinic level, as well as its impact on client compliance with prearranged appointments. The study used a quasi-experimental design to compare certified nurses who received six weeks of family planning technical training with certified nurses who, in addition to the technical training course, received a three-day course in counseling skills. Data were collected through client exit interviews, expert observation, and inspection of medical record abstracts. Trained nurses performed better than their untrained counterparts in the quality-of-care areas investigated--interpersonal relations, information giving, counseling, and mechanisms for encouraging continuity. The likelihood that clients will attend follow-up visits was also found to improve when they were attended by trained professionals. Short-term counseling training can significantly improve the quality of care provided by family planning workers, as well as client compliance with follow-up appointments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Determinants of marital happiness and unhappiness rated by alcoholics and their wives.

Alcoholic husbands and their wives generally agreed that the major aspects of marital happiness dealt with the quality of interpersonal relations. "Undesirable vices (excessive gambling, drinking, etc.)" ranked first as contributing to marital unhappiness while their absence was ranked 27.5 by the husbands and 9.5 by the wives as contributing to marital happiness. The elimination of undesirable habits may resolve much marital misery but it does not necessarily follow that as unhappiness decreases happiness will increase.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Suitability for brief dynamic psychotherapy: psychodynamic variables as predictors of outcome.

The success rate in predicting symptom change 2 years after brief dynamic psychotherapy increased 20% by adding quality of interpersonal relations from a psychodynamic evaluation interview to DSM-III diagnoses, Axis V and Axis II. The success rate in predicting dynamic change 4 years after therapy increased nearly 40% by adding the same variable. Selection criteria such as circumscribed focus, motivation and involvement in the evaluation interview were shown to be redundant as predictors.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2000

[Childhood in danger].

Child abuse is a human production resulting from the failure of three essential characteristics of the human condition: the possibility of attachment, speech and the capacity to love. It is perpetuated though trans-generational transmission which traps the individual in an obvious incapacity to occupy a people position, inducing confusion of the roles and statute of the place of each in the family or in the society but more especially in the interpersonal relation. The child abuse must be seen by the professional as an obvious incapacity of the victims but also of their abuser, who are often them-selves former abused children, to develop a relation based on the respect and the love of others. The therapy is first of all an accompaniment of one and the other towards the differentiation and the possibility of installation of stable and reliable constructive representations. In short, an opening towards the expression of the denial of suffering and the rebuilding of a new ideology based on love and creativity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Human and team performance in extreme environments: Antarctica.

Analogous experience is often instructive when attempting to understand human behavior in extreme environments. The current paper refers to the experiences of polar explorers and remote duty personnel to help identify the factors that influence individual and team performance when small groups are isolated and confined for long durations. The principal factors discussed include organizational structure, intracrew communications, interpersonal relations, leadership style, personnel selection, and training. Behavioral implications also are addressed for the design of procedures and equipment to facilitate sustained individual and group performance under conditions of isolation and confinement. To be consistent with the theme of the symposium, this paper emphasizes the crew requirements for an international expedition to Mars.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

[The problem of divorce in adolescence].

In the available literature concerning divorce the situation of affected adolescents rarely is considered. In contrast to younger siblings who exhibit their distress in numerous ways, adolescents seem to be affected to a much lesser extent. Reexaminations over longer periods of time by Wallerstein and Kelly (1980) show however, that adolescents do have medium or long term impairments in their development: school and career problems, lack of emotional attachment and interpersonal relations are well above average. Own results are reported from the work with adolescents who experienced the separation and divorce of their parents, and compared with ideas of adolescents about partnership and marriage who are rather idealized and show a high level of morality. Experiences with a group of adolescents (thematic work) are outlined and compared with experiences from the literature.

Adaptation, Psychological↗