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PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of selected health characteristics of women and comparisons with men. A community health survey in Jerusalem.

The health status of women was studied as part of a community health survey in Kiryat Hayovel, a neighborhood in western Jerusalem. Most women (66%) reported that they felt well; clinical appraisals indicated a need for treatment in 34%. Hypertension was found in 14% and coronary heart disease in 4%. Other common disorders included varicose veins (31%), overweight (25%), hemorrhoids (20%), hypercholesterolemia (15%), gallbladder disease (8%), and diabetes (4%). Prevalence of symptoms of emotional ill-health ranged from 6 to 40%. A quarter reported serious current problems, 10% were dissatisfied with their present life situation, 8% had concentration camp experience and 27% were current cigarette smokers. Prevalence of most disorders rose in successive age groups. Comparisons with the men in this community indicated a higher prevalence among females of self-appraised ill-health, high symptom and emotional ill-health scores and complaints about a number of physical conditions. This way reflect how women in this community respond to illness and their life situation. With some exceptions, age trends and sex differences were similar to those found in population studies in the USA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Birth defects as an indicator of the health status of Haitian women and their children.

This study focuses on the incidence of birth defects among children born to Haitian women in Florida. Analysis of comparative data collected by the Florida Birth Defects Registry indicates a disproportionate rate of birth defects among babies born to Haitian women. Sociocultural and economic characteristics of the Haitian community and their relationship to birth defects are explored. The implications of the findings for public policies that address prenatal care and childbirth- related problems are discussed.

Child Welfare↗
PubMed1981

Causes and consequences of health self-report variations among older people.

Older people's health self-reports are highly correlated with their utilization of health care services and are frequently cited in explanations for changes in social status, social participation-activity, and personal attitudes. The purposes of research reported here were threefold: 1. to review previous health self-report findings using comparable statistics and systematic categories of correlates; 2. to specify indicators of established correlates in national random sample data; and 3. to develop a path analysis model utilizing these variables as causes and consequences of health self-report variations among older people. Findings emphasize the importance of health self-concept to social participation-activity.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Density, health, and social disorganization revisited.

A 1966 article by the senior, based on 1948--1952 census tract data for the Honolulu SMSA, reported a colse correlation between resident population densities and various health and social disorganization rates, even when persons per room, educational level, and income were controlled. The present study, based largely on 1974 tract data for the same SMSA, finds that the simple, multiple, and partial correlations previously reported have declined sharply in the intervening years. Newly developed census tract data on daytime and de facto population densities proved little better as indicators of health and welfare levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The validity of health risk appraisal instruments for assessing coronary heart disease risk.

This study evaluated the validity of the scoring systems employed by 41 health risk assessment instruments (HRAs) with respect to the probability of death due to coronary heart disease. Validity was assessed by comparing predictions of mortality risk produced by each HRA to estimates from the Framingham Heart Study and the Risk Factor Update Project. Correlations with both epidemiologic estimates indicated that instruments employing logistic regression or the Geller/Gesner methodology had the highest validity coefficients, while validity was lowest for self-administered general health status and lifestyle questionnaires. However, most instruments using the Geller/Gesner technique appear to systematically overestimate the probability of CHD mortality. For HRAs based on additive risk scales, validity was often attenuated by the crude categorization of some risk factors and by the omission of the effects of age from the scoring system.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of self and health professionals' ratings of the health of community-based elderly.

Perceptions of 269 community-based elderly persons and eighty health-care professionals were compared for opinions related to the health-care needs of the elderly, and major barriers faced by the elderly to the utilization of health services. The data indicate a high degree of incongruence between the perceptions of the elderly and those of the professionals. Health professionals were not good predictors of the health status of the elderly, and they did not accurately predict the barriers faced by the elderly seeking health care. Congruence of responses was found only related to the cost of health services. Reasons for these differences were explored, and recommendations for future program planning were made.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Methodological issues in diabetes research. Measuring adherence.

The prevalence of nonadherence in IDDM and NIDDM populations and conceptual and methodological issues relevant to measuring diabetes regimen adherence are reviewed. The prevalence of nonadherence varies across the different components of the diabetes regimen, during the course of the disease, and across the patient's life span. Although prevalence rates might be expected to differ between IDDM and NIDDM populations, this rarely has been evaluated. Conceptual problems in defining and measuring adherence include: the absence of explicit adherence standards against which the patient's behavior can be compared; inadvertent noncompliance attributable to patient-provider miscommunication and patient knowledge/skill deficits; the behavioral complexity of the diabetes regimen; and the confounding of compliance with diabetes control. Methods for measuring adherence include: health status indicators, provider ratings, behavioral observations, permanent products, and patient self-reports, including behavior ratings, diaries, and 24-h recall interviews. A measurement method should be selected on the basis of reliability, validity, nonreactivity, sensitivity to the complexity of diabetes regimen behaviors, and measurement independence from the patient's health status. The timing of measurements should be based on the stability of adherence behaviors and temporal congruity with other measures of interest (e.g., indexes of metabolic control). Directions for future research and suggestions for clinical practice are provided.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1999

Disparities of health in African Americans.

As a cohort of the vulnerable populations, African Americans have the poorest health status indicators of all ethnic groups. Using a vulnerable populations theoretical framework, the reasons for the disparities are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Development and psychometric testing of a patient questionnaire for medical rehabilitation (IRES-3)].

BACKGROUND: Re-analyses of extensive datasets as well as theoretical considerations have led to the conclusion that the patient questionnaire "Indicators of Rehabilitation Status" (IRES) should be revised in several respects. The new version IRES-3 was developed on the basis of a theoretical model of rehabilitation following the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) as well as of elements of the earlier version IRES-2. In addition, we included the results of expert panels on the definition of treatment goals in medical rehabilitation. METHODS: The IRES-3 was tested in 453 patients in rehabilitation clinics of seven diagnostic areas. To compare the IRES-3 with other generic instruments, the SF-36 and the HADS were employed at the same time. For purposes of cross-validation, an external sample could be used. The dimensional structure was tested in confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS: With rare exceptions, the tests showed good values for item difficulties, ceiling and floor effects, internal consistencies and test-retest-reliability. Convergent validity could be established for the IRES-3 when compared to relevant scales of the SF-36 and the HADS. Indices of sensitivity to change were comparable, if not somewhat superior to the effects on comparable scales of the SF-36. The assessment of the construct validity and the dimensional structure of the questionnaire led to the definition of eight dimensions which can be interpreted as somatic, emotional, functional, occupational, social, pain, coping, as well as health information and behaviour. The dimensional structure of the IRES-3 can be regarded as theoretically meaningful as well as empirically proven. STANDARDIZATION: For purposes of standardization, data were collected on a sample representative of the population aged 30-75 years in Germany. These data allow a norm-oriented interpretation of scales and dimensions of the IRES-3 for patients in rehabilitation. APPLICATION: The questionnaire is ready for application, including a computer programme for data entry and analysis.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1977

Health status, socioeconomic status and utilization of outpatient services for members of a prepaid group practice.

When evaluating the effectiveness of medical care programs, one concern is whether receipt of care is based upon health care needs or upon socioeconomic status. This study describes the relation between health status and socioeconomic status and attempts to determine which has the greater effect on ambulatory care utilization. The study setting was an operating HMO serving a cross-sectional membership of nearly 200,000 persons. Outpatient utilization data were derived from the medical records of a five per cent sample of health plan members for 1969 and 1970. Social, economic, situational, and attitudinal data were provided by 2,603 respondents in a household interview survey. Since a population's perceived health status may reflect health need, information from the survey provided measures of health status that ranged from specific symptoms and complaints to a general measure of perceived health status. Although the findings varied somewhat according to which variables were considered, they generally showed health status to correlate more highly than socioeconomic factors with the utilization of services in this medical care system. An exception was the use of preventive services, which was not significantly related to health status measures but rather, for women, to education and, to a lesser extent, income.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1985

Alterations in health perception and lifestyle in treated hypertensives.

The effect of being treated for hypertension on health perception and life-style and the duration of any alterations after first diagnosis were assessed by administering a standardized interview schedule to employed treated hypertensive men and women, aged 40-64 years, who were either newly diagnosed (ND) (within 6 months of the interview) or previously diagnosed (PD) (1-3 years before the interview) and who were otherwise healthy. In both groups of 50 hypertensives, indices of health status and ability to participate in enjoyable activities were significantly lower while symptom score and index of worry about health were significantly higher compared with a group of 50 age and sex-matched normotensive controls (C) (p less than 0.001). The hypertensive groups did not differ from each other. Both hypertensive groups reported significant reductions in the time spent at work (p less than 0.005). Self-reported weight loss in the 2 months preceding the interview was significantly greater in ND hypertensives compared with PD and C individuals (p less than 0.01). Our data indicate that the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension had a significant and sustained negative impact on health perception and activities of daily living even among actively employed, relatively healthy, medicated hypertensives for whom there were no medical indications to restrict their life-style.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2001

The Innsbruck Women's Health Study 1999: health status and behaviour.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to report descriptive results of a recent survey on women's health and to analyse associations between perceived health status and health behaviour. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey on 609 women aged 20 to 95 years was performed in Innsbruck (Austria) in 1999. RESULTS: Self-reported poor health status was 6% in the 20-39 age group, 10% in the 40-59 age group and 20% in the 60 and older age group. Age and physical activity were significant predictors for health status. Women who performed physical activities on a regular basis had a more than 70% reduced risk of poor health status. Concerning the prevalence of self-reported morbidity, urogenital disorders (35%), allergies (32%), and headache (42%) were most frequent in younger women whereas skeletal disorders such as rheumatic diseases (41%), osteoporosis (39%), and invertebral disc damage (39%) in older women. Important health behaviour-related problems to be found were 40% smoking among women under 40, and 42% overweight or obesity among women over 60. Stress affected 37% of women under 60 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity, smoking, overweight and stress revealed to be key-indicators for improving women's health.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Validation of oral status indicators.

In planning programmes and developing policy, dental public health officials rely on epidemiological data in the form of composite measures such as the DMFT index. However, the DMFT is often not sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in oral health between population groups. Measures that selectively weight components of the DMFT may be better dental indicators. Sheiham, Maizels and Maizels (1987) suggested a functional measure (FM) that weights filled and sound teeth equally and a tissue health (T-health) measure that differentially weights decayed, filled, and sound teeth. For the present analysis, these indicators were divided by 28 to make their range 0 to 1. The modified indexes are called FMI and THI. Carpay et al. (1988) also suggested a dental health index (DHI) that scores a subset of teeth. Data from 797 participants in the 1980 Iowa Survey of Oral Health that included eight independent variables were used to perform stepwise regression on DMFT, FMI, THI, and DHI to assess how well the independent variables correlated with these four dental indicators. R-square values were 0.37 for FMI and 0.36 for THI, but only 0.19 for DHI and 0.12 for DMFT, suggesting that the FMI and THI were more sensitive as dental health indicators. In addition, calculations made on aggregate data published from three national surveys show that the FMI and THI can detect changes in oral health over time. Because the FMI and THI are as easy to measure and calculate as the DMFT, but appear to be more sensitive, they show promise as indicators of oral health status.

Adolescent↗