Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Gallium”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Failure of gallium-67 citrate imaging to diagnose post-myocardial infarction (Dressler's) syndrome.

Gallium-67 scanning has been suggested as a means of diagnosing post-pericardiotomy syndrome. We have assessed the value of thoracic gallium scanning in patients with the post-myocardial infarction (Dressler's) syndrome, which is thought to have a similar pathogenesis. In five patients in whom the diagnosis was established by currently available means, 67Ga scans performed during active pericarditis showed no significant uptake in any case. No subject was receiving steroids but all were taking non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs at the time of scanning. It is not clear why there should be differences in gallium uptake between the two conditions, but we conclude that 67Ga thoracic scanning is of no value in the management of patients with Dressler's syndrome.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1979

The urinary excretion of gallium-67 citrate in patients with neoplastic disease.

The urinary excretion of gallium-67 has been studied in twenty-nine patients with considerable variation, ranging from 2.71 to 35.21 per cent of the injected dose in the first twenty-four hours. The data was analyzed to determine whether differences in excretion could be related to sex, age, plasma level, site or extent of disease but no significant relation could be found. While chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been shown to affect both the plasma clearance and protein binding they have no influence upon the urinary excretion of the isotope in this study. This study shows that all patients with high urinary excretion had bone metastasis from various types of primary tumour. Not all patients with bone metastasis have high urinary excretion of gallium-67. It would appear, however, from our limited series that patients with bone metastasis and normal urinary excretion of gallium-67 show a good response to treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of metastatic and non-metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma on tissue distribution of gallium-67 in the rat.

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of metastatic and non-metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma on tissue distribution of gallium-67 (67 Ga) citrate in Fischer-344 female rats by the use of gamma counting techniques. The homogenate (0.1 mm) of a sample of metastatic and non-metastatic tumor was implanted by subcutaneous injection in the right footpad of each animal's hind extremity. The animals bearing metastatic tumor were studied 2-24 days and the non-metastatic group 2-30 days after the implantation of tumor homogenate. The control group consisted of four animals and tumor-bearing groups of seven to eight animals at each time point. All animals were injected with 1.11 MBq of 67Ga citrate by intravenous administration and sacrificed in halothane anesthesia 48 h later. The relative tissue uptake data are presented as arithmetical mean value with a standard error and graphically demonstrated as normalized data with respect to control. The results demonstrate that 67Ga citrate uptake was largely unaffected in most organs by the presence of either metastatic or non-metastatic tumor. Gallium-67 uptake, however, was significantly and consistently increased in the popliteal lymph nodes of the ipsilateral extremity of tumor implant in the metastatic group. No difference was observed in the non-metastatic tumor group. The findings of this experimental work indicate that the host reaction to the tumor does not modify the gallium uptake characteristics in the normal tissues of tumor-bearing animals.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1983

Gallium-67 scintigraphy in children with chronic granulomatous disease.

Gallium-67 has been extensively used to diagnose and localize adult and pediatric inflammatory, infectious and malignant disease. Its mechanism of localizing in pathologic foci, although the subject of numerous studies both in vitro and in vivo, has not been clearly understood yet. The presence of normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been reported to be important in the accumulation of the tracer in inflammatory sites. We reviewed our experience with Gallium scintigraphy in three children with chronic granulomatous disease, an entity characterized by defective neutrophils and recurrent infection. Radiogallium was found to localize in inflammation in these patients. Hematologic disorders with specific structural or biochemical defects in their polymorphonuclear leukocytes may provide important information as to how these cells contribute to the accumulation of Gallium-67 in inflammation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Development of a bispecific monoclonal antibody against a gallium-67 chelate and the human melanoma-associated antigen p97 for potential use in pretargeted immunoscintigraphy.

A bispecific monoclonal antibody (bsmAb) has been developed against the human melanoma-associated antigen p97 and an octahedral gallium chelate (Ga-HBED) using the hybrid hybridoma technology. As tetradomas were expected to produce a maximum of ten different molecular species of immunoglobulins, the bispecific antibody was purified from this mixture by consecutive protein A affinity and cation-exchange chromatographic techniques. Although it was established by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that the heavy (H) and light (L) chains of the two parental immunoglobulins were mismatched in the bispecific antibody, results from cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated significant dual specific binding to both the melanoma cells and 67Ga-HBED. Other in vitro techniques further confirmed that the bsmAb Bi 5-56-II-17 still retained about 30%-40% simultaneous binding capacity to both the antigens, as would have been expected in a bsmAb that has ideally matched H and L chains. Preliminary in vivo experiments using nude mice bearing the human melanoma xenografts showed that the bsmAb Bi 5-56-II-17 was able to target the radioactive gallium chelate to the tumours twice as efficiently compared to the monospecific, bivalent gallium chelate antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Gallium-67-citrate scintigraphy in ulcerative colitis.

Gallium-67-citrate scanning was performed in 9 patients with ulcerative colitis. In all patients there was good correlation between the regional uptake of gallium and the extent and activity of disease. In 2 patients the scans were positive during an acute exacerbation and reverted to normal or near normal during clinical remission. In one patient in whom the colon was resected because of toxic dilatation, good correlation was found between pathologic and scintigraphic examinations. During the acute attack of ulcerative colitis, when colonoscopy or barium enema may be contraindicated, gallium scanning may be a noninvasive means of assessing the extent of colonic involvement. It may also be an alternative means of following the clinical course of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Gallium scintigraphy in Hansen's disease.

Gallium 67 imaging was used in 12 patients with documented Hansen's disease undergoing treatment or not, in an attempt to determine the pattern of the disease. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology in all patients. The Mitsuda reaction was seen in all patients. Specific nuclear studies were performed when needed to evaluate particular organs better. Gallium 67 images show homogeneous, diffuse and moderate accumulation over the entire skin surface (except for the face) of untreated patients with multibacillary disease. The facial skin in these cases presented homogeneous, diffuse but very marked uptake of gallium. Internal organ involvement was variable. There was a very good correlation among clinical, scintigraphic, immunological and histopathological data. The pattern of the body skin ("skin outlining") and facial skin ("beard distribution") may be distinct for untreated patients with multibacillary leprosy.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Thymic uptake of gallium-67 citrate in a healthy 4 year old boy.

Gallium uptake in a mediastinal mass has been most often seen with lymphoma. A case is reported of thymic uptake in an otherwise healthy 4 1/2 year old boy who had recently had pneumonia. Serial films always showed an unchanging prominent though normal thymus and follow up gallium scans showed disappearance of thymic uptake. This and other similar cases indicate the need to consider a non-neoplastic thymus when gallium accumulation is noted in the anterior mediastinum of a child.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

Gallium distribution in several human brain areas.

Gallium is an element of increasing biological interest: It is involved in problems related to environmental pollution (Ga compounds are used in electronics industry) and to clinical treatments (Ga radionuclides are employed to detect neoplastic lesions). Moreover, since its chemical behavior is similar to that of aluminum, gallium could play a role in the health effects attributed to this element. Data on naturally occurring Ga levels in human samples from healthy subjects are scanty; regarding the brain, the only reliable values available in the literature were published by Hamilton in 1972/73. In this work, the gallium distribution in several human brain areas, evaluated by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA), was found to be dishomogeneous. The element concentration determined in dry samples was, in any case, lower than the ppb level.

Brain Chemistry↗
PubMed2006

Positive gallium-67 and thallium-201 scans in thymic rebound after chemotherapy for lymphoma.

It is a diagnostic problem to distinguish thymic rebound or rebound thymic hyperplasia from thymic malignancy, but it is frequently made more difficult because most patients have had previous malignancies. Recently we evaluated a six-year-old girl with thymic rebound after chemotherapy for lymphoma, by both gallium-67 and thallium-201 scans. On gallium-67 scan, intensive uptake was seen in the anterior mediastinum. CT revealed a triangular-shaped, homogeneous mass in the anterior mediastinum. On early scan of thallium-201 study, slight accumulation was seen in the anterior mediastinum and was enhanced in delayed scans. Considering the clinical state and imaging results, thymic rebound after chemotherapy was the most likely diagnosis, and follow-up observation was done without therapy. During the course, there were no signs of relapse. Some reports have described both positive and negative thallium-201 accumulation in thymic rebound. Although more experience with similar cases is necessary, it is likely that thallium-201 also tends to accumulate in thymic rebound as well as gallium-67.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1991

Gallium-67 citrate scintigraphy in the pre-operative evaluation of soft tissue tumors of the extremities.

We conducted a study of 90 patients with soft tissue tumor in their arms or legs, in order to determine the usefulness of scintigraphy with gallium-67 citrate as a diagnostic means. All patients had adequate scan images, and tumor tissues had been histologically confirmed by surgical resection. The subjects consisted of 19 patients with malignant tumors, 55 patients with benign tumors, and 16 patients with other disorders in which soft tissue tumor-like lesions occurred. When the activity of the tumor was more than the activity of the normal region of the contralateral extremity, it was estimated to be positive. The positive rate was found in 78% (15/19) of patients with malignant tumors, in 25% (14/55) of patients with benign tumors and in 31% (5/16) of patients with other disorders. Classified by diseases, high positive rates were observed in liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, neurinoma, extra-abdominal desmoid and sarcoidosis. Out of 7 patients in which the activity of the tumor was equal to, or higher than that of the liver, 6 patients had malignant tumors and one patient was diagnosed as having an abscess. It seemed possible to distinguish between liposarcoma and lipoma by means of a gallium-67 scan. Furthermore, the gallium-67 scan was useful in detecting lesions of sarcoidosis as well as in evaluating the response to treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Tuberculosis peritonitis: gallium-67 scintigraphic appearance.

Tuberculosis peritonitis is a rare manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The results of gallium-67 scintigraphy of three patients with tuberculosis peritonitis were reviewed to assess its usefulness in the diagnosis of this condition. Tuberculosis peritonitis was associated with diffuse or focal abdominal localization and decreased hepatic accumulation of gallium-67. These gallium-67 scan features of tuberculosis peritonitis may help to optimize the diagnosis and management of this disease.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2002

Combined administration of oxalic acid, succimer and its analogue for the reversal of gallium arsenide-induced oxidative stress in rats.

Gallium arsenide (GaAs), a group III-VA intermetallic semiconductor, possesses superior electronic and optical properties and has a wide application in the electronics industry. Exposure to GaAs in the semiconductor industry is a potential occupational hazard because cleaning and slicing GaAs ingots to yield the desired wafer could generate GaAs particles. The ability of GaAs to induce oxidative stress has not yet been reported. The present study reports the role of oxidative stress in GaAs-induced haematological and liver disorders and its possible reversal overturn by administration of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and one of its analogue, monoisoamyl DMSA (MiADMSA), either individually or in combination with oxalic acid. While DMSA and MiADMSA are potential arsenic chelators, oxalic acid is reported to be an effective gallium chelator. Male rats were exposed to 10 mg/kg GaAs orally, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. GaAs exposure was then stopped and rats were given a 0.5 mmol/kg dose of succimers (DMSA or MiADMSA), oxalic acid or a combination of the two, intraperitoneally once daily for 5 consecutive days. We found a significant fall in blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and blood glutathione (GSH) level, and an increased urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and an increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in erythrocytes of rats exposed to GaAs. Hepatic GSH levels decreased, whereas there was an increase in GSSG and MDA levels. The results suggest a role of oxidative stress in GaAs-induced haematological and hepatic damage. Administration of DMSA and MiADMSA produced effective recovery in most of the above variables. However, a greater effectiveness of the chelation treatment (i.e. removal of both gallium and arsenic from body organs) could be achieved by combined administration of succimer (DMSA) with oxalic acid since, after MiADMSA administration, a marked loss of essential metals (copper and zinc) is of concern.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed2002

Gallium-67 scintigraphy in lymphoma: is there a benefit of image fusion with computed tomography?

The usefulness and complementarity of gallium (67Ga) scintigraphy and computed tomography (CT) in the management of patients with lymphoma have been extensively demonstrated. Owing to a lack of anatomical landmarks and physiological distribution of the tracer, precise localisation of abnormalities on 67Ga scintigraphy can be difficult. As fusion imaging techniques between single-photon emission tomography (SPET) and CT have been developed recently, we investigated whether use of CT/67Ga SPET fusion imaging could help in the interpretation of 67Ga scintigraphy. From November 1999 to May 2001, 52 consecutive fusion studies were performed in 38 patients [22 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 16 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)] as part of pre-treatment staging (n=13), treatment evaluation (n=20) or evaluation of suspected recurrence (n=19). 67Ga scintigraphy was carried out 2 and 6 days following the injection of 185-220 MBq 67Ga citrate. On day 2, 67Ga SPET and CT were performed, focussing on the chest and/or the abdomen/pelvis. Data from each imaging method were co-registered using external markers. 67Ga scintigraphy and CT were initially interpreted independently by nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists. CT/67Ga SPET fusion studies were then jointly interpreted and both practitioners indicated when fusion provided additional information in comparison with CT and 67Ga SPET alone. Image fusion was considered to be of benefit in 12/52 (23%) studies which were performed for initial staging (n=4), treatment evaluation (n=4) or evaluation of suspected recurrence (n=4). In these cases, image fusion allowed either confirmation and/or localisation of pathological gallium uptake (n=10) or detection of lesions not visible on CT scan (n=2). Fusion was relevant for discrimination between osseous lesions and lymph node involvement adjacent to bone, especially in the thoracic and lumbar spine and pelvis. In the abdomen and pelvis, fusion helped to differentiate physiological bowel elimination from abnormal uptake, and assisted in precisely locating uptake in neighbouring viscera of the left hypochondrium, including the spleen, left liver lobe, coeliac area, stomach wall and even the splenic flexure. At the thoracic level, fusion also proved useful for demonstrating clearly the relationships of abnormal foci to the pleura, hepatic dome, mediastinum, ribs or thoracic spine. Clinical management was altered by fusion imaging in one patient (chemotherapy was given instead of radiotherapy) and was potentially affected in three other patients (in that, in conjunction with other factors, the results of fusion imaging had an influence on the decision regarding use of irradiation and especially the treatment volume). In conclusion, CT/67Ga SPET fusion imaging allowed precise localisation of gallium uptake and correct attribution to the involved viscera, thereby altering the diagnosis in 20%-25% of studies in comparison with CT and 67Ga SPET analyses alone. CT/67Ga SPET fusion therefore appears valuable in facilitating the interpretation of 67Ga scintigraphy and we recommend its use in patients with lymphoma when CT and 67Ga scintigraphy are planned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Gallium scanning for the detection of abdominal abscesses.

The use of gallium scanning for the diagnosis of abdominal abscesses was studied in 59 cases in which the diagnosis was verified by laparotomy or autopsy. In 23 of the cases the patients were subsequently found to have abdominal abscesses and 11 patients had abdominal malignancies. Excluding the latter group, the scan was specific for abscess in 86 per cent of the cases and sensitive for abscess in 67 per cent. Recent abdominal incisions, concurrent intestinal, hepatic, biliary and pancreatic inflammatory conditions, without abscess, seldom caused gallium accumulation. False-negative scans (18 per cent) occurred more frequently than false-positive scans (8 per cent) and were seen in patients with large (often palpable) masses of short evolution and with secondarily infected lesions such as hematomas and pseudocysts. The gallium scan was of little help in the search for abdominal lesions in patients with obscure febrile illnesses without abdominal symptoms or signs.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1983

High-dose gallium imaging in lymphoma.

The role of gallium-67 imaging in the management of patients with lymphoma, traditionally assessed using low tracer doses and the rectilinear scanner, was assessed when using larger doses (7 to 10 mCi) and a triple-peak Anger camera. Gallium scan results in 51 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 21 patients with Hodgkin's disease were compared with simultaneous radiologic, clinical, and histopathologic reports. Subsequent disease course was also evaluated in light of radionuclide findings. Sensitivity and specificity of the scans were 0.90 or greater for both non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease, and overall accuracy by site was 96 percent. Although there are insufficient numbers of pretreatment scans to allow any conclusions, our data suggest that newer approaches to gallium scanning in treated patients are (1) highly specific in all lymphomas and most sensitive in high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease; (2) valuable in assessing the mediastinum in both non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease; and (3) helpful adjuncts to computed tomographic scanning and ultrasonography in assessing abdominal node disease.

Gallium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1985

Appraisal of lupus nephritis by renal imaging with gallium-67.

To assess the activity of lupus nephritis, 43 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied by gallium imaging. Delayed renal visualization 48 hours after the gallium injection, a positive result, was noted in 25 of 48 scans. Active renal disease was defined by the presence of hematuria, pyuria (10 or more red blood cells or white blood cells per high-power field), proteinuria (1 g or more per 24 hours), a rising serum creatinine level, or a recent biopsy specimen showing proliferative and/or necrotizing lesions involving more than 20 percent of glomeruli. Renal disease was active in 18 instances, inactive in 23, and undetermined in seven (a total of 48 scans). Sixteen of the 18 scans (89 percent) in patients with active renal disease showed positive findings, as compared with only four of 23 scans (17 percent) in patients with inactive renal disease (p less than 0.001). Patients with positive scanning results had a higher rate of hypertension (p = 0.02), nephrotic proteinuria (p = 0.01), and progressive renal failure (p = 0.02). Mild mesangial nephritis (World Health Organization classes I and II) was noted only in the patients with negative scanning results (p = 0.02) who, however, showed a higher incidence of severe extrarenal SLE (p = 0.04). It is concluded that gallium imaging is a useful tool in evaluating the activity of lupus nephritis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Gallium 67 citrate scanning in the diagnosis of intraabdominal abscess.

Fifty-one consecutive gallium scans in fifty patients with suspected intraabdominal abscess are reviewed. There were twelve true-positive, seven false-positive, twenty-nine true-negative, and two false-negative scans. Accumulation of gallium in the colon and in areas of healing and repair caused soem interpretive difficulty. Despite a significant number of false-positive results, we believe that gallium scanning is a valuable diagnostic tool. Careful attention to technic and cautious interpretation should significantly reduce false-positive and false-negative scans.

Abdomen↗