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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Dynamic optimization: inverse analysis for the Yurchenko layout vault in women's artistic gymnastics.

The use of dynamic optimization to compute the trajectory of joint torques is not popular due to the large amount of computation required, the choice of initial "guesstimates" of torque values and the mathematical sophistication required to understand the technique. Modern optimal control algorithms circumvent most of these objections to the method. It is our aim to demonstrate that the dynamic optimization technique is feasible for complex movements, using the Yurchenko layout vault as an example. A dynamic optimization method to compute joint torques so that the histories of the angular orientations of the model segments closely approximate the corresponding observed angular coordinate histories is demonstrated with the Yurchenko layout vault using an optimal control package. The objective function used is a measure of distance of fitted segment angles to the data, plus the distance of the fitted whole body centre of mass (CM), from the whole body CM computed from the data. Including the CM into the objective function, facilitates the optimization process so as to obtain a set of torques which reproduced the data. The paper shows that the approach works well for the task examined, that is, where the dynamics of the system change during a movement (impact to postflight).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Participation of asthmatic children in gymnastic lessons at school].

INTRODUCTION: Exercise is a predominant stimulus leading to bronchial obstruction in asthmatic children. Therefore physicians, teachers and parents still have a negative attitude towards physical exercise of asthmatic children in school. We investigated the attendance of girls and boys with asthma during sport-lessons at school. METHODS: 254 teachers who give lessons in sports in 46 different schools (high school, primary and secondary school) in Hamburg were asked about their knowledge of the disease and how often and in which manner asthmatic children participated their sport-lessons. RESULTS: Teachers estimated that in each class (average: 25 - 30 children) approximately 1 asthmatic is present. 60 % of these asthmatics take part likewise their healthy peers. 40 % either take part only sometimes (12,6 %) or specific elements (25,2 %) or not at all (12,2 %). Most of the teachers assessed their knowledge about the disease as medium good. In contrast, only 4,7 % of them had a specific plan that allows asthmatics to participate sport-lessons without getting obstructive. CONCLUSION: Asthmatic children are underestimated in school and participate in only 60 % equally to their healthy peers at sport-lessons. The knowledge about this most frequent chronic disease in children could be increased. Better training of teacher-students and teachers is recommended.

Asthma↗
PubMed1997

A 'kickout' double salto backward tucked dismount from the horizontal bar performed by elite gymnasts.

The aim of this study was to identify the differences in the tucked and extended body positions, and in the spatiotemporal characteristics of the motion of the centre of mass, during the performance of kickout and non-kickout double salto backward tucked dismounts. A 16-mm camera, operating at 100 Hz, was used to record double salto backward tucked dismounts during the 1990 national championships in Japan and the USA. A high-scoring kickout group (n = 24) had a significantly (P < 0.005) higher body centre of mass at the tightest tuck position in the first salto, and shorter time to achieve maximum body extension during the second salto, than did a low-scoring non-kickout group (n = 24). Furthermore, the kickout group showed greater height of body centre of mass, larger normalized moment of inertia, and smaller body angle from the vertical at maximum body extension. Consequently, they had longer duration and larger distances of flight than the non-kickout group in which to display the maximum body extension before landing on the mat. It was concluded that the kickout double salto backward tucked dismount is indeed more effective than the non-kickout dismount because it involves (a) greater body extension in an inverted position before passing through the vertical and (b) greater heights of centre of mass at the peak of flight, at the tightest tuck and at maximum body extension. Furthermore, this dismount enhances the display of virtuosity for which bonus points are awarded. The results suggest that this kickout dismount may be helpful in developing the mechanical foundation necessary for learning more advanced dismounts, such as the triple salto backward tucked and double salto backward stretched, with increased effectiveness and safety.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

Psychosocial antecedents of athletic injury: the effects of life stress and social support on female collegiate gymnasts.

The article presents information from two studies of a research program investigating psychosocial antecedents of athletic injury. Study 1 describes the development of the Life Events Survey for Collegiate Athletes (LESCA). The LESCA demonstrated good content validity and provided a stable measure of life stress. The LESCA's validity and the moderating effects of social support were explored in the second study. The LESCA provided a construct-valid measure of life stress and was a better predictor of athletic injury than the Social and Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale. Social support moderated the stress-injury relationship in such a way that LESCA negative life stress accounted for 11% to 22% of injury variances in low-support conditions; LESCA positive life stress accounted for 14% to 20% of injury variances in high-support conditions. Mechanisms underlying the stress-injury relationship and directions for future research are discussed with respect to the model outlined by M. B. Andersen and J. M. Williams in 1988.

Adolescent↗