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PubMed2004

[Effects of different light transmission rate on American ginseng's photosynthesis].

From 1997 to 1998, series of experiments were carried out to study American ginseng's photosynthesis related to light transmission rate of plastic cover. The results showed that American ginseng's light saturation point for photosynthesis was different under the different light transmission rate (LTR) because of shading. At about 29.0 degrees C and under 12%, 30%, 42% LTR, 4-year-old American ginseng's light saturation point were 171.0, 323.0, and 429.0 mumol.m-2.s-1, respectively. The maximum net photosynthesis rate (Pn) was 6.54 mg CO2.dm-2.h-1, which appeared under the shading of 30% LTR. The daily course of 3-year-old American ginseng's Pn changed with LTR. When LTR was less than 25.8%, the daily curves of Pn had a single peak, and when LTR was higher than 25.8%, it had two peaks and the leaf's photosynthesis noon break phenomenon was remarkable. The results of single correlative analysis showed that the dominant factor that influenced Pn was photon flux density (PFD), and the results of plural regression analysis showed that the synthetic effect of all the influencing factors together on Pn was significant.

Light↗

PubMed2005

[Analysis of ginsenosides in ginseng by liquid chromatographyatmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry].

Analysis of ginsenosides using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI/MS) has been carried out. HPLC analysis was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column using mobile phase of acetonitrile and water mixture under gradient elution. Effects of evaporation temperature of APCI-MS on identification of ginsenosides were investigated. APCI/MS-MS spectra of [M-H]- were further resolved to identify the structures of ginsenosides. Detection limits of ginsenosides Rb, and Rg, were determined under selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng (white ginseng) were assayed. Results show that although APCI is a high temperature evaporative process and ginsenosides are thermolabile compounds, abundant [M-H]- ions could be detected by using APCI-MS. The intensity of [M-H]- increased with the increase of evaporation temperature, which may due to more complete evaporation of elute solution at higher temperatures or due to the ionization mechanism of APCI. The detection limits of Rb1 and Rg1 were 1.2 x 10(-13) g and 3.0 x 10(-14) g, respectively. Twenty nine ginsenosides including malonyl-ginsenosides in Panax ginseng were identified. The method developed is sensitive, reproducible and accurate. Most ginsenosides in the extracts of ginseng could be effectively identified and analyzed for their structures.

Atmospheric Pressure↗

PubMed2006

[Experimental study of the effects on proliferation and apoptosis of A549 cell line of adenocarcinoma of the lung with compatibility of Radix ex Rhizoma ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of the compatibility of Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori on proliferation and apoptosis of A549 cell line of adenocarcinoma of the lung, to clarify the mechanism, to explore the best proportion compatibility, and to offer the reasonable experiment evidence in clinical medicine therapy. METHOD: Twenty-five healthy Wistar rats were divided into five groups randomly, 5 rats in each group, including normal group, Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori in the ratio of 1:1 group, 1:2 group, 2:1 group, and complex recipe of beetle capsule group. After the pharmacy liquor was decocted, equivalent dose for rat was calculated. According to the weights, all rats were intragastric administrated at the standard of 1 mL x 100 g(-1), twice a day, continuously for 3 days. One hour after the last administration, the serum was collected and mixed with culture media RPMI 1640 to prepare the drug serum incubation liquid at the concentration of 10%. MTT was used to measure the growth curve and the inhibition rate of tumor cell, and the apoptosis was observed by electron microscope. RESULT: The compatibility of Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori could inhibit the cell proliferation of cell line A549 of lung adenocarcinoma and have an inducement on apoptosis. The effect was significant in the ratio of 2:1. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that inhibiting the proliferation and inducing the apoptosis of tumor cell may be one of the anticancer mechanism of the compatibility of Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1989

[Determination of the contents of mineral elements in the soil where the jinin big-wild ginseng grows].

The element contents in the soil where the Jilin Big-Wild Ginseng grows were determined with plasma emission spectrometry. 23 elements in the soil were found, of which 12 are macro and trace elements indispensable to Ginseng growth. This study provides a scientific basis for selecting suitable soil for planting wild ginseng, or for creating optimum soil conditions for the bumper harvest and high quality of Ginseng.

Calcium↗

PubMed1989

[Eye symptoms due to ginseng poisoning].

Ginseng has been used as a tonic for mind and body. A large number of pharmacological studies on ginseng have been done and the variety of effects were shown. In this paper 2 cases of ginseng poisoning has been reported the effects on both eyes were mydriasis and disturbance in accommodation, and the systemic symptoms included dizziness and semiconsciousness, which may be associated with hyperexitability of the sympathetic nerves (adrenergic nerves) due to overdose ginseng.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1987

In vitro pollen plant induction and embryoid clone establishment of Panax ginseng.

In anther culture of Panax ginseng, its callus formation showed a wide adaptability to culture media. Large numbers of calli were induced on media exhibiting better effects of induction. Supplements of 5 mg 2,4-D/1 and 1 mg KT/1 to the media proved to be much effective. Regeneration of the whole plantlets from anther culture of Panax ginseng is usually quite difficult. During the past three years, however, sixteen of the 100 medium formulae tested were proved to be suitable. The formulae of MS + 0.5 mg BA/1 + 2 mg GA/1 + 1000 mg LH/1 + 3% sucrose were considered good and effective. A visibly differentiated body, which was light-milky white and later turned into a light green spot, was formed 40 days after the callus was transferred to the differentiation media. This body differentiated subsequently into buds, roots and, eventually, seedlings. The embryoid clones have been established in order to maintain its ability of continual differentiation into plantlets through successive culturings of many generations. The test-tube ginseng thus formed were transferred to regular flowerpots and grew well. Based upon chromosome examination of the callus cells and the root tips, we tentatively affirmed that the majority of these regenerated from anther of Panax ginseng were originated from pollen cells.

Methods↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of ginseng preparations on the activity of identified neurons of Heliz lucorum snails].

It has been demonstrated that the effects of aqueous extracts from the native ginseng and extracts of genseng tissue culture on the activity of identified neurones are identical. Neuronal excitability, tested intracellularly, significantly increases to the 60th minute of drug application, whereas gradually developing depolarization simultaneously disappears. Rhythmic orthodromic stimulation revealed the increase in neuronal responses during ginseng perfusion, the synaptic efficiency remaining constant. It is suggested that changes in transmembrane potential level evoked by administration of ginseng preparations are not related to changes in the excitability. Changes in the adaptive capacities of the neurones in invertebrate animals are due to nonspecific endoneuronal shifts in cellular metabolism induced by ginseng administation.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Effects of red ginseng on the congestive heart failure and its mechanism].

Forty-five patients with class IV cardiac function were divided into three groups: group I (digoxin group), group II (Red Ginseng group) and group III (Red Ginseng plus digoxin group). Each group consisted of 15 cases. After treatment, the improvement of the hemodynamical and biochemical indexes of group II and group III were greater than those of group I, and group III was the most significant amongst all. The results suggested that Red Ginseng and digoxin had synergism for treatment of congestive heart failure, and Red Ginseng was an effective and safe adjuvant without any side effects.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

In vivo radioprotective activity of Panax ginseng and diethyldithiocarbamate.

Studies were performed to determine whether the water fraction and the alkaloid fraction of Panax ginseng protect against radiation damage to jejunal crypts of N:GP(s) mice and induction of micronuclei (MN) in cytokinesis-blocked (CB) lymphocytes of C57BL/6 mice after in vivo irradiation with 60Co gamma-rays. The radioprotective effect of ginseng was compared with the effect of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC). Jejunum was protected by the water fraction (2 mg/ml of drinking water) (P < 0.001) and the alkaloid fraction (5.4 mg/day, P.O.) (P < 0.005), both pre-and post-treatment, and by DDC (1000 mg/kg B.W., single I.P., 30 minutes before 15 Gy irradiation) (P < 0.001). The frequency of radiation (3 Gy)-induced micronuclei in spleen lymphocytes was also reduced by pretreatment of water fraction, alkaloid fraction of ginseng (P < 0.025) and DDC (P < 0.001). The data suggested that the water fraction and alkaloid fraction of Panax ginseng may reduce cell damage caused by gamma-rays, especially damage to DNA molecules, and play a role in the repair or regeneration process of damaged cells.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1993

[The inhibition of the development of experimental tumors of the cervix uteri and vagina by using tinctures of the cultured-cell biomass of the ginseng root and its germanium-selective stocks].

The anticarcinogenic effects of bioginseng and two germanium-selective drugs produced by cultivating cells of ginseng radix (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey) in a conventional medium or in media containing organogermanium compounds were studied. Squamous-cell carcinomas of the uterus cervix and vagina were induced by intravaginal applications of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in mice. The drugs of ginseng were used orally or intravaginally during a long period of time of the postinitiation stage of carcinogenesis. All the drugs used locally effectively inhibited the development of induced carcinomas of the uterus cervix and vagina. When orally used, the drugs of ginseng exhibited only an insignificant tendency to inhibit the carcinogenesis of uterus cervix and vagina. The anticarcinogenic effects of the compared drugs were similar.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed1997

The effect of standardized ginseng extract on peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets: a preliminary study in young health adults.

The present study was undertaken in twenty young, healthy Thai males to investigate the effects of prolonged administration of standardized ginseng extract on peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets. The subjects were divided into two equal groups as ginseng and placebo groups. The first group received two capsules daily of standardized ginseng extract 150 mg per capsule for 8 weeks. The second group received placebo and served as control. Circulatory levels of total and differential leukocyte counts and percentage of lymphocyte subsets were determined prior to and at the 4th and 8th week of the experimental period. There were no significant differences in the total and differential leukocyte counts as well as the lymphocyte subpopulations: CD3 (T cells), CD 19 (B cells), CD4 (T-helper cells), CD8 (T-suppression cells), CD4/CD8 ratio, and CD25 (Interleukin-2-receptor cells) between the two subject groups throughout the experimental period. We concluded that oral administration of standardized ginseng extract, 300 mg/day for 8 weeks caused no significant changes in peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets in young, healthy Thai males.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Panax ginseng prevents apoptosis in hair follicles and accelerates recovery of hair medullary cells in irradiated mice.

We studied the effect of the water fraction of Panax ginseng, one of traditional oriental medicine herbs on apoptosis and the formation of medullary cell in the hair follicles of irradiated mice. The hair follicle or its differentiated product, the hair, which represents a linear historical record of follicular proliferative activity, could provide a biological indicator of the effect of radioprotective drugs. Adult N:GP(s) mice with hair follicles synchronously in the middle of the hair growth cycle received whole-body doses of gamma-radiation. The hair follicles were analysed either 12 hours after irradiation with 2 Gy in the experiment on the apoptosis, or 3 days after irradiation with 3 Gy in the experiment on the forming medulla. The number of medullary cells per unit length (100 microns) were measured by H and E staining. Apoptosis was detected by a nonisotopic in situ DNA end-labeling (ISEL) technique and H and E stain applied to the serial histologic sections. Ginseng administration before irradiation resulted in a suppression of apoptosis, as shown by a reduced number of cells stained with ISEL for fragmented DNA, both i.p. (0.3 mg/head, p < 0.05) and p.o. (2 mg/ml of drinking water, p < 0.05) treatment. In addition, ginseng treatment was associated with an increase in the number of medullary cell per unit length as compared with the vehicle treated mice (p < 0.001, i.p.; p < 0.05, p.o.). These results indicate that the water fraction of ginseng can exert a potent effect on the recovery of the hair follicles by its combined effects on proliferation and apoptosis of the cells in the hair follicle.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand.

The present paper describes three studies examining the acute effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba (GK501), Ginseng (G115) and their combination (Ginkoba M/E, Pharmaton SA) on the performance of healthy young adults (mean age 21 years) during serial arithmetic tasks with differing cognitive load. In each double-blind, placebo-controlled study three different treatment doses and a placebo were administered, according to a balanced crossover design, with a 7-day washout period between each dose. Participants' scores on two computerised serial subtraction tasks (Serial Threes and Serial Sevens) were assessed pre-dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 h thereafter. A number of significant time, dose and task-specific effects were associated with each treatment. There was a dose-dependent improvement in speed of responding during Serial Threes following Ginkgo biloba. Different doses of Ginseng improved accuracy and slowed responses during Serial Sevens. The most striking result, however, was a highly significant and sustained increase in the number of Serial Sevens responses following 320 mg of the Ginkgo-Ginseng combination at all post-treatment testing times. This was accompanied by improved accuracy during Serial Sevens and Serial Threes following the 640 mg and the 960 mg dose, respectively. The paper concludes with speculation into the possible mechanisms underlying these effects.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Effect of the traditional Chinese medicines Chan Su, Lu-Shen-Wan, Dan Shen, and Asian ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by Tina-quant (Roche) and Synchron LX system (Beckman) digoxin immunoassays.

Chan Su, Lu-Shen-Wan, Dan Shen, and Asian ginseng are traditionally used to treat a number of conditions, including cardiovascular disease. All of these traditional Chinese medicines exhibit cardioactive properties. Digoxin is a cardioactive drug with a narrow therapeutic range (0.8-1.9 ng/mL). A patient taking digoxin may also take these Chinese medicines for their cardiotonic effects. Moreover, the active components of these medicines that are responsible for cardiotonic effects bear structural similarities to digoxin. Therefore, we studied the potential interference of these Chinese medicines with two digoxin immunoassays--the Tina-quant (Roche Diagnostics) and the Beckman (Synchron LX system)--and compared the values with the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA; Abbott Laboratories). When very small amounts (2-5 microL) of aqueous extract of Chan Su or Lu-Shen-Wan were added to drug-free serum, we observed high digoxin-like immunoreactivity with the FPIA. In contrast, when ethyl acetate extract of Dan Shen or microliter amounts of ginseng extract were added to drug-free serum, we observed modest digoxin-like immunoreactivity with the FPIA, but no apparent digoxin activity with the Roche and Beckman digoxin immunoassays. When aliquots of a digoxin pool prepared from patients receiving digoxin were supplemented with these Chinese medicines, we observed the most significant interference with the FPIA. The presence of endogenous digoxin-like immunoreactive substances can have additive effects with these Chinese medicines and falsely increase apparent digoxin levels by the FPIA. On the other hand, the Roche and Beckman assays were free from interference from DLIS but showed significant interference from Chan Su and Lu-Shen-Wan. We conclude that the FPIA showed the most significant interference from all four of the Chinese medicines we studied. However, the Roche and Beckman assays showed no interference from two (Dan Shen and Asian ginseng) of the four Chinese medicines we studied.

Bufanolides↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng with different growth ages using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The contents of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng not only vary in different parts of the root, but also exhibit yearly variation. In this study, an HPLC-MS method was established in order to simultaneously analyse ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg2. The concentration of ginsenosides in the tap root and root fibre were compared and the yearly variations of nine ginsenosides elucidated. The results indicate that the total content of ginsenosides in the main root and the root fibre both attain a maximum level in the fourth year of growth, although the amount in the former is much higher than in the latter. The variation in the content of ginsenosides during a 2-6 year period suggests that cultivated P. Ginseng can be harvested after the fourth year. The current results will provide useful information for the quality control and good agricultural practice farming of ginseng.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2002

Neuroprotective effects of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on spinal cord neurons in vitro.

Spinal cord injury is a major cause of disability and results in many serious physical, psychological, and social difficulties. Numerous studies have shown that traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) lead to neuronal loss and axonal degeneration in and around the injury site that cause partial disability or complete paralysis. An important strategy in the treatment of SCI is to promote neuron survival and axon outgrowth, making possible the recovery of neural connections. Using an in vitro survival assay, we have identified ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1, extracted from ginseng root (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), as efficient neuroprotective agents for spinal cord neurons. These compounds protect spinal neurons from excitotoxicity induced by glutamate and kainic acid, as well as oxidative stress induced by H(2)O(2). The neuroprotective effects are dose-dependent. The optimal doses are 20-40 microM for ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1. The effects are specific for Rb1 and Rg1, since a third ginsenoside, Re, did not exhibit any activity. Ginseng has been used for thousands of years in the treatment of neurological disorders and other diseases in Asia. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 represent potentially effective therapeutic agents for spinal cord injuries.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Phylogeny and biogeography of Panax L. (the ginseng genus, araliaceae): inferences from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA.

Panax, the ginseng genus, is one of the most medicinally important genera in the Orient and demonstrates a classical eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distributional pattern. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the 5.8S coding region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat were obtained for the 12 species of Panax to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. Of the 2 eastern North American species, P. quinquefolius and P. trifolius, P. quinquefolius was suggested to be more closely related to the eastern Asian species in the ITS tree, while P. trifolius was phylogenetically isolated. Monophyly of the three medicinally most important species, P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius, suggested by previous workers, was not supported by the ITS data. A close phylogenetic relationship between Panax and Aralia was supported. Several biogeographical implications were inferred: (1) two divergence events have produced the eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distribution in Panax, (2) no intercontinental species pairs are found in Panax; (3) a discrepancy between the sequence divergence pattern and the phylogenetic pattern was observed in Panax, suggesting the need for caution in using sequence divergence data alone in inferring biogeographical patterns; (4) the Himalayas and central and western China are the current centers of diversity of the ginseng genus; and (5) the low ITS sequence divergence and a close relationship among species in that region suggest that rapid evolutionary radiation may have created such a diversity of Panax in the Himalayas and in central and western China.

Asia↗

PubMed1999

Study of the hypolipidemic properties of pectin, garlic and ginseng in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

Experimental hypercholesterolemia and its modulation by some natural dietary supplements (pectin, garlic and ginseng) and by the drug gemfibrozil were studied. Experimental hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rabbits a 2% cholesterol-enriched diet for 28 days. Hypercholesterolemic rabbits were classified into five groups. One group did not receive treatments and served as a control hypercholesterolemic group. The other four groups were fed the cholesterol-enriched diet in conjunction with either 10% pectin, 2% garlic, 2% ginseng or 135 mg g-1 b.w gemfibrozil in a daily oral dose. A normal group of rabbits fed a plain chow diet was also included in the study. The hypolipidemic effect of the above treatments was examined by estimating serum triglycerides (TG), total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol. Post-heparin total and hepatic lipase activities were estimated in post-heparin plasma obtained 10 min after an intravenous injection of heparin (200 IU kg-1 b.w). In order to evaluate the antioxidant status of the rabbits, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. After killing, aorta from all rabbits were subjected to histopathological examination. Results of the study demonstrated that feeding the cholesterol-enriched diet caused a significant increase in total-, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol, plasma MDA and post-heparin total and hepatic lipase activities. On the other hand, serum TG and erythrocyte SOD were not changed. Histopathological examination revealed marked alteration in the aortic wall with the appearance of large multiple atheromatous plaques. Both garlic and pectin were successful in a significant reduction of the hypercholesterolemia in a way comparable to gemfibrozil. Garlic was the only treatment that has antilipid peroxidative property. Erythrocyte SOD activity was not affected by hypercholesterolemia or by any of the treatments. Also, none of the treatments were able to modify the significant elevation of post-heparin lipolytic activities associated with the hypercholesterolemia or to significantly affect the serum triglycerides level. Finally, among the hypercholesterolemic groups that received treatments, the least changes in the aortic wall were shown in the animals of the gemfibrozil group. Slight degeneration was observed in the aorta of animals treated with pectin or garlic. Ginseng administration failed to exert any significant protection from the remarkable hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerosis associated with the cholesterol- enriched diet.

Animals↗