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PubMed1982

Use of common salt fortified with iron in the control and prevention of anemia--a collaborative study. Report of the Working Group on Fortification of Salt with Iron.

The efficacy of salt fortified with iron (FePO4 and NaHSO4) to control anemia was investigated by large scale field trials in three rural areas and one urban area located in different parts of India, each covering a total population of 4000 to 6000. Hb levels were determined before the introduction of the fortified salt and at six monthly intervals thereafter. Iron-fortified salt was acceptable to the population and its consumption for a period of 12 to 18 months was without any untoward effects. At the end of 12 to 18 months of consumption of iron-fortified salt, a significant improvement in the Hb-levels and a significant reduction in the incidence of anemia was observed in all the test areas. In one of the rural areas tested, there was a high incidence of hookworm infestation and iron-fortified salt showed a significant impact on Hb levels even in this area. Deworming concomitant with distribution of iron-fortified salt was shown to have only a marginal additional benefit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and cement dust: a case report.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis developed in a 29-year-old white man within 2 years of working as a cement truck driver. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), an uncommon respiratory disorder characterized by the accumulation of phospholipid material within the alveoli, has been described in association with exposure to silica, aluminum oxide, and a variety of dusts and fumes. Although a link between exposure to Portland cement and PAP has not been previously noted, this type of cement contains nearly 20% silica. Lung biopsy material, originally used to diagnose PAP, was reviewed under electron dispersive spectroscopy. Analysis indicated the presence of silica particles within the alveolar fluid and macrophages. A number of items support a causal relationship between exposure to cement dust and PAP: (1) the temporal sequence between assuming job duties and the development of the illness, (2) improvement following removal from further exposure, (3) dusty, unprotected working conditions, (4) the presence of silica within the cement, and (5) the alveolar fluid from periodic acid-Schiff-positive lung tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Rapid total destruction of chlorophenols by activated hydrogen peroxide.

A practical, inexpensive, green chemical process for degrading environmental pollutants is greatly needed, especially for persistent chlorinated pollutants. Here we describe the activation of hydrogen peroxide by tetraamidomacrocylic ligand (TAML) iron catalysts, to destroy the priority pollutants pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). In water, in minutes, under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure, PCP and TCP are completely destroyed at catalyst:substrate ratios of 1:715 and 1:2000, respectively. The fate of about 90% of the carbon and about 99% of the chlorine has been determined in each case. Neither dioxins nor any other toxic compounds are detectable products, and the catalysts themselves show low toxicity.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2006

Antioxidant activity of four endemic Stachys taxa.

Methanol extracts of aerial flowering parts of four endemic Stachys taxa: S. anisochila VIS. et PANCIC, S. beckeana DORFLER & HAYEK, S. plumosa GRISEB. and S. alpina L. ssp. dinarica MURB. were investigated on their antioxidant activity. The extracts were studied for total antioxidant activity (TAA), along with 1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and OH radical scavenging activity, and lipid peroxidation (LP). High correlations between total phenolics content, TAA and scavenging DPPH radical indicate that polyphenols are the main antioxidants. All Stachys extracts, with the exception of S. plumosa, exhibited high anti-DPPH activity (IC50<50 microg/ml). In concentration range from 6.25 to 50 microg/ml, all extracts scavenged OH radical above 40%, with maximal inhibitions for S. anisochila, S. alpina ssp. dinarica and S. beckeana extracts of 50.22%, 50.94% and 64.97%, respectively. Only S. plumosa extract achieved maximal activity of 60.67% at 100 microg/ml. As for LP, IC50 values for S. beckeana and S. alpina ssp. dinarica extracts were 25.07 and 49.00 microg/ml, respectively, while S. anisochila and S. plumosa extracts did not reach 50% of LP inhibition.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

Photooxidation of azo dye reactive black 5 using a novel supported iron oxide: heterogeneous and homogeneous approach.

Photooxidation of azo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5) by H202 was performed with a novel supported iron oxide in a batch reactor in the range of pH 2.5-6.0. The iron oxide was prepared through a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and much cheaper than the Nafion-based catalysts. Experimental results indicate that the iron oxide can significantly accelerate the degradation of RB5 under the irradiation of UVA light (wavelength = 365 nm). An advantage of the catalyst is its long-term stability, which was confirmed through using the catalyst for multiple runs in the degradation of RB5. In addition, this study focused mainly on determining the proportions of homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis in the batch reactor. Conclusively, although heterogeneous catalysis contributes primarily to the oxidation of RB5 during pH 4.5-6.0, the homogeneous catalysis is of increasing importance below pH 4.0 because of the Fe ions leaching from the catalyst to solution.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2005

[Characterization and influence factors of Fe(III) reduction of Shewanella cinica D14T].

This is the first time to described the dissimilatory Fe(III) reducing characteristics of Shewanella cinica D14T. The effects of O2, light, temperature and pH on dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction were examined. The results suggested that the rate of Fe(III) reduction decreased with increasing Fe(III) concentration. Fe(III) reduction was partially inhibited by the presence of either O2 or light. The optimum temperature for Fe(III) reduction is 37 degrees C. At pH 6.0-10.0, strain D14T can reduce Fe(III). The soluble Fe(III) is more easy to be reduced than the insoluble one. Results of protein denaturants SDS and OGP suggest that the Fe(III) reduction activity of S. cinica is mostly localized to the soluble outer membrane fraction. The azo dye decolorization and Fe(III) reduction in strain D14T were enhanced in the presence of Fe(III) and dye.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2005

Phosphorus removal from synthetic and municipal wastewater using spent alum sludge.

In the present study, phosphorus removal was studied using as coagulant spent alum sludge from a water treatment plant of EYDAP (Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company) and compared to alum (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O), iron chloride (FeCl3.7H2O), iron sulfate (Fe2(S04).10H2O) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) at a constant pH (equal to 6). The comparison was based on their efficiency to remove phosphorus in synthetic wastewater consisting of 10 mg/L P as potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 50 mg/L N as ammonium chloride, The experiments were carried out using a jar-test apparatus and the measurements were performed according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Pure alum, iron chloride and iron sulfate were much more efficient in phosphorus removal than the spent alum sludge but in the case of calcium hydroxide, phosphorus removal was very low in pH = 6. Specifically, orthophosphate were totally removed by alum using 15 mg/L as Al, by alum sludge using 75 mg/L as Al and by FeCl3.7H2O or Fe2(SO4).10H2O using 30 mg/L of Fe while in the case of calcium hydroxide P removal was actually zero. pH measurements showed that the uptake of phosphates is associated to the release of OH ions in the solution and that the end of P uptake is accompanied by the stabilization of pH. Finally this spent alum sludge was tested on municipal wastewater and proved to be effective as apart from phosphorus it was shown to remove turbidity and COD.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Free radical scavenging by bifemelane hydrochloride and its major metabolites.

The scavenging effects of bifemelane hydrochloride and of its two major metabolites (M-1 and M-2) on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical, the superoxide anion radical and the hydroxyl radical, were examined using electron spin resonance spectrometry in vitro. Bifemelane, though almost without any effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl and superoxide anion radicals, scavenged dose-dependently the hydroxyl radical generated by FeSO4, H2O2 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Both M-1 and M-2 scavenged dose-dependently the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical and the superoxide anion radical. M-1 also scavenged the hydroxyl radical as did bifemelane hydrochloride. These results suggest that the experimental and clinical effectiveness of bifemelane hydrochloride in cerebrovascular disease, aging and senile dementia may be due, at least partly, to its scavenging action and/or that of its metabolites on free radicals.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗
PubMed1999

The structural basis of the recognition of phenylalanine and pterin cofactors by phenylalanine hydroxylase: implications for the catalytic mechanism.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a tetrahydrobiopterin and non-heme iron-dependent enzyme that hydroxylates L-Phe to l-Tyr using molecular oxygen as additional substrate. A dysfunction of this enzyme leads to phenylketonuria (PKU). The conformation and distances to the catalytic iron of both L-Phe and the cofactor analogue L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2) simultaneously bound to recombinant human PAH have been estimated by (1)H NMR. The resulting bound conformers of both ligands have been fitted into the crystal structure of the catalytic domain by molecular docking. In the docked structure L-Phe binds to the enzyme through interactions with Arg270, Ser349 and Trp326. The mode of coordination of Glu330 to the iron moiety seems to determine the amino acid substrate specificity in PAH and in the homologous enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. The pterin ring of BH2 pi-stacks with Phe254, and the N3 and the amine group at C2 hydrogen bond with the carboxylic group of Glu286. The ring also establishes specific contacts with His264 and Leu249. The distance between the O4 atom of BH2 and the iron (2.6(+/-0.3) A) is compatible with coordination, a finding that is important for the understanding of the mechanism of the enzyme. The hydroxyl groups in the side-chain at C6 hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group of Ala322 and the hydroxyl group of Ser251, an interaction that seems to have implications for the regulation of the enzyme by substrate and cofactor. Some frequent mutations causing PKU are located at residues involved in substrate and cofactor binding. The sites for hydroxylation, C4 in L-Phe and C4a in the pterin are located at a distance of 4.2 and 4.3 A from the iron moiety, respectively, and at 6.3 A from each other. These distances are adequate for the intercalation of iron-coordinated molecular oxygen, in agreement with a mechanistic role of the iron moiety both in the binding and activation of dioxygen and in the hydroxylation reaction.

Boron Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Effects of electron donors and acceptors on anaerobic reduction of azo dyes by Shewanella decolorationis S12.

Shewanella decolorationis S12 was able to reduce various azo dyes in a defined medium with formate, lactate, and pyruvate or H(2) as electron donors under anaerobic conditions. Purified membranous, periplasmic, and cytoplasmic fractions from strain S12 analyzed, respectively, only membranous fraction was capable of reducing azo dye in the presence of electron donor, indicating that the enzyme system for anaerobic azoreduction was located on cellular membrane. Respiratory inhibitor Cu(2+), dicumarol, stigmatellin, and metyrapone inhibited anaerobic azoreduction by purified membrane fraction, suggesting that the bacterial anaerobic azoreduction by strain S12 was a biochemical process that oxidizes the electron donors and transfers the electrons to the acceptors through a multicompound system related to electron transport chain. Dehydrogenases, cytochromes, and menaquinones were essential electron transport components for the azoreduction. The electron transport process for azoreduction was almost fully inhibited by O(2), 6 mM of NO3-, and 0.9 mM of NO2-, but not by 10 mM of Fe(3+). The inhibition may be a result from the competition for electrons from electron donors. These findings impact on the understanding of the mechanism of bacterial anaerobic azoreduction and have implication for improving treatment methods of wastewater contaminated by azo dyes.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of the neutral pH-optimum sphingomyelinase from rat brain: inhibition by copper II and ganglioside GM3.

A neutral pH-optimum sphingomyelinase (N-SMase), solubilized from rat brain membranes, was characterized with respect to metal and membrane lipid effects. Chromatofocusing chromatography, which separates proteins according to pI, showed two N-SMase activities. One eluted at pH 4.7 and the other required 0.4 M NaCl before elution. Kinetically, the two preparations appeared similar. The N-SMase eluting at pH 4.7 was most extensively studied here. Of the phospholipids studied, only phosphatidylserine showed any influence on N-SMase and that was to increase its activity by as much as 50%. Neither serine nor phosphatidic acid had any effect. Of the cations tested, none was able to replace Mg2+ as a required activator. However, it was found that several metals were inhibitory, with Cu2+ being most effective (IC50 = 5 microM). Gangliosides, particularly the monosialoganglioside, GM3 (IC50 approximately 50 microM), inhibited N-SMase. Other glycolipids showed little effect on activity, even the immediate precursor to GM3 - lactosylceramide. The ganglioside sugar, N-acetylneuraminic acid, also had no effect on N-SMase activity. None of these inhibitors affected the acidic pH-optimum sphingomyelinase. Other sphingolipid compounds such as ceramide - the enzymatic product - and sphingosylphosphorylcholine (lysosphingomyelin) showed no capacity to inhibit N-Smase, implying that the enzyme may have a selective substrate-binding site.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2004

The separation of catalyst after photocatalytic reactions conducted in the presence of TiO2/FeCl3/UV.

One of the problems connected with wastewater treatment by the photocatalytic method in the presence of TiO2 suspension is necessity of the later catalyst separation. The method proposed by us for this purpose, consists in the usage of coagulation of TiO2 suspension with the aid of FeCl3, particularly in the cases when addition of the salt is used in order to intensification of the photocatalytic process. The effects of the TiO2 separation were studied from the mixtures, after photocatalytic Acid Orange 7 degradation, with dosage of FeCl3 at different stages of the process. The coagulation was carried out at different pH values as well as different FeCl3 concentrations. It was stated that nearly 100% of separation and simultaneously, nearly 100% of decolouration of the examined Acid Orange 7 solutions after their illumination in the presence of TiO2/FeCl3 and coagulation which was produced only by increasing of pH of the obtained mixtures, were nearly possible.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Phosphate immobilization from aqueous solution by fly ashes in relation to their composition.

Phosphate sorption capacities of 15 Chinese fly ashes were determined and related to their composition. The data of P sorption were best fitted to Langmuir equation, and the calculated sorption maxima of phosphate (Qm) ranged from 5.51 to 42.55 mg/g. The Qm value showed a significantly positive correlation with total Ca content (r=0.9836**) and total Fe content (r=0.8049**), but negative correlation with total Si and total Al content. Correlation coefficients of CaO (r=0.9647**) and CaSO4 (r=0.9399**) were much greater than that of CaCO3 (r=0.6361*). Correlation coefficients of Qm with Fe2O3d and Al2O3d were much higher than those of total Fe and total Al contents, respectively. Fractionation of P sorbed by fly ash revealed that loosely bound P fraction and/or Ca+Mg-P fraction were the dominant form of immobilized phosphate. Ca content was strongly correlated with the Ca+Mg-P fraction instead of Mg content, whereas Fe content was highly correlated with Fe-Al-P fraction compared with Al content. The loosely bound P was correlated well with both Ca and Fe content. The greatest removal of phosphate occurred at alkaline conditions for high calcium fly ash, at neutral pH levels for medium calcium fly ash, while low calcium fly ash immobilized little phosphate at all pH values. This behavior was explained by the reaction of phosphate with Ca and Fe related components. It was concluded that P immobilization by fly ash was governed by Ca ingredient (especially CaO and CaSO4) and Fe ingredient (especially Fe2O3d).

Adsorption↗