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PubMed1997

Is the low-fat message giving people a license to eat more?

In the past decade, technology for modifying the fat content of foods has progressed and led to the development of highly palatable low-fat foods. Many Americans believe that weight loss can be accomplished by eating an ad libitum low-fat diet, and the development of highly palatable foods that are low in fat provides welcome additions to the food supply. However, in order to maintain high palatability, some of these foods have added sugars and other energy-bearing substances resulting in some low-fat foods which remain high in energy content and are energy-dense. Using such products as substitutes for higher-fat versions of foods is likely to bring about only small reductions in energy intake. A better strategy to reduce energy intake is to consume a low-fat diet made up of low-energy density foods such as fruits, vegetables, and other foods high in fiber and complex carbohydrates. Such a diet may include fat-replaced foods which are also reduced in energy since, for weight loss, a sustained reduction in energy intake is necessary. This can be best accomplished by eating a balanced diet not only low in fat content but also lower in energy.

Diet, Fat-Restricted↗
PubMed1994

Antecedents and consequences of expectations related to fat-free and regular-fat foods.

Hedonic and sensory expectations related to fat-free and regular-fat pound cake, crackers and American cheese were studied with 97 subjects divided into three subgroups, each testing one type of product. Four study phases were separated by 1-month intervals: (1) a questionnaire on demographics, dietary practices and consumption of the test products, (2) intensity ratings of sensory attributes and ratings of liking of unlabeled fat-free and regular-fat samples, (3) ratings of expected attribute intensities and liking in response to product labels of "fat-free" and "regular", and subsequent ratings of these samples and (4) phase 3 repeated with opposite (incorrect) labels. Fat-free products were expected to be less liked than their regular counterparts; however, only cheese was less liked in actual taste tests. Expected liking was best predicted by familiarity with the product and, in the case of fat-free products, by the extent to which a person substituted low-fat for high-fat foods. Actual liking was best predicted by the effect of labeling and by expectations. The expected intensities of sensory attributes were uniformly higher in regular than in fat-free products. Both sensory and hedonic ratings of labeled samples changed in the direction of expectations, as compared to baseline values, supporting an assimilation model of the effect of disconfirmed expectations on sensory perception and consumer acceptance.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Elevated n-3 fatty acids in a high-fat diet attenuate the increase in PDH kinase activity but not PDH activity in human skeletal muscle.

We tested the hypothesis that a high-fat diet (75% fat; 5% carbohydrates; 20% protein), for which 15% of the fat content was substituted with n-3 fatty acids, would not exhibit the diet-induced increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) activity, which is normally observed in human skeletal muscle. The fat content was the same in both the regular high-fat diet (HF) and in the n-3-substituted diet (N3). PDK activity increased after both high-fat diets, but the increase was attenuated after the N3 diet (0.051 +/- 0.007 and 0.218 +/- 0.047 min(-1) for pre- and post-HF, respectively; vs. 0.073 +/- 0.016 and 0.133 +/- 0.032 min(-1) for pre- and post-N3, respectively). However, the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) activity decreased to a similar extent in both conditions (0.93 +/- 0.17 and 0.43 +/- 0.09 mmol/kg wet wt pre- and post-HF; vs. 0.87 +/- 0.19 and 0.39 +/- 0.05 mmol/kg wet wt pre- and post-N3, respectively). This suggested that the difference in PDK activity did not affect PDHa activation in the basal state, and it was regulated by intramitochondrial effectors, primarily muscle pyruvate concentration. Muscle glycogen content was consistent throughout the study, before and after both diet conditions, whereas muscle glucose-6-phosphate, glycerol-3-phosphate, lactate, and pyruvate were decreased after the high-fat diets. Plasma triglycerides decreased after both high-fat diets but decreased to a greater extent after the N3, whereas plasma free fatty acids increased after both diets, but to a lesser extent after the N3. In summary, PDK activity is decreased after a high-fat diet that is rich in n-3 fatty acids, although PDHa activity was unaltered. In addition, our data demonstrated that the hypolipidemic effect of n-3 fatty acids occurs earlier (3 days) than previously reported and is evident even when the diet has 75% of its total energy derived from fat.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Isocaloric substitution of plant sterol-enriched fat spread for carbohydrate-rich foods in a low-fat, fibre-rich diet decreases plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increases high-density lipoprotein concentrations.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the effects on plasma cholesterol of replacing a plant sterol-enriched fat spread with carbohydrate-rich foods relative to a diet high in saturated fat. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-nine men and women, from the general community, with mean age (SD) 48 (14)y, body mass index 29.0 (6.2)kg/m(2), and plasma total cholesterol concentration 6.48 (0.97)mmol/L completed the randomised, crossover dietary intervention. There were three diets: New Zealand diet (NZ diet) high in total (34%kJ) and saturated (15%kJ) fat, a cholesterol-lowering fibre-rich diet reduced in total (30%kJ) and saturated fat (8%kJ) but including a plant sterol spread (PS diet), and the same cholesterol-lowering diet with the plant sterol spread isocalorically replaced with carbohydrate (CHO diet); total fat, 26%kJ; saturated fat 7%kJ. All foods were provided and each diet was followed for four weeks. Mean (SD) plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration declined from 4.68 (0.91)mmol/L on the high saturated fat diet to 4.12 (0.83)mmol/L (P<0.001) on the carbohydrate diet and 3.76 (0.84)mmol/L (P<0.001) on the plant sterol diet. The 20% decrease on the plant sterol diet was significantly greater (P<0.001) than the 12% decrease on the carbohydrate diet. Relative to the NZ diet, mean (95% CI) plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration changed by -0.11 (-0.16, -0.06)mmol/L on the CHO diet but was not different at the end of the PS diet, -0.03 (-0.09, 0.02). CONCLUSION: Including a plant sterol-enriched fat spread in a cholesterol-lowering diet produces a more favourable plasma lipid profile than the same diet made lower in total and saturated fat by replacing the spread with carbohydrate-rich foods.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Chromosome substitution effects associated with kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin in Holstein cattle.

Allelic variants of kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin were used to estimate chromosome substitution effects on transmitting abilities for yield traits among sons of two Holstein sires. Sire 1 was a heterozygote for both loci, whereas sire 2 was a heterozygote for beta-lactoglobulin only. Transmitting abilities for fat percentage and the exchange of protein and fat (protein yield minus fat yield) were influenced by kappa-casein genotype among offspring of sire 1. The B allele of kappa-casein was associated with a decrease in fat percentage, whereas fat yield was not affected; the result was 4.5 kg more transmitting ability for protein than for fat. Favorable chromosome substitution effects on transmitting abilities for fat percentage, protein yield, and the exchange of protein and fat were also observed for the A allele of beta-lactoglobulin among offspring of sire 1; there were consistent but not significant estimates for sire 2. These results suggest that different estimates could be obtained from offspring of different parents, perhaps from linkage disequilibrium between families. The chromosome substitution effects appeared to be in the direction opposite to the average correlation of milk fat and protein content; marker-assisted selection for increased yield of protein would result in decreased fat yield.

Alleles↗
PubMed1980

The effect of vitamin B12 on the tolerance of chicks for high levels of dietary fat and carbohydrate.

Three experiments were conducted with White Leghorn chicks hatched from hens fed diets varying in levels of protein, fat, and vitamin B12. Adding animal fat at a level of 10% in the chick diet caused growth depression of vitamin B12 deficient chicks, regardless of protein or energy level of hen or chick diet. Increasing the level of fat to 20% in the chick diet caused further growth depression and increased mortality. Feed efficiency of vitamin B12 deficient chicks was severely depressed by each additional increment in the fat level. Increasing protein content from 20 to 30% in the chick diet resulted in severe growth depression and poor feed efficiency. Although the added fat in the 30% protein chick diet depressed growth of chicks hatched from hens fed the 16 and 32% protein with added fat, it improved growth of those hatched from hens fed the similar diets with no added fat. Added fat in the 30% protein chick diet also improved feed efficiency of all chicks regardless of breeder diet treatments. Chicks hatched with an adequate carry-over of vitamin B12 from hens or chicks fed a diet with 10 micrograms of added vitamin B12/kg of feed did not show the growth depression caused by the high level of fat in the 20 and 30% protein chick diets. Feed efficiency was greatly improved by the addition of vitamin B12 to all chick diets. In a 22% protein vitamin B12 deficient diet, isocaloric substitution of glucose for fat depressed chick growth significantly and this growth depression was counteracted by supplementing the diet with 10 or 100 micrograms of vitamin B12/kg of feed. The vitamin B12 requirement was not increased by such substitution in the 22% protein diet. In contrast, isocaloric substitution of fat for glucose in the 32% protein chick diet increased the vitamin B12 need for optimum growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Low-fat/calorie foods: current state and perspectives.

Low-fat/calorie products were originally developed for diabetics and people with specific health problems and they were considerably expensive. Nowadays, consumers' demand for low-fat/calorie products has significantly raised in an attempt to limit health problems, to lose or stabilize their weight, and to work within the frame of a healthier diet. The food industry has been confronted with a new challenge in order to satisfy consumers; development of low-fat/calories products with acceptable sensory characteristics and competitive price, by preferably employing the conventional processing equipment and in agreement with current strict legislation. The role of fat replacers and sugar substitutes in the successful manufacture of these products is crucial.

Diet, Fat-Restricted↗
PubMed2002

Dietary soyabean oil depresses the apparent digestibility of fibre in trotters when substituted for an iso-energetic amount of corn starch or glucose.

The aim of the present study was to establish whether the inhibitory effect of fat feeding on fibre digestion has been underestimated due to the substitution of fat for corn starch. A high fat intake has been shown to lower total intestinal tract apparent digestibility of crude fibre in horses but, since fat was substituted for nonstructural carbohydrates, including starch, the specific effect of fat could not be ascertained. The possibility could not be excluded that starch also inhibits fibre digestibility, so that the fat effect observed earlier would have been underestimated. In this study, the intakes of iso-energetic amounts of soyabean oil, corn starch or glucose were compared as to fibre digestibility. Unlike starch, glucose is fully absorbed by the small intestine and, therefore, is not expected to influence fibre fermentation in the caecum and colon. Six trotters were fed rations high in soyabean oil (158 g/kg dry matter), corn starch (337 g/kg dry matter) or glucose (263 g/kg dry matter) according to a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Apparent crude fibre digestibility was similar for the rations with corn starch (mean +/- s.d., 70.7 +/- 3.06% of intake, n = 6) or glucose (71.0 +/- 1.90%), but was significantly depressed by fat feeding (56.5 +/- 7.65%). Similar observations were made for apparent digestibilities of neutral and acid detergent fibre and of cellulose. It was concluded that the addition of fat to the feed ration of horses has a specific inhibitory effect on fibre utilisation and, therefore, reduces the amount of energy provided by dietary fibre.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Diabetogenic impact of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids on pancreatic beta-cell function and the regulation of endogenous glucose production.

In healthy individuals, peripheral insulin resistance evoked by dietary saturated lipid can be accompanied by increased insulin secretion such that glucose tolerance is maintained. Substitution of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for a small percentage of dietary saturated fat prevents insulin resistance in response to high-saturated fat feeding. We substituted a small amount (7%) of dietary lipid with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids during 4 wk of high-saturated fat feeding to investigate the relationship between amelioration of insulin resistance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We demonstrate that, despite dietary delivery of saturated fat throughout, this manipulation prevents high-saturated fat feeding-induced insulin resistance with respect to peripheral glucose disposal and reverses insulin hypersecretion in response to glucose in vivo. Effects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid enrichment to lower GSIS were also observed in perifused islets suggesting a direct effect on islet function. However, long-chain omega-3 fatty acid enrichment led to hepatic insulin resistance with respect to suppression of glucose output and impaired glucose tolerance in vivo. Our data demonstrate that the insulin response to glucose is suppressed to a greater extent than whole-body insulin sensitivity is enhanced by enrichment of a high-saturated fat diet with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Additionally, reduced GSIS despite glucose intolerance suggests that either long-chain omega-3 fatty acids directly impair the beta-cell response to saturated fat such that insulin secretion cannot be augmented to normalize glucose tolerance or beta-cell compensatory hypersecretion represents a response to insulin resistance at the level of peripheral glucose disposal but not endogenous glucose production.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Production of specific-protein secretion granules by fat body cells of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. Substitution of an ovarian key factor by beta-ecdysone.

During the first four days of the imaginal stage the fat cells of ovariectomized females of Calliphora develop a protein synthetic apparatus, and produce dense bodies (lysosomes) as do the fat cells of normal females, but apparently they cannot synthesize the protein secretion granules that characterize the productive phase of the fat cells of normal females and that we believe to represent vitellogenin. Injection of ovariectomized females with beta-ecdysone restored the ability of the fat cells to produce the secretion granules. It is suggested that the ovary gives off a factor which induces the production of the protein secretion granules by the fat cells, and that the factor from the ovary can be substituted by beta-ecdysone. This, we believe, is the first ultrastructural evidence for an effect of the ovary and of beta-ecdysone on the synthesis of specific protein.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

Comparative effects of glycerol and dextrose on porphyrin precursor excretion in acute intermittent porphyria.

The effects of dietary manipulations on excretion of the porphyrin precursors, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and porphobilinogen (PBG) were studied in eight patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Three diet periods of 9-17 days comprised each study. In each patient, a "baseline" protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake was kept constant throughout. In addition, during the first diet period each patient received 150 g dextrose; during the second, this was replaced by an isocaloric amount of neutral fat; and during the third, the fat was replaced by 150 g glycerol. In each of the patients, three comparisons of the effect of diet on both ALA and PBG excretion were made: (1) 300 g carbohydrate versus 150 g carbohydrate (dextrose versus fat), (2) 150 g carbohydrate + 150 g glycerol versus 150 g carbohydrate (glycerol versus fat), and (3) 300 g carbohydrate versus 150 g carbohydrate + 150 g glycerol (dextrose versus glycerol). For each of these three diet comparisons, there are sixteen individual comparisons possible for the effect of diet on porphyrin precursor excretion, eight for ALA and eight for PBG. Thus, the mean values for ALA and PBG excretions during each of the diet periods are statistically compared internally within each individual patient. Increasing carbohydrate intake from 150 g to 300 g by isocaloric substitution of dextrose for fat produced a significant (p less than 0.05) decline in eight of the sixteen comparisons of ALA and PBG excretion. Addition of 150 g glycerol by isocaloric substitution for fat caused a significant (p less than 0.05) decline in nine of the sixteen possible comparisons. In the sixteen comparisons of isocaloric dextrose and isocaloric glycerol-substituted diets, dextrose produced significantly (p less than 0.05) lower porphyrin precursor excretion in four cases and glycerol produced significantly (p less than 0.05) lower values in five. One patient showed no significant change on any of the diets. Of the four patients having symptoms believed referrable to porphyria during the study, three reported an improvement in symptoms during the high glycerol intake. The effects of dietary perturbations on porphyrin precursor excretion in acute intermittent porphyria are variable, but glycerol appears to be capable of decreasing the excretions and may prove useful in treating some of these patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Fat and sugar levels are high in snacks purchased from student stores in middle schools.

OBJECTIVE: Children consume about one third of their daily energy at school, mostly from cafeteria food and bag lunches. Students also shop at student-run stores that generate revenue for extracurricular activities; yet the nutritional value of snacks sold at student stores has not been documented to our knowledge. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of foods sold at student stores in middle schools. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Twenty-four San Diego County (Calif) public middle schools, grades 6 through 8 (age 11 to 13), from 9 school districts. The schools represent a diversity of ethnic groups and socioeconomic levels. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlations, analysis of variance. RESULTS: Snacks averaged 8.7 g fat and 23.0 g sugar. Overall, 88.5% of store inventory was high in fat and/or high in sugar. Sugar candy accounted for one third of store sales. Chocolate candy was highest in fat content: 15.7 g. Fourteen of the 24 schools had stores that sold food and were run by student organizations. Stores were open daily for about 90 minutes; half sold food during lunch. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents need opportunities to supplement main meals; however, student stores in middle schools sell primarily high-fat, high-sugar snacks. Key intervention possibilities include limiting sales of chocolate candy and substituting low-fat varieties of cakes, cookies, chips, and crackers. Competition with cafeterias for sales at lunchtime should be addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The degree of fat saturation does not alter glycemic, insulinemic or satiety responses to a starchy staple in healthy men.

Inclusion of fat reduces the glycemic response to a carbohydate meal, although the effect of different types of fat on glycemic, insulinemic and satiety responses is unclear. Ten healthy men received 50-g carbohydrate portions of mashed potato with isoenergetic amounts of butter (saturated fatty acid), Sunola oil (monounsaturated fatty acid) or sunflower oil (PUFA) and two 50-g glucose loads on separate days. Capillary blood was collected at regular intervals for 2 h. Satiety ratings were assessed by use of a rating scale. The glycemic index (GI), insulin index (II) and satiety index (SI) scores were calculated. Energy intakes from a meal consumed ad libitum at 2 h and for the remainder of the day were quantified. The GI values ranged from 68 +/- 8 to 74 +/- 10 and the II values ranged from 113 +/- 10 to 122 +/- 17, but there was no effect of fat type. SI scores and subsequent energy intake did not differ among the test meals. Substitution of unsaturated fats for saturated fatty acids had no acute benefits on postprandial glycemia, insulin demand or short-term satiety in young men.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of maldigestion associated with pancreatic insufficiency.

The etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, dietary management, and drug therapy of maldigestion associated with pancreatic insufficiency are reviewed. Maldigestion can occur in a number of conditions that lead to pancreatic insufficiency but is seen most frequently in patients with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis. Destruction of pancreatic tissue and obstruction of the ducts that lead into the small intestine prevent pancreatic secretions from reaching the small intestine and result in weight loss, anorexia, abdominal distention, and changes in the appearance and frequency of stools. The goal of dietary intervention in patients with maldigestion is to provide sufficient calories and protein to maintain weight while limiting fat intake to an amount tht the patient can tolerate. Medium-chain triglycerides can be substituted for dietary fat in patients whose symptoms continue despite dietary fat restriction. Drug therapy involves supplementing deficient pancreatic enzymes with pancreatin or pancrelipase. Regimens must be individualized for each patient because of problems with gastric inactivation of orally administered enzymes, lack of standardization of commercially available preparations, and large interpatient variation in response. In selecting an enzyme supplement preparation, the amount of available enzyme activity, dosage form, number of dosage units needed per dose, dosage schedule, and product cost must be considered. When enzyme supplementation alone does not adequately control the symptoms of maldigestion, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or antacids may be added to the therapeutic regimen. Although complete resolution of the symptoms of maldigestion is difficult to achieve, a regimen of dietary modification and pancreatic-enzyme replacement can improve patients' quality of life.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed1989

Differential effects of dietary fat on the tissue-specific expression of the apolipoprotein A-I gene: relationship to plasma concentration of high density lipoproteins.

Isocaloric substitution of polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat reduces concentrations of total plasma cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (HDL) in nonhuman primates. The biochemical mechanisms through which polyunsaturated fat lowers plasma HDL concentrations are not well understood but must involve changes in HDL production or HDL clearance from plasma, or both. To determine whether dietary polyunsaturated fat (P/S = 2.2) alters apolipoprotein (apo) A-I production, African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were fed diets containing polyunsaturated fat or saturated fat (P/S = 0.3) each in combination with high (0.8 mg/kcal) and low (0.03 mg/kcal) amounts of dietary cholesterol. Animals fed polyunsaturated fat at either cholesterol level had lower plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Plasma apoA-I concentration was reduced by 16% by polyunsaturated fat in the high cholesterol group. The rate of hepatic apoA-I secretion, as estimated by the accumulation of perfusate apoA-I during recirculating liver perfusion, was reduced by 19% in animals consuming the high cholesterol, polyunsaturated fat diet. Hepatic apoA-I mRNA concentrations, as measured by DNA-excess solution hybridization, also were reduced by 22% in the high cholesterol, polyunsaturated fat-fed animals. In contrast, intestinal apoA-I mRNA concentrations were not altered by the type of dietary fat. Plasma apoA-II and hepatic apoA-II mRNA concentrations also were not altered by the type of dietary fat. These data indicate that dietary polyunsaturated fat can selectively alter the expression of the apoA-I gene in a tissue-specific manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Alcohol as a nutrient: interactions between ethanol and carbohydrate.

This study examined metabolic interactions between two nutrients--ethanol and carbohydrate. Both nutrients are metabolized by a common pathway to fatty acids from acetyl-coenzyme A by lipogenic enzymes. The effects of ethanol and carbohydrate on the induction of lipogenic enzymes in livers of rats were examined using two types of base diets differing in carbohydrate and lipid content and using isocaloric substitutions of ethanol, carbohydrate, and fat. Three nonlipogenic enzymes were used for comparison. Isocaloric substitution of both fat and carbohydrate for ethanol was necessary to show the specific effects of alcohol on the activity of lipogenic or nonlipogenic enzymes. Carbohydrate, and not ethanol, induced lipogenic enzymes. Ethanol specifically reduced the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, but did not affect those of alcohol dehydrogenase or glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ethanol interacted with carbohydrate to increase the activity of ATP citrate lyase. In addition, we studied the effects of ethanol and different kinds of carbohydrates on the growth of rats and on the morphology of their livers and intestines. Ethanol significantly decreased growth characteristics (weight gain, growth rate, and caloric efficiency). Fructose, either as a monosaccharide or in sucrose, decreased this alcohol effect. Sucrose was better than glucose in lowering lipid accumulation in livers of rats. Fragility of intestinal villi was found with an alcohol, low carbohydrate diet, but was not present in alcohol diets with a higher level of carbohydrate. In contrast to carbohydrate, ethanol lacked some characteristics of a nutrient, namely, it did not induce some enzymes involved in its metabolism and did not promote optimum growth.

Animals↗