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PubMed1976

Herpesvirus sylvilagus in cottontail rabbits: antibody prevalence and flea burden relationships.

A serologic survey of a wild cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) population in southern Wisconsin was conducted from November-March, 1971-72 and November-April, 1972-73, to determine prevalence of antibody against Herpesvirus sylvilagus. Flea burdens on each live-trapped cottontail were quantified by species. All but six of the 5029 fleas collected were Cediopsylla simplex. No correlation was found between flea infestation and viral antibody. Of 101 cottontail rabbits trapped, only six had specific antibody as determined by plaque neutralization in rabbit kidney cell culture. Three of the six developed antibody between January and March of the trapping season. Blood samples from 46 captured rabbits were negative for virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of rat fleas in and around Delhi (India) area and their susceptibility status to insecticides.

A rapid survey in Delhi and surrounding areas was undertaken in September 1994, during plague outbreak in District Beed (Maharashtra) and Surat (Gujarat) to monitor rodent/flea population and to determine susceptibility status of fleas to insecticides. The five rodent species in order of their prevalence were Rattus rattus (86.06%), Mus musculus (15.33%), Suncus murinus (2.47%), Bandicoota indica (0.48%) and B. bengalensis (0.48%). Two flea species, Xenopsylla cheopis and X. astia, were captured from these rodents. The absolute flea index was found to be ranging between 0.08 to 4.0 in various localities. X. cheopis and X. astia indexes were ranging between 0.22 to 2.08 and 0.08 to 4.0, respectively. Susceptibility test results with X. cheopis collected and reared in the laboratory revealed that it is resistant to DDT and Dieldrin, tolerant to Malathion and susceptible to K-othrin (Deltamethrin).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Illnesses associated with occupational use of flea-control products--California, Texas, and Washington, 1989-1997.

Dips, shampoos, and other insecticide-containing flea-control products can produce systemic illnesses or localized symptoms in the persons applying them. Although these products may pose a risk to consumers, they are particularly hazardous to pet groomers and handlers who use them regularly. Illnesses associated with flea-control products were reported to the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, the Texas Department of Health, and the Washington State Department of Health, each of which maintains a surveillance system for identifying, investigating, and preventing pesticide-related illnesses and injuries. This report describes cases of occupational illnesses associated with flea-control products, summarizes surveillance data, and provides recommendations for handling these products safely.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The epizootiological role of the population organization of the stock of fleas on the long-tailed suslik in a natural focus of plague in Tuva].

Spatial location of epizootic events in the Tuva plague focus is determined at a considerable degree by the population structure of the flea Citellophilus tesquorum--the main plague microbe vector. Within the enzootic territory occupied by five populations of the long-tailed ground squirrel (Citellus undulatus) there are six populations of C. tesquorum. Each population of fleas has a corresponding autonomic plague focus. Various conditions for the microbe life activity in these populations are recovered. The circulation of the microbe is closely connected with certain intrapopulation groupings of fleas--the nuclei of populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The state of in vitro breeding of lice and fleas]

Laboratory breeding of lice, fleas and other bloodsucking arthropods is necessary for developing and testing the efficacy of new drugs and alternative arthropod control methods. They are necessary to investigate their role as vectors of pathogens and to develop methods for diagnosis and therapy of arthropod caused or transmitted diseases. To date, it is not possible to replace rabbits as natural blood sources for breeding lice colonies (Pediculus spp.). But on the base of the knowledge about lice feeding and about in vitro-breeding of other arthropods it would be possible to develop an in vitro-feeding method for lice. For about three years an equipment is available in the USA for in vitro-breeding of cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). Using this so called "Artificial dog" it would be possible to replace numerous of cats used as hosts of laboratory flea colonies in pharmaceutical companies and other research laboratories

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

The effects of diet upon pupal development and cocoon formation by the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae).

Cocoon formation by cat flea larvae was directly related to the quantity of eggs or yeast consumed. Larvae consuming either 1-3 eggs or 0.25-1.0 mg of yeast developed as naked pupae or formed incomplete cocoons. Third instar cat flea larvae fed upon naked pupae and pupae within partial cocoons, but complete cocoons protected pupae from cannibalism. First and second instars did not attack pupae. When larvae were provided with a carpet fiber for protection, a greater number of fleas successfully developed to the adult stage.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Use of liquid deltamethrin in modified, host-targeted bait tubes for control of fleas on sciurid rodents in northern California.

The efficacy of liquid deltamethrin was evaluated for controlling fleas on golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis, and chipmunks, Tamias amoenus and T. senex. A host-targeted bait tube was modified to deliver insecticide to visiting rodents during a seven-week trial conducted in the Southern Cascade Mountains of northern California. A single deltamethrin treatment with one replenishment of bait provided effective flea control on rodents within one week of deployment of bait tubes. A second treatment accompanied by two bait replenishments during the following two-week period maintained effective control throughout the seven-week period, even though all bait tubes were removed from the site after three weeks. Our results suggest that the use of modified bait tubes treated with liquid deltamethrin can provide an effective, economical, and efficient means of controlling vector fleas on the primary disease amplifying rodent hosts in this plague endemic region of California.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Short-term prediction of a change in the total stock of Daursk suslik fleas in the Transbaikal natural focus of plague].

Based on 20-year studies of changes in the total store of the imago of Daursk souslik fleas in the Transbaikal natural focus of plague and on observations of variations in some environmental factors, equations of the short-term prediction of the size of fleas have been constructed for each month (from May to September inclusive). The equations include from one to three predictors that significantly influence the dynamics in the abundance of exoparasites. A nonlinear regression analysis was used for statistical data processing. The results and reliability of short-term stepwise prediction of the size of souslik fleas in the Transbaikal natural focus of plague from 1978 to 1987 are retrospectively considered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Principles of predicting the density of rodent flea populations].

The paper gives the indices of abundance of fleas of different species of rodents in their fur and in their burrows and lays emphasis on the general mechanisms by which the density of these blood-sucking insects is a species-specific (populational) sign and does not greatly differ from the mean many-year values. By using Citellophylus tesquorum and other specias as an example, the authors present the results of a study of natural mortality in fleas, which suggest that the mean longevity of imagoes and death in the preimaginal phases of development are a hereditary sign. An example of calculation of the death ratio "K" in the imaginal phases is given and evidence is provided for compiling the signs of the density of fleas in taking individual samples of a field material and calculating the abundance indices of specific species.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Fleas of elephant shrews (Mammalia, Macroscelididae) and a new host and locality record for Macroscelidopsylla albertyni De Meillon & Marcus, 1958 (Siphonaptera, Chimaeropsyllidae).

Fleas collected from the elephant shrews Elephantulus edwardii (A. Smith, 1839) in the Western Cape Province, Elephantulus myurus Thomas & Schwann, 1906 in Free State Province, and an Elephantulus of undetermined species in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa are recorded in this paper. Five flea species were recovered of which Demeillonia granti (Rothschild, 1904) was the most numerous and prevalent. It was followed by Macroscelidopsylla albertyni De Meillon & Marcus, 1958, collected only from E. edwardii. Both this elephant shrew and the locality are new records for M. albertyni. Chiastopsylla octavii (Rothschild, 1904), Listropsylla agrippinae (Rothschild, 1904), and a female flea of the Ctenocephalides felis group were accidental infestations. The sex ratio of D. granti was 0.86 on both male and female elephant shrews, while that of M. albertyni on E. edwardii was 0.83.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of plague microbe in the fleas by polymerase chain reaction by using magnetic immunosorbents].

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with and without pre-treatment of the samples of the fleas Citellophilus tesquorum with magnoimmunosorbents was used to detect the plague microbe in the samples containing 142, 168, 193 or more bacterial cells. PCR analysis reduced the time of tests of ectoparasites for plague to 6 hours. The use of a combination of PCR and magnoimmunosorbent simplified the most time-consuming and longest stage of isolation of plague microbial DNA from the suspensions of the fleas, which allows the time of a test to be reduced to 3 hours. The administration of an affine sorbent having magnetic properties during treatment of samples with plague-infected exoparasites for PCR analysis makes it possible to have a specific concentration of Yersinia pestis and to prevent the inhibitory effect of flea tissues on the polymerase chain reaction, to use the boiling method for isolating microbial DNA and for disinfecting the material to be tested.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relationship of the flea Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) with the plague agent].

Some aspects of relationships of the flea Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus and bacterium Yersinia pestis of two strains isolated from different parts of the Tuva natural plague focus were studied. Peculiarities of elimination and blood meal activity of fleas infected with two strains of the plague agent were not revealed. Differences in mortality and alimentary activity are considerably determined by the sex of insects. The ability of examined strains to form a proventriculus block was not identical in the strains examined. This ability was expressed higher in the strain I-3428, which originated from the same part of the natural focus as the insectarium flea culture, than in the strain I-3327. During the spring and first half of summer, the proventriculus block appeared more frequently in females. The increasing of the fraction of blocked individuals was observed in both sexes from spring to summer. As for the ability to transmit the plague agent, similar seasonal increasing was noted in males, but in females, the ability to inoculate the plague microbe was always maintained at the same level.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fleas from small forest mammals of the Udmurt ASSR].

578 fleas of 16 species were found on 3518 animals collected in coniferous-broadleaved forests in the vicinity of the town of Izhevsk. Am. penicilliger, Lept. silvatica and H. talpae are most abundant. The main host of the fleas is the common redbacked vole. In addition to 15 species of the ectoparasites characteristic of rodents and insectivorous animals of this region Cer. garei (a bird flea) was found on the common redbacked vole.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1992

Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with flea dips.

A 5-y-old intact female Himalayan cat was dipped with an organophosphate-based compound for flea infestation. The animal subsequently died of organophosphate intoxication. Skin lesions present at necropsy were diagnosed microscopically as toxic epidermal necrolysis. A 5-y-old spayed female Corgi dog was dipped with a d-limonene-based compound for flea infestation. The dog subsequently developed a bullous skin disorder which rapidly progressed to severe coalescing necrotizing dermatitis with large areas of skin sloughing. The dog was treated for a tentative diagnosis of toxic epidermal necrolysis with a short course of corticosteroids and extensive supportive care and recovered completely. Flea dip preparations have the potential to induce severe immune-mediated dermatopathies such as toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Transcription of the Rickettsia felis ompA gene in naturally infected fleas.

Rickettsia felis is maintained transovarially in Ctenocephalides felis fleas in a widespread geographic distribution and is transmitted to humans and animals, including opossums. This rickettsia is phylogenetically a member of the spotted fever group, most closely related to Rickettsia akari and R. australis. An unusual feature of this rickettsia is that the gene for the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is interrupted by stop codons. To determine if this putatively dying gene is expressed, mRNA was extracted from laboratory-maintained, R. felis-infected cat fleas. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification of three segments of the ompA gene indicated that mRNA of ompA is actively transcribed in fleas. The cDNA sequences expressed represented mRNA of the first 1860-basepair segment of ompA, which includes domains I and II, part of domain III, the region from site 1836 to site 2180, despite the presence of several stop codons, and the open reading frame from site 2788 to site 3837. The detected sequences showed several differences in the amino acid composition when compared with the previously reported sequence.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Block formation in Citellophilus Tesquorum altaicus Ioff, 1936, fleas in relation to the sex of an insect].

Males and females of C. Tesquorum altaicus, the main vector of plague in its natural focus, were experimentally studied in different seasons (spring, summer) for their capacity of block formation. The experiments used 2 groups of fleas: the insects that have been infected in last autumn and hibernated and < > insects, a that year's breeding. The investigations demonstrated that the hibernated fleas had insignificant differences (P>0.05) in the rates of block formation by sex in spring and early summer. Among the < > fleas, a that year's breeding, the males with a gizzard block considerably exceeded the females in number (P<0.05) in July-August (a period of an intensified epizootic process in the focus). By seasons, the rates of block formation were 7.0 to 21.7% in males and 2.0 to 14.0% in females.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Experimental studies on the transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus by gamasidea mites and fleas].

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) virus was isolated from 3 species of gamasidea mites (Haemolaelaps glasgowi, Laelaps jettmari, Eulaelaps shanghaiensis), and 2 species of fleas (Monopsyllus anisus, Leptopsylla segnis) collected from nests of HFRS virus-infected Apodemus agrarius, whereas HFRS virus was not recovered from Gamasidea mites and fleas collected from nests of uninfected Apodemus agrarius. It was thus confirmed that HFRS is a disease of animal origin with natural foci of infection. Experimental studies demonstrated that positive results of virus isolation were obtained from originally healthy population of Monopsylla anisus, Leptopsylla segnis and Haemolaelaps glasgowi 24-48 hours after they had sucked HFRS virus suspension, while positive results of virus isolation were still obtained from Haemolaelaps glasgowi but not from 2 species of fleas 7 days after they had sucked HFRS sirus suspension. It was confirmed that Monopsylla anisus and Leptopsylla segnis cannot propagate HFRS, and therefore their transmission would be mechanical. On the contrary, Haemolaelaps glasgowi might play the role of biological vector.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The efficacy of ultrasonic pest controllers for fleas and ticks.

Two ultrasonic pest controllers, a pet-collar unit and a large unit for household use, were tested for their efficacy in repelling fleas and ticks in a choice chamber. Neither unit had any affect on the distribution of fleas or ticks in the choice chamber up to 24 h exposure, and activity of fleas, ticks and cockroaches was unimpaired. The study extends and supports previous findings that ultrasound is ineffective as a means of controlling common pests of households and pets.

Animals↗