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PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative HPLC analysis of the level of fecapentaenes and their precursors in human feces by a chemical conversion method.

A fast and reliable hplc method for the quantitative analysis of total fecapentaene-12 (FP-12 and its precursors) and total fecapentaene-14 (FP-14 and its precursors) in human feces is described. The analysis is based on the rapid chemical conversion of fecapentaenes and their precursors to more stable methoxytetraenols and the use of synthetic, not naturally occurring, fecapentaene-13 (FP-13) as an internal standard. The synthesis and physical properties of this internal standard are described. The convenience and reproducibility of the method were illustrated by applying the procedure to stool samples obtained from twelve individuals on 3 consecutive days. Levels of total FP's were in the range of 0.1-25.4 micrograms for total FP-12 and 0.1-8.5 micrograms for total FP-14 per g of wet feces. Appreciable fluctuations were observed between levels in samples from the same individual on different days. Reproducibility and recovery were shown to be good.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification and quantitation of 7-(benzo[a]pyren-6-yl)guanine in the urine and feces of rats treated with benzo[a]pyrene.

The major identified benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-DNA adduct formed by cytochrome P-450 contains BP bound at the C-6 position to the N-7 position of guanine (BP-N7Gua). This adduct is rapidly depurinated from DNA. When rats were treated with [14C]BP, about 0.02% of the administered dose of BP was excreted as BP-N7Gua in feces and urine within 5 days. Chloroform extracts of the urine and feces were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The structure of the adduct was established by cochromatography with electrochemically prepared BP-N7Gua and by fluorescence line narrowing spectrometry. This study represents the first demonstration that BP-N7Gua is formed in vivo in animals treated with BP.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Identification of some important metabolites of boldenone in urine and feces of cattle by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

17 alpha-Boldenone (17 alpha-BOL) and/or 17 beta-boldenone (17 beta-BOL) appear occasionally in fecal matter of cattle. In addition to 17 alpha-BOL, a whole array of boldenone related substances can be found in the same samples. In vitro experiments with microsomal liver preparations and isolated hepatocytes combined with the excretion profiles found in urine and feces samples of in vivo experiments made it possible to identify several metabolites of 17 beta-BOL in 17 beta-BOL positive feces samples. In one animal treated with 17 beta-BOL, no 17 beta-BOL or its metabolites were present before treatment and most of these compounds disappeared gradually in time after the treatment was stopped. It is not clear what the origin is of 17 alpha-BOL and boldenone metabolites in samples screened routinely for the abuse of anabolic steroids and considered to be 'negative' because of the absence of 17 beta-BOL since other workers showed some evidence that 17 alpha-BOL can be of endogenous origin. However, in our hands, most of these 17 alpha-BOL positive samples, obtained during routinely performed screenings of cattle, contained large amounts of delta 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AED), which normally is absent from routinely screened negative samples. Furthermore, AED was absent in all samples obtained from the animals treated with 17 beta-BOL. We have no direct evidence that 17 alpha-BOL or 17 beta-BOL is of endogenous origin.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed2002

Detection and identification of oxalate-degrading bacteria in human feces.

BACKGROUND: Oxalate is detoxified (catabolized) via the action of two enzymatic proteins, formyl coenzyme A transferase (encoded by the frc gene) and oxalyl coenzyme A decarboxylase (encoded by the oxc gene), contained in the cytosol of Oxalobacter formigenes that colonizes the human intestinal tract. It is speculated that oxalate-degrading bacteria decrease oxalate absorption from the intestines and their absence in the gastrointestinal tract correlates with the formation of calcium-oxalate urolithiasis. METHODS: Two methods of detection and identification of this bacterial strain were studied in human fecal samples collected from Japanese subjects. Genomic DNA was isolated from bacterial culture, and specific 16S rDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing. The oxc gene was amplified directly from human feces by PCR using the specific primers. RESULTS: Oxalate-degrading bacteria were identified by comparing the sequences of 16S rDNA. The oxc gene was directly detected from human feces by PCR. It was ascertained that a combined PCR detection method using both 16S rDNA and the oxc gene allows for identification of O. formigenes in human fecal samples. CONCLUSION: This detection and identification method of oxalate-degrading bacteria using 16S rDNA and oxc gene should be applied in examination of clinical samples.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of a culture method to recover Helicobacter pylori from the feces of infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is difficult to culture from stool. Multiple efforts from multiple laboratories have been unsuccessful, and the optimal conditions to recover H. pylori from stool are still not known. Recovery of H. pylori from feces of infected individuals is important for the performance of molecular epidemiological investigations, especially in children, where their symptoms do not warrant endoscopy to recover the organism. METHODS: Fresh fecal specimens (noncathartic) were obtained from 19 known H. pylori-infected patients and were processed to recover the organism. Fresh fecal specimens (noncathartic) were also obtained from three known H. pylori-negative individuals (controls) to determine whether H. pylori could be isolated from stools seeded with known concentrations of the organism. Treatment of the fecal suspensions with cholestyramine, a basic anion exchange resin that binds bile acids, was used in an attempt to enhance recovery of H. pylori by sequestering bile acids that are inhibitory to H. pylori growth. H. pylori was identified based on colony morphology, cell morphology, Gram's stain, biochemical reactions, and polymerase chain reaction for two H. pylori genes. RESULTS: Among 19 patients, H. pylori was cultured at least once from 3 and three times from 2 (5 of 19). Feces that were seeded with H. pylori and obtained from three H. pylori-negative volunteer controls yielded positive recovery in all instances. CONCLUSION: We have confirmed that it is possible to culture H. pylori from human stool, but the procedure for optimal recovery has still not been defined.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing.

A survey was performed to estimate the frequency of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 or O157:nonmotile (EHEC O157) in feces and on hides within groups of fed cattle from single sources (lots) presented for slaughter at meat processing plants in the Midwestern United States, as well as frequency of carcass contamination during processing from cattle within the same lots. Of 29 lots sampled, 72% had at least one EHEC O157-positive fecal sample and 38% had positive hide samples. Overall, EHEC O157 prevalence in feces and on hides was 28% (91 of 327) and 11% (38 of 355), respectively. Carcass samples were taken at three points during processing: preevisceration, postevisceration before antimicrobial intervention, and postprocessing after carcasses entered the cooler. Of 30 lots sampled, 87% had at least one EHEC O157-positive preevisceration sample, 57% of lots were positive postevisceration, and 17% had positive postprocessing samples. Prevalence of EHEC O157 in the three postprocessing samples was 43% (148 of 341), 18% (59 of 332) and 2% (6 of 330), respectively. Reduction in carcass prevalence from preevisceration to postprocessing suggests that sanitary procedures were effective within the processing plants. Fecal and hide prevalence were significantly correlated with carcass contamination (P = 0.001), indicating a role for control of EHEC O157 in live cattle.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Excretion of methyl mercury in human feces.

Fecal excretion of methyl mercury was confirmed in four Japanese male subjects. Perhaps the methyl mercury detected in feces is dependent on (a) the unabsorbed methyl mercury in diet, (b) exfoliation of intestinal cells, (c) hepatic bile, and (d) intestinal methylation of inorganic mercury. The calculated amounts of methyl mercury excreted daily in feces were similar to those found in urine.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Speciation of mercury excreted in feces from individuals with amalgam fillings.

Investigators established methods for the analysis of total mercury (Hg-total), oxidized mercury and mercury bound to sulfhydryl groups (Hg-S), mercury vapor (Hg0), and mercury from amalgam particles (APs) in fecal samples. Two individuals consumed mercury as a mercury-cysteine complex mercury vapor, and mercury from amalgam particles, and the cumulative excretion of mercury in feces was followed. Investigators found that 80% of the mercury from amalgam particles and mercury bound to sulfhydryl groups was excreted, but only 40% of the mercury vapor was excreted. Speciation of mercury excreted in feces from 6 individuals with a moderate loading of amalgam fillings showed that most of the mercury originating from the fillings consisted of oxidized mercury, which was probably bound to sulfhydryl-containing compounds. The proportion of amalgam particles in fecal samples from these individuals was low, and it did not exceed 26% of the total amount of mercury excreted.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[New method of checking the quality of food proteins required for maintenance. 2. 15N excretion in feces of test rats labelled with 15N after feeding with different protein sources].

For 7 days 37 test rats received a casein diet with an extra of 6.6 mg 15N-excess in the form of ammonium acetate. From the eighth test day onwards 4 resp. 5 rats each received various protein sources under maintenance conditions (115 kcal/kg body mass0,75). The atom-% 15N-excess was determined in feces, blood liver and muscles (urine cf. 1st information). The endogenous quota of N in the feces was calculated as follows: (formula: see text). The numerical value of the TCA-soluble fraction of N in the total blood was corrected by the decrease of the atom-%15N' in the last 12 hours (time for the passage of the fecel matter from small intestines to excretion). Since the endogenously excreted N-amount varied greatly according to different feed, a scale is proposed as biologic value of food proteins, which exclusively refers to the metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) under conditions of maintenance (abbr. MFN-BV). A proposal for its definition is: (formula: see text). Above that, a total BV is suggested which also refers to maintenance metabolism. The total BV is calculated as follows: (formula: see text). The following values were ascertained for MFN-BV and total BV: casein = 80 and 82; complete egg=68 and 67; fish meal=61 and 86; Torula yeast=31 and 46; peas=41 and 43; soya (assay protein)=73 and 61; wheat=47 and 71; gelatin=64 and 42. Finally, the recommendation is given to include in feed tables real digestibility values for food proteins ascertained with the 15N method. In the above mentioned order the following values of the real digestibility of proteins were ascertained with the 15N method and classical methods: casein=98.2 and 97.2; complete egg=100.0 and 98.7; fish meal=96.9 and 93.4; Torula yeast=83.0 and 67.6; peas=97.1 and 85.6; soya (assay protein)=98.3 and 96.4; wheat=95.7 and 87.3; gelatin=99.1 and 96.0. *cf. 1st information Bergner et al. (1978)

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Protein digestability and amino acid absorption in various segments of the digestive tract of pigs. 1. Methods of animal experimentation, protein content and amino acid patterns of the digesta in the small intestine and in feces after feeding different feeds].

Re-entrance cannulae were applied by way of operations at the end of the small intestine of a larger number of growing pigs. After a post-operative phase these animals were fed with various rations (N-free diet, fattening feed for pigs, rations with dried skim milk resp. wheat gluten + lysine and wheat + wheat gluten + lysine). During the main experiment periods the ileum digesta (24 hour-periods of collecting) and the feces were quantitatively registered. The protein and amino acid content ascertained in the feed rations, the digesta and feces samples are reported, comparatively evaluated and discussed. The amount of amino acids (in mg per kg intake of dry matter) contained in the ileum digesta after N-free feeding were statistically calculated with regard to differences occuring between the animals and days. For most amino acids a significant decrease in the ileum digesta could be detected during the course of the N-free feeding period. Moreover, the amount of amino acids in the ileum digesta was compared with the metabolic fecal amino acids, from which conclusions could be drawn concerning the disappearance rate of the individual amino acids in large intestine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

Cellulose digesting bacteria from human feces.

Anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing rod-shaped bacteria that digest wet-ballmilled filter paper have been isolated in numbers of over 10(8) per gram wet weight of feces, about 0.3% of total viable bacteria, from feces of two humans. Significant numbers of cellulolytic bacteria were not detected in four other humans. One of the strains is a Bacteroides sp., which only slowly digests cellulose and produces succinate, acetate, and H2 in carbohydrate fermentation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Bile acids and pH values in total feces and in fecal water from habitually omnivorous and vegetarian subjects.

Twenty habitually omnivorous subjects and 19 habitually lactoovovegetarian subjects aged 59-65 y collected feces during 4 consecutive days. The concentrations of bile acids in total feces did not differ between the omnivores and vegetarians, but the bile acid concentrations in fecal water were significantly lower in the vegetarians. The concentration of the colorectal cancer-predicting bile acid deoxycholic acid in fecal water was explained by the intake of saturated fat and the daily fecal wet weight (r2 = 0.50). Fecal pH did not differ between the omnivores and vegetarians. This variable was significantly (P < 0.05) explained by the intake of calcium (r2 = 0.30); 24-h fecal wet weight and defecation frequency were significantly higher in the vegetarians. In conclusion, our vegetarian subjects had a lower concentration of deoxycholic acid in fecal water, higher fecal wet weight, and higher defecation frequency than the omnivorous subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Immunochemical detection of human blood in feces.

Current methods for testing stool samples for hemoglobin utilize peroxidase oxidation of chemical indicators such as guaiac or benzidine. These tests have frequent false-positive and false-negative results, complicating random screening for occult gastrointestinal bleeding. The authors have developed an immunochemical test for human blood in feces using goat antibodies to hemoglobin. When employed in radial immunoassay the test is uncomplicated by cross-reaction with common human foods or other nonhemorrhagic fecal fecal constitutents. The lower limit of sensitivity for hemoglobin in stool samples is 10 mg/dl, compared with a commonly reported threshold of 100 mg/dl for peroxidase tests. The test accurately detects hemoglobin in mixtures of human blood and feces. Immunochemical identification of human blood in stool offers improved detection of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Persistence of benzo[a]pyrene and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a] pyrene in Fischer 344 rats: time distribution of total metabolites in blood, urine and feces.

A comparison of the rates of elimination of [3H]benzo[a] pyrene (BaP) and 7,8-dihydro-7,8-diol-[3H]benzo[a]pyrene (BPD), after subcutaneous injection into Fischer 344 rats, shows they are both eliminated at about the same rates and with the same pattern over at least 7 days post-exposure. The end-rate of combined urinary and fecal excretion was approximately 40 nmol/day. About 20% of the injected BaP and approximately 3% of the injected BPD remained at the site of injection for at least 9 days. The remainder was distributed throughout the animal. If the rate of excretion continued at the observed steady-state rates, the BaP and BPD could persist for up to 40 days for each milligram of injected substance. The concentration of excretion products were highest during day 1 and day 2 following exposure, decreased exponentially to a concentration of approximately 0.5 microM (mixed metabolites) by day 5 following exposure, and then continued to be excreted at that rate. Feces contained the highest total amounts of radioactivity, which were approximately 2- to 4-fold higher than the amounts in urine and approximately 15- to 50-fold higher than in total blood. The conversion of organic 3H to 3H2O during the experimental period indicates that whole-body phenol(quinone) formation was significant for BaP metabolism, but was much less for BPD metabolism. When BaP was injected, both blood and urine contained water-soluble, volatile tritium counts (3H2O). Injection of BPD resulted in volatile 3H2O in urine but not in blood. The persistence of BaP and BPD metabolites in skin, blood, urine and feces compartments indicates there is a substantial reservoir of the chemical(s) that could be used to replenish repaired or discarded DNA adducts.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Overgrowth of Enterococcus faecium in the feces of patients with hematologic malignancies.

The objective of this study was to characterize the overgrowth and susceptibility of Enterococcus faecium, compared with that of other enterococci, in the feces of patients with hematologic malignancy. During a 52-week period, surveillance samples of feces were cultured weekly. Three hundred thirty-three samples were obtained from 92 patients. E. faecium outnumbered other enterococci in 170 (44%) of the samples, while the opposite was true in 119 (31%) of the samples. Fecal overgrowth of E. faecium (> or = 9.0 log10 cfu/g) was found in 62 samples (16%), while overgrowth of other enterococci was documented in 20 samples (5%) (P < .001). Treatment with third-generation cephalosporins preceded the overgrowth of E. faecium in 93% of the patients. Resistance of E. faecium isolates to ampicillin, high-level gentamicin, and vancomycin was detected in 41%, 4%, and 2% of the patients, respectively. There were 6 patients with enterococcal bacteremia (due to E. faecium in 5 and Enterococcus faecalis in 1) during the study period. The high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin and imipenem rendered few (if any) intravenous antibiotics able to prevent fecal overgrowth of E. faecium.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1980

Detection of hepatitis A virus in the feces of patients with naturally acquired infections.

A prospective study was carried out on 200 patients admitted to Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, with acute hepatitis A to determine the frequency with which virus could be detected in their feces. Evidence of infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) was obtained by detecting IgM specific for HAV in a single serum sample or by demonstrating a rising titer of antibody in paired sera by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. HAV was detected in the feces of 59 of the 200 patients by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and immune electron microscopy. When patients were admitted within one week of the onset of dark urine, 45% were found to be shedding HAV, whereas only 11% of specimens obtained from patients admitted during the second week contained virus. HAV was not detected in fecal specimens collected more than 14 days after the onset of dark urine. These findings suggest that patients admitted to hospital with hepatitis A may still be infectious and that appropriate precautions against fecal contamination should be maintained.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Detection of Shigella in feces using DNA amplification.

A rapid diagnostic method employing a polymerase chain reaction procedure (PCR) was used to identify Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. This procedure amplified a region of the invasive-associated locus (ial) from a crude DNA extract of feces. A synthetic 21-base oligonucleotide corresponding to the ial gene sequence was shown to specifically hybridize only with enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strains and Shigella species. Upon PCR amplification, a 320-base pair fragment was generated in DNA extracted from feces reconstituted with EIEC or Shigella flexneri but not in DNA from 70 normal stools lacking these organisms and could be readily detected by the ial probe. For identifying Shigella and EIEC, the PCR assay was 10(5)- and 10(2)-fold more sensitive than standard biochemical tests and the macrocolony hybridization assay, respectively. These findings demonstrate a novel methodology for rapid, sensitive, and culture-independent diagnosis of diarrhea caused by these pathogens and underscores the utility of PCR in the diagnostic laboratory.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Factors affecting endogenous oxalate synthesis and its excretion in feces and urine in rats.

It has been observed that the feces as well as urine of rats fed diets supplemented with 3% glycine and 5.2% hydroxyproline contain unexpectedly high amounts of endogenously formed oxalate. That intestinal microorganisms do not synthesize significant amounts of oxalate was indicated by the findings that oral tetracycline had no effect on oxalate excretion and that germ-free rats excreted more oxalate than conventional rats. Since little intraperitoneally injected [14C] oxalate appeared in the feces, and rat intestinal mucosa homogenates were found to produce oxalate from a variety of precursors of which glyoxylic acid was far the most important, it is probable that the intestinal mucosa may be an important source of fecal oxalate observed in these studies. Ninety percent of weanling rats fed complete diets supplemented with glycine and hydroxyproline developed urinary stones in 38 days. It has been concluded that in the treatment of patients with histories of calcium oxalate urolithiasis, more concern than is commonly shown should be directed towards the feeding of diets high in precursors of endogenous oxalate synthesis.

Animals↗