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PubMed1991

Effect of colostral fat level on fat deposition and plasma metabolites in the newborn pig.

The effects of colostral fat level on fat deposition and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined in 28 newborn pigs during the first postnatal day. Soon after birth, pigs were allotted to four treatments groups. Group 1 was killed at birth. The remaining pigs were fed intragastrically sow colostrum that contained high (10.2%; HFC), normal (4.8%; NFC) or low (1.0%; LFC) levels of total fat at the rate of 15 to 18 g/kg birth weight at 65- to 70-min intervals. A total of 21 feedings was provided and pigs were killed 1 h after the last feeding. Body fat deposition increased linearly (P less than .01) with the amount of ingested fat by .32 (+/- .04) g per 1-g increase in fat intake. Fatty acid composition of the pigs changed toward that of the colostrum with increased fat in colostrum. More liver glycogen was lost (P less than .01) in pigs given LFC. Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were similar in pigs fed HFC and NFC. After the 11th feeding (14 h postnatal), LFC resulted in lower plasma glucose concentrations (P less than .05) than HFC or NFC. Plasma insulin concentrations also were lower in pigs fed LFC. Plasma FFA concentrations remained unchanged in pigs fed LFC but increased with both fat content in colostrum (P less than .05) and time (P less than .05) in the other two groups. Colostral fat plays a major role in the supply of energy and in glucose homeostasis in the neonatal pig.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Vitamin A distribution among fat globule core, fat globule membrane, and serum fraction in milk.

In cream suspensions and partly skimmed milks obtained by successive centrifugation from whole milk, the concentration of vitamin A per gram of fat was inversely related to the mean size of fat globules. This result indicated that not all the vitamin A of milk was located in the fat globule core, which was further supported by studies of buttermilk and butter oil fractions obtained by churning of cream. These studies indicated that a portion of the vitamin A was associated with the fat globule membrane. The vitamin A content per gram of fat of purified fat globules was similar to vitamin A content per gram of fat of the whole milk from which they were isolated. This result indicated that the amount of vitamin A in the serum fraction was negligible and that vitamin A was localized in the fat globule and fat globule membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Genetic parameters of plasma very low density lipoproteins, abdominal fat lipase, and protein, fatness, and growth traits of broiler chickens.

Genetic parameters of physiological, growth, and fatness traits were investigated in one control and two selected dam strains of broiler chickens. Feed consumption and efficiency were measured between 28 and 42 days of age but were adjusted to estimate values of population average body weights at these ages. Birds were bled at 45 days of age for assay of plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and killed at 47 days of age for carcass and fat measurements. Abdominal fat was assayed for lipase activity expressed per milligram of protein (LIP/mgP) or per gram of fat (LIP/gF) and protein content of the enzyme preparation expressed as microgram protein/mL (P/mLEPrep). Absolute values of partial correlations corrected for sex and strain were low between production and physiological traits and between fatness and LIP/mgP but were moderate at .3 between fatness and plasma VLDL, LIP/gF, and P/mLEPrep. Heritabilities were moderate to high (greater than or equal to .32) for growth and fatness traits, moderate (.25) for plasma VLDL, and low (less than or equal to .16) for P/LEPrep, LIP/mgP, and LIP/gF. Genetic correlations involving plasma VLDL were as follows: .49 with body weight at 42 days, -.74 with feed consumption, .64 with feed efficiency, .24 with carcass weight at 47 days, 1.07 with abdominal fat weight, and .97 with abdominal fat percentage. Similarly, absolute values of genetic correlations involving P/mLEPrep tended to be as high or higher but genetic correlations involving LIP/mgP and LIP/gF tended to be lower than those involving plasma VLDL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Thermal and metabolic responses of women with high fat versus low fat body composition during exposure to 5 and 27 degrees C for 120 min.

BACKGROUND: Men with high fat body composition maintain higher core temperatures, and lower aerobic metabolic rates than their low fat counterparts thus, verifying the insulatory benefit of body fat. Females, on average have more body fat and less muscle mass than males, and may maintain rectal temperature (Tre) at a lower energy cost. METHODS: The present investigation dichotomized female subjects by percent fat (low fat; n = 3, LF = 19.2+/-3% vs. high fat; n = 4 HF: 29.9+/-3%) to elucidate the thermal and metabolic responses during acute exposure to 5 and 27 degrees C air for 120 min. An ANOVA was used to examine the following: Tre (degrees C), mean skin temperature (Tsk; degrees C), oxygen consumption (VO2; ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and tissue insulation (I; degrees C x m2 x W(-1)). For Tre, a significant fat x time interaction (p < 0.05) was demonstrated at both 5 and 27 degrees C, whereby Tre tended to be lower in the LF group than the HF group. VO2 at 5 degrees C demonstrated a main effect for time only. For I, a main effect for time was noted at 5 degrees C. Also for I, a trend (p = 0.06) toward a main effect of fat during exposure to 5 degrees C was noted while at 27 degrees C a main effect (p < 0.05) was demonstrated. RESULTS: From this data it appears that under these conditions, the HF group demonstrated higher Tre and I values than their LF counterparts that was not accompanied with a differential response with respect to aerobic metabolic rate. Thus, the impact of body composition on energy expenditure to maintain Tre differs between LF and HF males and females.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Reduced gains in fat and fat-free mass, and elevated leptin levels in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

AIM: Bodyweight is an important prognostic indicator in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), but the relationships between body composition and clinical outcomes are less clear. We have investigated the role of leptin (a potential satiety factor) and changes in body composition, height and weight with respect to age and clinical outcome. METHODS: 143 children (77 boys) with CF and a median age (range) of 5.99 (2.27-17.98) y were followed with annual measurements of height, weight, skinfolds, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), Shwachman score assessment and fasting blood sample. Our control group comprised 40 children (20 boys, 20 girls) aged 8.6-10.2 y at recruitment who were participating in a longitudinal study of growth and puberty. RESULTS: SD scores for height, weight and BMI decreased with age; fat and fat-free mass was lower in both sexes compared to controls. Shwachman score decreased with age in both sexes and was related to fat-free mass in girls, and to both fat-free and fat mass in boys. FEV1 decreased with age only in boys and was related to fat-free mass. Leptin levels by age and by fat mass were higher in CF children compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Despite improvements in management, contemporary children with CF still gain less body fat and fat-free mass and are shorter than controls. The higher leptin levels we observed may be due to stimulatory effects of inflammatory cytokines and we postulate that they may contribute to the anorexia, poor weight gain and growth of these children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Estimation accuracy of percent total body fat and percent segmental fat measured by single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with 8 electrodes: the effect of difference in adiposity.

AIM: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of percent total body fat (%TBF) and percent segmental fat (%SF) measurements of new automatic single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with 8 electrodes (SF-BIA8), referenced to the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), between different fatness level female groups. METHODS: Subjects were 34 overweight females (OWG) and 24 normal females (NG). This study used the BIA analyzer of Tanita BC-118 which is a commercially available single frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis system with 8 tactile electrodes. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability in each method was high (intra-class correlations > or =0.96). The SF-BIA8 tends to overestimate %TBF and %SF in the lower extremities and trunk compared with DXA, and consistency with DXA was especially low in %SFs in the lower extremities (left leg: r=0.475, SEE=4.673, right leg: r=0.494, SEE=4.772). Systematic errors regarding to the difference in fatness were found in %TBF and %SFs in lower extremities in OWG, and were found in %SF in upper extremities in NG. Furthermore, systematic errors regarding to the difference in body fat distribution were found in %SFs in lower extremities in OWG, and found in %SFs in upper extremities and trunk in NG. CONCLUSIONS: SF-BIA can provide highly reproducible measurements of %TBF and %SF, but systematic errors based on the differences in fatness and body fat distribution were found. An improved prediction equation considering a variety in fat and body fat distribution will be needed in further investigations.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1994

[Fat suppression failure artifacts at the susceptibility interface on frequency selective fat suppression MR imaging in the head and neck].

Fat suppression MR imaging is a valuable technique mainly used for the orbit, head and neck, and spine, where the high signal from fat can often obscure adjacent pathology. Fat suppression failure artifact manifested as a high signal area without geographic distortion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and common location of these artifacts in clinical MR imaging and to caution against their misinterpretation. Fat suppression MR imaging of the head and neck was performed in 30 consecutive patients. The artifact was found in the orbital floor (57%), the skull base (10%), and subcutaneous fat (10%), where the air-fat interface is parallel to the static magnetic field direction. The fat signal in the air-fat interface perpendicular to the static magnetic field was well suppressed. This artifact was independent of the duration of TE, frequency/phase encoding direction, and the strength of gradient amplitude, and appeared to be related to the amount of surrounding air. This may simulate pathology if fat suppression is only performed following Gd-DTPA administration. The radiologist should be aware of the presence of artifact by considering the geographic relation to the static magnetic field.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Familial aggregation of subcutaneous fat deposits and the peripheral fat distribution pattern.

The familial aggregation of fatness into subcutaneous fat distribution was studied in a sample of 122 nuclear families with adolescent children. Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured using ultrasound images. Other variables considered were anthropometric measurements, body composition, and indices of relative fat distribution. The measurements were adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI), and the residuals were transformed to normalized z-scores by sex and age group. The z-scores were used to calculated intraclass correlations between all family members. The results show significant familial correlations for the fat deposits on the upper abdomen, triceps, calf, and subscapula. They also show strong familial aggregation for the level of fatness and ponderosity. However, the subcutaneous fat on the lower abdomen and the corresponding indices were closely related to the level of fatness, and were significantly correlated between sisters, and between mothers and daughters. These lower abdominal fat deposits are more likely to be influenced by environmental components such as diet and level of physical activity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

[Predictive value of back fat thickness for body fat content in cattle].

Back fat thickness was measured at six points in 251 beef heifers aged 3 to 17 months, in 27 beef bulls aged 15 months and in 200 SMR-cows of different age. This was paralleled by estimation of body composition based on total body water analysis. All groups of animals showed the same pattern of back fat thickness for the measuring points investigated. This lead to the result of one optimum measuring point for determination of back fat thickness, which will be described. The portion of body fat relative to body weight change showed great variations in dependence on age. Therefore live weight is of limited relevance for the estimation of body condition. The correlation coefficients between back fat thickness and body fat content were estimated to be between 0.80 and 0.87 for all groups investigated. Change in back fat thickness by 1 mm corresponded to gain or loss of around 5 kg body fat in all animal groups. Hence, measurement of back fat thickness is a suitable method for objective estimation of body condition.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

The lowering effect of dietary glucose versus starch on fat digestibility in rats is dependent on the type of fat in the diet.

The aim of the study was to determine whether the type of dietary fat influences the effect of dietary glucose on lipid digestibility. Earlier work had shown that glucose, when compared with starch, reduced fat digestibility in rats fed rations containing animal fat as fat source. Male rats (n = 6/group) were fed for two weeks on purified diets containing either 62% (w/w) starch or glucose and either 8% (w/w) palm oil, coconut fat, soybean oil or medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as the main source of fat. The diets had no differential effect on growth. Glucose significantly depressed apparent lipid digestibility in rats fed the diets containing either palm oil or coconut fat, but not in rats given the diets containing either soybean oil or MCT. Thus, the inhibitory effect of glucose on lipid digestibility in rats is dependent on the dietary lipid source. This observation may contribute to understanding the mechanism by which dietary glucose inhibits fat digestion.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1999

Higher lipid accumulation in broilers fed on saturated fats than in those fed on unsaturated fats.

1. Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of fat sources differing in degree of saturation on the performance of and fat deposition in broiler chickens fed on isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. 2. There were no differences in initial body weight between sexes but female broilers had lower daily gains (P<0.0001), final weights (P<0.0001) and food intakes (P<0.0001) than males. Abdominal fat pad weight was lower in male broilers than in female (P<0.001). 3. There were no significant differences in intake, weight gain, final body weight or food-to-gain ratios between birds fed on diets differing solely in the degree of fat saturation. Broilers fed on diets containing an animal fat blend or tallow had higher abdominal fat pad weight (P<0.001) and intramuscular lipid content (P=0.0085) than those fed on diets containing sunflower oil. 4. It was concluded that dietary fat saturation affects fat accumulation in broiler chickens.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Stimulatory effects of high-fat diets on colon cell proliferation depend on the type of dietary fat and site of the colon.

To compare the effects of various types of dietary fat on colon cell proliferation used as an intermediate biomarker for colon carcinogenesis, groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of four high-fat diets (45% of total calories from corn oil, butter, beef tallow, and fish oil) for three weeks. As a control, a low-fat diet (15% of total calories from corn oil) was fed to a separate group. Cell proliferation was measured by in vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA in the proximal and distal colon. Total lipids in feces were measured by a gravimetric method. There were significant differences in colon cell proliferation among the diet groups, where the high corn oil diet stimulated cell proliferation in proximal and distal colon compared with the high fish oil diet (p < 0.05). The protective effect of the high fish oil diet on cell proliferation was similar to that of the low corn oil diet. The effects of high beef tallow and butter diets on colon cell proliferation were highly dependent on sites of the colon, because the hyperproliferative effects by these diets were found only in the distal colon (p < 0.05). Fecal total lipids and fecal lipid concentrations were significantly affected by the dietary fat sources, in that the groups fed the saturated fats, such as butter and beef tallow, excreted more lipids into feces than did the groups fed the unsaturated fats, such as corn oil and fish oil. Fecal lipids were significantly correlated to colon cell proliferation in the way that distal colon cell proliferation increases as fecal lipids increase. Therefore, these data suggest that high levels of dietary fats may not always promote colon carcinogenesis, and the effects may be dependent on the types of dietary fat and sites of the colon.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

It is more important to increase the intake of unsaturated fats than to decrease the intake of saturated fats: evidence from clinical trials relating to ischemic heart disease.

The evidence from formal, controlled, long-term clinical trials that changes in dietary fats reduce the incidence of ischemic (coronary) heart disease (IHD) is unimpressive. Mostly these trials were underpowered and in several the rigor of dietary control in the intervention and control groups was inadequate. Six controlled clinical trials in healthy people of diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol, also accompanied by changes in other risk factors, were unsuccessful in reducing the incidence of IHD. An exception was the Oslo trial in which concurrent cigarette smoking was almost halved. Similarly, in the only two clinical trials of the secondary prevention of IHD through use of diets low in saturated fats and cholesterol there was no significant effect on IHD recurrence rate. This may relate to poor compliance outside strict clinic conditions. In contrast, five of six secondary prevention trials in which diets low in saturated fats were supplemented with polyunsaturated fats reduced IHD deaths and, to a lesser extent, all-cause mortality. No formal trial has been reported of the effects on IHD of diets high in monounsaturated fats. The greatest benefit for patients with IHD has come from diets supplemented with n-3 fatty acids (two trials), and this benefit was independent of changes in plasma lipoproteins. The evidence from these clinical trials indicates that more emphasis should be given in national and international dietary recommendations to supplementation with polyunsaturated fats, particularly foods rich in n-3 fatty acids, than to diets low in total and saturated fats.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Individual variability in cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to low-fat and low-saturated-fat diets in men: body mass index, adiposity, and insulin resistance predict changes in LDL cholesterol.

BACKGROUND: Although reductions in total and saturated fat consumption are recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, individual variability in plasma lipid responses exists. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the effect of adiposity and insulin resistance on the lipoprotein response to diets lower in total and saturated fat than the average American diet (AAD). DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, 3-period crossover controlled feeding design was used to examine the effects on plasma lipids of 3 diets that differed in total fat: the AAD [designed to contain 38% fat and 14% saturated fatty acids (SFAs)], the Step I diet (30% fat with 9% SFAs), and the Step II diet (25% fat with 6% SFAs). The diets were fed for 6 wk each to 86 free-living, healthy men aged 22-64 y at levels designed to maintain weight. RESULTS: Compared with the AAD, the Step I and Step II diets lowered LDL cholesterol by 6.8% and 11.7%, lowered HDL cholesterol by 7.5% and 11.2%, and raised triacylglycerols by 14.3% and 16.2%, respectively. The Step II diet response showed significant positive correlations between changes in both LDL cholesterol and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol and baseline percentage body fat, body mass index, and insulin. These associations were largely due to smaller reductions in LDL cholesterol with increasing percentage body fat, body mass index, or insulin concentrations. Subdivision of the study population showed that the participants in the upper one-half of fasting insulin concentrations averaged only 57% of the reduction in LDL cholesterol with the Step II diet of the participants in the lower half. CONCLUSION: Persons who are insulin resistant respond less favorably to Step II diets than do those who are insulin sensitive.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Dietary fat, fat subtypes, and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The intake of total dietary fat and of certain fat subtypes has been shown to be strongly associated with breast cancer in international comparisons and in animal experiments. However, observational epidemiologic studies have generally reported either weak positive or no associations. To extend the prospective epidemiologic evidence on this question, we examined the association between adult dietary intake of fat, fat subtypes, and breast cancer in a large, prospective cohort of postmenopausal women. METHODS: Participants were selected from a national breast cancer mammography screening program conducted from 1973 through 1981 at 29 centers throughout the United States. From 1987 through 1989, 40022 postmenopausal women satisfactorily completed a mailed, self-administered questionnaire that included a 60-item National Cancer Institute/Block food-frequency questionnaire. Women were then followed for an average of 5.3 years; 996 women developed breast cancer. Risk was assessed by use of Cox proportional hazard regression, with age as the underlying time metric. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Compared with women in the lowest quintile (Q1) of percentage of energy from total fat, the adjusted risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for women in the highest quintile (Q5) was 1.07 (95% CI = 0.86-1.32). In analyses stratified by history of benign breast disease (BBD), a positive association was observed among only women with no history of BBD (RR (Q5 versus Q1) = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.41-3.42; test for trend, P =.0003). The increased risk in these women appeared to be attributable to unsaturated fat intake and oleic acid in particular. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there was no overall association between fat intake during adulthood and breast cancer risk; however, among women with no history of BBD, there appeared to be a positive association between total and unsaturated fat intake and breast cancer risk.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Serum ferritin is associated with visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat area.

OBJECTIVE: Until now, few clinical studies have reported on the association between the indexes of body fat distribution and serum ferritin, an indicator of body iron stores and a putative risk factor for insulin resistance. We investigated the association between serum ferritin concentrations and the indexes of distribution of adipose tissues in the body, such as the visceral fat area (VFA), the subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and the hepatic fat content in Japanese subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 248 Japanese subjects (127 men and 121 postmenopausal women aged 57.8 +/- 13.9 years, BMI 25.7 +/- 4.6 kg/m2; 140 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 108 nondiabetic subjects) were evaluated. Subjects with a history of alcohol intake were excluded from the study. We measured body height, body weight, and serum ferritin, as well as fasting plasma glucose and plasma insulin concentrations. We estimated insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment. The fat distribution was evaluated by measuring the VFA and SFA by abdominal computed tomography at the umbilical level. To assess the hepatic fat content, the ratio of the computed tomography attenuation value of the liver to that of the spleen was calculated. RESULTS: Serum ferritin was significantly correlated with the various indexes of adiposity examined, such as the hepatic fat content (r = -0.280, P < 0.0001), VFA (r = 0.254, P < 0.0001), SFA (r = 0.231, P = 0.0005), and homeostasis model assessment (r = 0.286, P = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to directly demonstrate an association between serum ferritin and VFA and SFA. The results of this study suggest that the serum ferritin concentration may be a useful indicator of systemic fat content and degree of insulin resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Influence of intestinal resection, type of dietary fat and time on the digestive and metabolic utilization of fat in rats.

The influence of diets containing different types of fat (olive oil or a mixture of 1/3 medium chain triglycerides, 1/3 sunflower seed oil and 1/3 olive oil), and the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid, an exogenous bile acid, on the digestive and metabolic utilization of fat and on the relative percentages of fatty acids in serum in adult rats with 50% distal small intestinal resection and in sham-operated controls three months after surgery has been studied. In resected rats given olive oil as the dietary source of fat, the digestive utilization of fat decreased with respect to controls. Substitution of 1/3 medium chain triglycerides and 1/3 sunflower seed oil for 2/3 of the dietary fat source improved the digestive utilization of fat as judged from the apparent digestibility coefficient, and this improvement was maintained when ursodeoxycholic acid was added to the diet. With both sources of dietary fat tested, intestinal resection led to a decrease in serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. However, no significant differences were observed between resected animals fed either type of diet and controls with respect to the relative percentages of fatty acids in serum, saturated and insaturated fatty acid indices or omega 3/omega 6 ratio. The fatty acid profile in serum revealed no deficit in essential fatty acids caused by intestinal resection, type of diet or time, but did reflect clearly the source of dietary fat.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Questions to the supply of young infants with fat and fatty acids. II. Fat content and fatty acid pattern in milk formulae for healthy infants in the first 6 months of life.

The fat content and the fatty acid pattern were analyzed in 30 commercially prepared milk formulae for healthy infants in the fisrt 6 months of life. We found an average fat content of 3.4 g or 3.6 g/100 ml in "partly adapted" and "adapted" milk formulae, between 1.4 g and 3.3 g/100 ml in "not defined" milk formulae. We regard a fat content lower than 3.0 g/100 ml and more than 4.0 g/100 ml as not advisable. In most milk formulae the ratio of saturated: unsaturated fatty acids is similar to the ratio in human milk fat. This ratio is obtained from a mixture of cow's milk fat with vegetable oils or by a mixture of various vegetable fats. The difference in the fatty acid pattern between the milk formulae and the fatty acid pattern in mature human milk are demonstrated and discussed. The tolerance of milk formulae for young infants is not influenced in an unfavorable manner by butyic acid. A high portion of lauric acid in mild formulae seems undesirable. The importance of the position of palmitic acid in the triglycerides of milk formulae for infants is discussed, and it is referred to the advantage of a mixture of cow's milk fat with vegetable fats. A linoleic acid content of 3 kcal% in the minimum and 7 kcal% in the maximum in milk formulae for infants is regarded as advisable.

Animals↗