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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Interspecies correlation estimates predict protective environmental concentrations.

Environmental risk assessments often use multiple single species toxicity test results and species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) to derive a predicted no-effect concentration in the environment, typically the 5th percentile of the SSD, termed the HC5. The shape and location of the distribution are best known when populated with numerous toxicity values. To help overcome the cost of multiple toxicity tests, we explored the potential of the U.S. EPA's Interspecies Correlation Estimation (ICE) program to predict single species toxicity values from a single known toxicity value. ICE uses the initial toxicity estimate for one species to produce correlation toxicity values for multiple species, which can be used to develop SSD and HC5. To test this approach to deriving HC5, we generated toxicity values based on measured toxicity values for three surrogate species Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow), Onchorynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout), and Daphnia magna (water flea). Algal taxa were not used due to the paucity of high quality algal-aquatic invertebrate and algal-fish correlations. The compounds used (dodecyl linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS), nonylphenol, fenvalerate, atrazine, and copper) have multiple measured toxicity values and diverse modes of action and toxicities. Distribution parameters and HC5 values from the measured toxicity values were compared with ICE predicted distributions and HC5 values. While distributional parameters (scale and intercept) differed between measured and predicted distributions, in general, the ICE-based SSDs had HC5 values that were within an order of magnitude of the measured HC5 values. Examination of species placements within the SSDs indicated that the most sensitive species were coldwater species (e.g., salmonids and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus). These results raise the potential of using quantitative structure activity models to estimate HC5s.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

An analysis of glyphosate data from the California Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program.

Glyphosate is among the pesticides most frequently reported to the California EPA Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program. We analyzed glyphosate-related calls to the Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program in order to assess the number of reports involving systemic symptoms and to better understand the nature and severity of reported cases. Data on glyphosate and other pesticides are available for the years 1982-1997 including: type of exposure (agricultural/other); target organ(s) affected (skin/eye/respiratory/systemic); exposure(s); an assessment of causal relationship (possible, probable, or definite); and limited medical text. Of 815 total glyphosate calls, most involved topical irritation of the eye (n = 399), skin (n = 250), upper airway (n = 7), or combinations of these sites (n = 32) without systemic symptoms. Of the 187 systemic cases, only 22 had symptoms recorded as probably or definitely related to glyphosate exposure alone. The reported symptoms were not severe, expected to be limited in duration, and frequently inconsistent with the route of exposure and/or previous experience with glyphosate. We conclude that call volume is not a reliable indicator of the actual incidence or severity of glyphosate-related incidents in California.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Association between malignant tumors of the thyroid gland and exposure to environmental protective and risk factors.

Risk factors for thyroid carcinomas and adenomas were investigated using a standard questionnaire in a case-control study in Southwestern Germany, a known iodine deficiency area. A clinical registry, set up after the Chernobyl accident at the University hospital Mannheim, served as the basis for 174 incident cases of each diagnostic group. Interview data were compared within and with prevalences from a population-based matched control group of equal size from the entire area. The protective role of coffee drinking and the consumption of cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, were confirmed for both genders. A high consumption of tomatoes (> 200/year) was associated with an elevated risk of > 2.5 for malignant tumors but not for benign tumors in both genders. In both genders, both treatment for goiter (hyperthyroidism) and decaffeinated coffee consumption were associated with an increased risk for malignant tumors, but less so for adenomas. In women, early menarche (< 13 years) and stillbirth after first pregnancy, as well as hysterectomy, were substantial risk factors. Occupational variables and radiation, including medical indications and mammography, did not reveal particular risks. We did not address the role of regular iodine substitution, but did analyze the consumption of freshwater fish and seafood. Multivariate analyses of the most prominent risk factors confirmed the persistence of tomato consumption as a risk factor. In view of experimental evidence on the carcinogenicity of organophosphates and the neurotoxicant effect of certain agrochemicals on neuroendocrinologically regulated organs, we postulate that in Germany, importing off-season tomatoes from areas with a known history of possible inexperienced use of agrochemicals may be associated with a promoting effect for malignant neoplasias of the thyroid gland in terms of promoting already existent proliferating tissue growth.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed2005

[Professional training in biology: its relationships with animal experimentation and environmental protection].

With reference to the controversy regarding animal experimentation, this article questions the relationship with the professional training in universities. The considerations voiced in the paper are based on data gathered from interviews with students and professors of Biological Science courses at two different universities in São Paulo. These data reveal that the use of animals is not seen as an ethical problem by most of the people interviewed and, also, that there exists a high degree of unfamiliarity with the laws, principles and techniques recommended for animal experimentation. It is also suggested that this situation springs from a class orientation and predominance of a technician tendency geared toward professionalization, which in turn is subordinated to market demands, in university teaching.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1980

Environmental Protection Agency--Hazardous waste and consolidated permit regulations, Parts X-XI. Final rule.

This rule establishes consolidated permit program requirements governing the Hazardous Waste Management program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Underground Injection Control (UIC) program under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program and State Dredge on Fill ("404") programs under the Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program under the Clean Air Act, for three primary purposes: (1) To consolidate program requirements for the RCRA and UIC programs with those already established for the NPDES program. (2) To establish requirements for State programs under the RCRA, UIC, and Section 404 programs. (3) To consolidate permit issuance procedures for EPA-issued Prevention of Significant Deterioration permits under the Clean Air Act with those for the RCRA, UIC, and NPDES programs.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed1999

Avermectin; pesticide tolerances for emergency exemptions. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Final rule.

This regulation establishes a time-limited tolerance for combined residues of avermectin in or on avocado. This action is in response to EPA's granting of an emergency exemption under section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act authorizing use of the pesticide on avocado. This regulation establishes a maximum permissible level for residues of avermectin B1 and its delta-8,9-isomer in this food commodity pursuant to section 408(1)(6) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. The tolerance will expire and is revoked on September 30, 2000.

Food Contamination↗