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PubMed1990

A comparison of seven microbiological sampling procedures for hard-cooked eggs.

Seven microbiological sampling methods for hard-cooked eggs were evaluated and compared. Fresh eggs within 24 h of oviposition were cooked at 98 C for 22 min in water and then cooled in 31 C water. Eggs were dipped for 10 min in a physiological saline solution (.85% saline) 10 C cooler than the eggs and containing known numbers of bacteria. Eggs were then stored for 4 days at 6 C and sampled using one of seven rinse or blend procedures on whole eggs, shell, shelled egg contents, or shelled egg contents plus shell. Highest recoveries were made from the peeled egg plus shell rinse, shell rinse, whole egg blend, and shell blend. Lowest recoveries were found with the whole egg rinse, the peeled egg rinse, and the peeled egg blend. These results indicate that significant numbers of organisms are associated with the inner and outer shell surfaces as well as the egg contents surface (albumen). Satisfactory recoveries can be made with the peeled egg plus shell rinse or the whole egg blend. Whole egg rinsing of hard-cooked eggs does not appear to be satisfactory.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1976

The effect of pharmacological levels of dietary vanadium on the egg production, shell thickness and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens and coturnix.

The addition of 100 p.p.m. of vanadium to a ration for White Leghorn laying hens caused a significant increase (p less than 0.01) in the egg shell thickness, but did not cause any significant change in the production, egg weight or egg ypok cholesterol content. The addition of 300 p.p.m. of vanadium caused a severe depression in the egg production which was the only symptom of vanadium toxicity to be observed. The addition of 50, 100, 200 or 300 p.p.m. vanadium to the ration of laying coturnix did not cause any significant change in egg production, egg weight, or egg yolk cholesterol content. The addition of the same levels of vanadium to one-day old male coturnix chicks did not cause any significant growth depression or mortality. We suggest that coturnix may be more resistant to vanadium toxicity than chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Phosphorus phase feeding and uterine and isthmus mucosal enzymes and minerals in relation to soft-shelled and shell-less egg production.

The relationships among phosphorus phase feeding, egg shell quality, and the activities and concentrations of several enzymes and minerals in the uterine and isthmus mucosae of hens at the time of oviposition were investigated. During the first 8 months of production (Phase 1), layer diets contained .3, .5, or .7% available phosphorus. Between 9 and 12 months of production (Phase 2), dietary available phosphorus was either increased or decreased by .2% phosphorus, or was left unchanged. No significant differences due to Phase 1 diets were demonstrated for hard-shelled (HS), soft-shelled (SS), or shell-less (SL) egg production, livability, egg weight, or specific gravity. Phase 2 diets had no significant effect on SS or SL egg production, livability, or egg specific gravity; however, decreasing dietary phosphorus reduced egg weight. Levels as high as .9% had no effect on specific gravity or HS egg production, while .1% dietary phosphorus was detrimental to HS egg production and feed consumption. No significant differences due to dietary available phosphorus or egg type (SS vs. HS) were demonstrated for uterine or isthmus mucosal enzyme activities or mineral contents, with one exception. Higher inorganic phosphorus concentrations were found in the uterus of HS egg layers when compared to levels in the uterus of SS egg layers and the isthmus of HS and SS egg layers. Acid phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activities, and total calcium levels were significantly higher in the isthmus than the uterus, while alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities, and inorganic phosphorus levels were significantly higher in the uterus than the isthmus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

Microbial health risk posed by table eggs in Trinidad.

A survey of the microbial quality of table eggs sold in Trinidad was conducted. For 23 poultry layer farms each visited twice approximately 1 month apart, 25 pooled eggs constituted a composite sample, for 14 shopping malls each visited twice approximately 1 month apart, six pooled eggs made a composite sample and for a total of 102 other retailers across the country each visited once over a 4-month period, six pooled eggs constituted a composite sample. Swabs of egg shells and egg content were tested for selected bacteria. Twenty-four (13.0%), 68 (37.0%), and two (1.1%) of a total of 184 composite eggs (shells, egg content or both) sampled were positive for Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter respectively. All 184 samples tested were negative for Listeria spp. Salmonella was recovered from seven (3.8%) egg shell samples only compared with 14 (7.6%) egg content samples only positive for the pathogen. Fifty-two (28.3%) egg shell samples and seven (3.8%) egg content samples were positive for E. coli. Both isolates of Campylobacter coli originated from egg contents. Of a total of 24 composite egg samples positive for Salmonella, eight different serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from a total of 24 Salmonella-positive composite eggs of which S. Enteritidis was the most prevalent, 58.3% (14/24). Salmonella Georgia was isolated for the first time in Trinidad. Failure to properly handle or heat table eggs sold in Trinidad poses a potential health hazard to consumers because of their poor microbial quality.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of lead in 55 brands of dietary calcium supplements by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion.

The lead (Pb) contents of calcium (Ca) supplements available in Korea were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using Zeeman background correction and peak area mode. All samples were microwave-digested in concentrated HNO(3). Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium nitrate were used as matrix modifiers. Fifty-five brands of Ca supplements were classified into seven categories based on the major composite: bone, milk, oyster/clam shell, egg shell, algae, shark cartilage and chelated. The mean Pb contents of Ca supplements were 1.1 microg g(-1) (coefficient of variation 5.7%), ranging from n.d. (not detected) to 6.7 microg g(-1). Ca supplements made of bone have the highest Pb contents (2.3 microg g(-1)) with a wide range (0.1-6.7 microg g(-1)). The results were similar to those reported in other countries. The mean daily intakes of Pb from the supplement could be about 5 microg (mean Pb concentration 1.1 microg g(-1) x mean daily intake 4.5 g) taking 2% of provisional tolerable daily intake that the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee has set to evaluate its safety. However, measures to prevent potentials of Pb toxicity from overtaking some Ca supplements should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Detection of salmonellae in hen eggs in Thailand.

Two thousand four hundred and ninety eggs were collected from retail markets in 6 provinces and from laying hen farms in 3 provinces. Eggs were pooled in groups of 3 to obtain 830 samples for testing. Isolation of salmonellae was made from both egg shell and egg contents. Eggs from retail markets were contaminated with salmonellae on egg shells (13.2%) and in egg contents (3.9%). Three (0.4%) samples yield positive both on egg shells and in egg contents. Of the 86 samples from laying hen farms, salmonellae were found on egg shells and in egg contents, 3.5% and 1.2%, respectively. From the 134 strains tested, twenty-four serotypes were confirmed. Salmonella cerro, S. amsterdam and S. typhimurium were predominantly encountered, 4.8%, 4.3% and 1.4%, respectively. Only two samples were contaminated with S. enteritidis, one each from open market and laying hen farm, one on egg shells and the other in egg content respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Automated detection of Salmonella spp. in foods.

An automated method to detect salmonellae in foods was developed and tested in food samples intentionally contaminated with the test organisms. Liquid eggs, shell eggs, dry eggs, skim milk and chicken were spiked with Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhimurium or S. newport to yield 2 to 25 CFU per 25 g or ml of sample. Following pre-enrichment in universal pre-enrichment broth at 42 degrees C for 6 h (eggs and milk) or 16 h (chicken), Salmonella cells were captured by immunomagnetic beads coated with Salmonella antibody (Vicam, Watertown, MA). The beads were transferred to selective liquid media containing carbohydrate (dulcitol or xylose), amino acid (lysine or ornithine), and H2S indicator, and incubated at 42 degrees C in the BioSys instrument (MicroSys, Ann Arbor, MI). Salmonella positive samples were identified by black discoloration of the media during incubation, while negative samples remained colorless. These color changes were recorded by the instrument. All the artificially contaminated samples tested positive within 15-18 h, while control samples remained negative during 24 h incubation. The results agreed with standard identification procedures. A total of 24 h was required to detect 2 to 25 CFU of the pathogen in 25 g or ml of eggs and milk, and up to 36 h in chicken, compared to 72 h in the standard methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mercury, cadmium and arsenic contents of calcium dietary supplements.

The cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) contents of calcium (Ca) supplements available on the Korean market were determined by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer using Zeeman background correction and peak area mode after microwave digestion. The mercury (Hg) content of the supplements was measured using an Hg analyser. Recoveries ranged from 92 to 98% for Hg, Cd and As analyses. Fifty-five brands of Ca supplements were classified into seven categories based on the major composite: bone, milk, oyster/clam shell, egg shell, algae, shark cartilage and chelated. The means of Hg, Cd and As in Ca supplements were 0.01, 0.02, and 0.48 mg kg(-1), respectively. Ca supplements made of shark cartilage had the highest means of Hg (0.06 mg kg(-1)) and Cd (0.13 mg kg(-1)). The mean daily intakes of Hg and Cd from the supplement were estimated as about 0.1-0.2 microg, with both contributing less than 0.4% of provisional tolerable daily intakes set by the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Investigation of survival time of some poultry mycoplasmas.

Glucose-fermenting poultry mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma [M.] gallisepticum, M. pullorum, M. gallinaceum, M. gallopavonis) were tested in 2 experiments for their survival time at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C on 18 different materials used on farms and in hatcheries. All mycoplasmas survived up to 16 days in egg yolk at both temperatures. On other materials, like egg shell, egg white, paper trails, feather, and others mycoplasmas generally survived 2 to 16 days at 20 degrees C. M. gallinaceum and M. gallopavonis proved more resistant to the environment than M. gallisepticum and M. pullorum.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus content of shells from hatching and nonhatching turkey eggs.

Shells of hatching and nonhatching Large White turkey eggs were examined for magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus content. Eggshells containing embryos that hatched contained significantly (P less than .05) more magnesium than shells from nonhatching eggs. No differences were seen in their calcium content. Eggshells from pipped eggs contained significantly (P less than .05) more phosphorus than shells from eggs that were not pipped or those that hatched. Calcium and magnesium in turkey eggshells declined as time in lay increased. Injections of exogenous magnesium both at setting and transfer significantly (P less than .05) depressed hatchability, whereas exogenous calcium injected at transfer significantly (P less than .05) improved hatchability. Injections of exogenous calcium at the time of setting significantly (P less than .05) depressed hatchability. It was concluded that the mineral content of turkey eggshells may influence embryo physiology and hatchability.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Incidence of salmonellae in duck eggs in Thailand.

Detection of salmonellae was performed on egg shells and egg contents of duck eggs. Five hundred and sixty-four tested samples were came from 1,128 eggs, 2 eggs in each sample. Eggs were collected from retail markets in Bangkok, Chon Buri, Chachoengsao, Lop Buri, Ang Thong and Nakhon Ratchasima provinces during January through June 1992. The percentage of salmonellae contamination on the egg shells only, egg contents only and both shells and contents were 12.4%, 11% and 0.2%, respectively. Twenty three serotypes were identified from the 133 salmonellae isolates. The common serotypes found from duck eggs were Salmonella typhimurium, S. cerro, S. tennessee, S. amsterdam, S. agona and S. infantis accounting for 5.5%, 4.1%, 2.8%, 2.1%, 1.4% and 1.1%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of L-carnitine and humate in laying quail diets.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of using L-carnitine and humate alone or in combination in quail diets on laying performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 280 Japanese quails aged 10 weeks, divided into one control group and three treatment groups, were used. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 100 mg L-carnitine/kg, 1.5 g humate (Farmagülatör Dry Plus)/kg and 100 mg L-camitine + 1.5 g humate/kg, respectively. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks. The addition of L-carnitine and sodium humate alone or in combination did not significantly affect body weight, feed consumption, egg production, feed conversion ratio, mortality, egg-shell thickness, egg yolk index and the percentages of egg-shell, albumen and yolk. Egg weight increased (P < 0.001) with L-carnitine supplementation. The values of egg albumen height (P < 0.05), egg albumen index (P < 0.01) and egg Haugh unit (P < 0.05) were increased with humate supplementation. Egg cholesterol content and blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of L-carnitine with or without humate. The results in this study demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation increased egg weight while humate addition increased egg albumen index and egg Haugh unit of laying quails. However, the combined administration of L-carnitine and humate did not have any significant effects on the parameters measured.

Animal Feed↗