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PubMed1989

The health of adolescents: beliefs and behaviour.

Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood in which interlocking changes in the body, mind and social relationship take place. Healthy development depends on both a propitious environment and the action of adolescents themselves. A stable family, peace, material conditions for physical health, and educational, social and vocational opportunities with a chance to make use of them before marriage, are necessary environment conditions. However, within this context the adolescent must experiment with new behaviours and relationships inevitably courting some risks. Adolescent health is especially linked to behaviour. If the environment is inadequate or dangerous and the adolescent lacks self-esteem, behaviours dangerous to health are more likely to occur. These include: precocious and unprotected sexual behaviour sometimes resulting in too early or unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases; the use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs; injuries arising accidentally from risk taking behaviours especially when combined with alcohol or drugs; intentional injury whether self-inflicted or inflicted by others; and poor eating and habits of hygiene leading to obesity, or emaciation, acne and poor teeth and gums. Adolescent behaviour is often governed by their beliefs about what others think. Two way communication in a trusting atmosphere will reduce myths and misinformation and encourage healthy behaviour. The promotion of health, the prevention of problems, and their treatment and rehabilitation when they arise can best be accomplished with the active co-operation of young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Subchronic toxicity of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in Wistar rats.

The subchronic (14-18 wk) toxicity of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), a mutagenic by-product in chlorinated drinking water, was evaluated in Wistar rats. In a range-finding study, MX was administered daily for 14 days by gavage in deionized water to male rats (five animals per group) at doses of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight. The doses above 50 mg/kg were lethal and three out of five animals also died during treatment at 50 mg/kg. The range-finding study was repeated with doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg MX/kg, given on 5 days a week, to both males and females (10 animals per group). These doses were not overtly toxic but caused several changes in plasma clinical chemistry at 10 and 20 mg MX/kg in comparison with the controls. These included increased urea, creatinine and bilirubin and decreased inorganic phosphate and potassium in females and increased cholesterol in males. In the subchronic toxicity study, rats (15 per group, were given MX by gavage, on 5 days a week, at doses of 0 (controls) or 30 md/kg (low dose) for 18 wk, or, in the high-dose group, at doses increasing from 45 to 75 mg/kg over 14 wk. The high dose was finally lethal (two males and one female died) and caused hypersalivation, wheezing respiration, emaciation and tangled fur in animals. The body weights of the high-dose males decreased by 15%, and food consumption was decreased by 15 to 20%, but the water consumption increased by 15% to 60%. Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were elevated and urine excretion was increased. Urine specific gravity was decreased and the relative weights of the liver and kidneys were increased in both sexes at both doses in comparison with the controls. At both doses, duodenal hyperplasia occurred in males and females, and slight focal epithelial hyperplasia in the forestomach was observed in males. Splenic atrophy and haemosiderosis were seen in two high-dose females, and epithelial cell atypia in the urinary bladder of one high-dose male and female. The frequency of bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei was slightly increased in low-dose males. The results indicate that repeated administration of MX disturbs the fluid-electrolyte balance and induces diuresis, causes mucosal hyperplasia in the gastro-intestinal tract as a local effect, and affects lipid metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Clioquinol toxicity in the dog.

A number of instances have been reported in the scientific literature in which acute intoxication with halogenated oxyquinolines has led in some species to convlusions, often followed by death. The toxicity of repeated doses of clioquinol has been investigated extensively in the dog. The clinical syndrome induced in this species is characterized by anorexia, weight loss, extremem muscle weakness and emaciation. In some animals surviving this impairment of condition for several weeks, neuropathy of the central nervous system, but not of the peripheral nerves ensued. It is suggested that these toxicological manifestations are less dependent on the dose-level than on the degree of absorption. Some suggestions regarding the aetiology of the lesions are made.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Toxicological evaluation of arsenic in edible seaweed, Hizikia species.

Young male Wistar rats were fed with chows containing marketed Hizikia preparation. Hizikia-arsenic could be absorbed at the rate comparable to arsenic trioxide, and accumulated primarily in blood. Intake and excretion of arsenic from Hizikia-diet reached a steady state within 4 days of administration as was the case of arsenic trioxide. Biological half-life in blood and urine was also essentially the same in the 2 groups. Rats kept for 3 weeks on the chows containing up to 20% Hizikia did not show significant growth retardation as compared with the controls, while those on 50% Hizikia-diet were markedly emaciated. In a 38-week feeding experiment, 4 groups of rats were given 20% Hizikia-diets made from various Hizikia preparations (final arsenic concentrations; 9, 16, 21 and 21 ppm, respectively). For positive controls, 2 groups were given arsenic trioxide diets (24 and 50 ppm as arsenic). Growth retardation was minimum both in Hizikia and arsenic groups with no relation to the arsenic dose. Changes in hematology, blood biochemistry and pathology of major organs and skin were also essentially negative in all groups. The maximum no-effect level observed in the present study was compared with the possible amount of arsenic taken via seaweed in mankind.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

Haematological and biochemical changes in cattle poisoned by Gnidia latifolia syn. Lasiosiphon latifolius (Thymelaeaceae).

Haematological and serum biochemical examinations were carried out on 12 high grade bull calves fed Gnidia latifolia (Meisn). This resulted in lymphocytopaenia, increased blood urea nitrogen and lactate dehydrogenase. There were no changes in the red blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, aspartate amino transferase, creatine phosphokinase and alkaline phosphatase. There was also no change in serum protein concentration. Post-mortem changes in the acutely intoxicated calves included petechial haemorrhages of the epicardium and submucosa of the rumen, abomasum and the intestines. The chronic cases showed a generalized emaciation with gelatinous atrophy of the body fat and accumulation of excess fluid in the body cavities. The lymph nodes and spleen showed lymphocytic degeneration with cellular depletion in the follicles. There were extensive liver fibroses in the chronic cases.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats after single oral administration.

Five male and female rats per dose-group received 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TBDD) once on the first day of the study. Doses of 10, 33, 100, or 300 micrograms 2,3,7,8-TBDD/kg body wt. and the vehicle control were administered by gavage. About 20% of 2,3,7,8-TBDD was excreted via feces. Severe body weight retardation was observed in the 100 and 300 micrograms/kg dose-groups. Most animals in the 300 micrograms/kg dose-group and the females receiving 100 micrograms/kg showed emaciation, rough coat and a poor health (wasting syndrome). Of the animals dosed with 300 micrograms/kg, 3 males and all females died. After 100 micrograms 2,3,7,8-TBDD/kg 3 females died. Measured 4 weeks after dosing, triiodothyronine (T3) was increased and thyroxin (T4) was reduced dose dependently in serum. A dose-dependent decrease in thymus weights was observed at necropsy and histological examinations showed that thymus and spleen were depleted of mature lymphocytes. An increase in liver-to-body weight ratio was observed in all dose-groups. The histological examination revealed hypertrophy of centrilobular hepatocytes in the liver of animals treated with 100 micrograms/kg, which was less severe at the 33 micrograms/kg dose. Hypertrophic hepatocytes were also detected in some animals at the lowest dose. Induction of enzyme activities of the mixed function oxidases ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in liver tissue differed for each of the three enzymes. Two days after administration, enzyme activities were increased but did not differ substantially between dose-groups. Twenty-eight days after dosing the increase in activity after 10 micrograms/kg was largest and the EROD of the 100 micrograms/kg dose-group in females was close to that of the control. This inverse dose-response relationship may be due to impaired liver cell function at higher doses.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The death of children following negligence: social aspects.

Although the figure of unreported cases of neglected children is much higher than that of physical ill-treatment of children, neglect has rarely received attention, in most cases only when traces of physical ill-treatment were proven at the same time. Symptomatic are in the first place intense emaciation as well as dry puckered, scaly and extremely dirty skin, lack of subcutaneous fatty tissue and of Bichat's fat pad, matted hair, aged face, sunken eyes, and eczema from urine with ulcerations in the buttock and thigh regions. In addition one finds signs of localized hypothermia or rickets. My own observations cover 54 cases in which neglect and malnutrition have caused the death of the children involved. All the children had been living in extremely bad social conditions. The backgrounds of the children's mothers were also socially poor. Most of the mothers were too young to fulfill their duties. The fathers, where known, were alcoholics, unwilling to work and seldom cared for their family. They too were often too young to cope with their role as father. In this day and age, which has provided us with a much better understanding of the importance of the early development of the child for its later social attitude, mothers with all their problems and difficulties should not be left on their own. Motherlike behaviour is not necessarily programmed with the birth of a child. Mother duties must be learned as early as possible. This process should begin during pregnancy at the latest. A few proposals will be made.

Child Welfare↗
PubMed1988

Some effects of water deprivation on dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) in the Sudan.

1. The effects of dehydration for 10 days and subsequent rehydration for 2 days on some physiological and biochemical parameters were studied in the Dorcas gazelle. 2. At the end of the 10 days of dehydration, feed intake and body weight were decreased by 42 and 29% of the control values, respectively. Rehydration restored most of the loss in feed intake and body weight. 3. Dehydration decreased the water content in the faeces of the gazelles by 41%. Rehydration restored 36% of the lost faecal water. Urine volume in dehydrated animals decreased by 66%, an effect which was readily reversed by rehydration. 4. Blood haemoglobin of dehydrated gazelles decreased by 22% but this effect was not reversed by rehydration for 2 days. 5. Dehydration for 10 days decreased the concentration of serum glucose by 34% and increased that of urea and albumin by 34 and 18%, respectively. Dehydration for 2 days reversed these effects completely. 6. The serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were increased by dehydration by 23, 44 and 18% respectively. After 2 days of rehydration the values returned to normal. 7. No change in the heart rate, pulse or temperature was found during the dehydration period. 8. The gazelles survived the 10 days of dehydration, although they tended to be drowsy, weak and emaciated during the last 2 days of dehydration. The animals appeared normal after rehydration.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Clinical and pathologic features of experimental Schistosoma japonicum infection in pigs.

Nine piglets, 2-5 months old and weighing 12-15 kg were infected percutaneously with 5000 to 6000 cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum. Three similar piglets which were not infected served as controls. Infected animals were necropsied at 5, 10, 30, 40, 59, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days post-infection (PI) and the controls at 5, 60 and 180 days PI. The prepatent period varied from 27 to 33 days after infection. Clinical signs observed, coincident with egg production, were loss of appetite, lethargy, pallor of mucous membranes, diarrhea, progressive emaciation and dehydration. One piglet was moribund when killed for necropsy at 40 days and another piglet died 59 days PI. Pathological changes induced by S. japonicum included erythematous papules on the site of inoculation, petechial hemorrhages in the lungs, catarrhal to hemorrhagic enteritis, bluish-gray discoloration of the liver, and egg granulomas in the liver, lungs, spleen, intestines, pancreas and mesenteric lymph nodes. Endophlebitis with intimal hyperplasia was occasionally observed in veins harboring adult schistosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Experimental Sarcocystis levinei infection in buffalo calves.

Six buffalo calves were orally inoculated with 3 graded doses of sporocysts of Sarcocystis levinei (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 million sporocysts; 2 calves for each dose) while two more calves were kept as uninoculated controls. One calf from each group was killed at 30 days post infection (DPI) and the other at 80 DPI. Inoculated calves showed a dose dependent response. The calves inoculated with 0.5 and 1.0 million sporocysts did not manifest any clinical signs of disease up to 80 DPI. One of the two calves inoculated with 2.0 million sporocysts showed clinical signs of weakness, emaciation and anaemia during the 5th week post infection. The other calf remained healthy until it was killed at 30 DPI. Pale liver tissue, gelatinization of fat and haemorrhages in the heart were observed in one calf inoculated with 2.0 million sporocysts; only microscopic lesions were seen in other calves. Schizonts and merozoites were not observed in any calf. Mature sarcocysts were observed in cardiac and skeletal muscle of calves killed at 80 DPI whereas no sarcocysts were seen in calves killed at 30 DPI.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effect of pregnancy on clinical manifestation of bovine trypanosomiasis.

Four groups of non-pregnant, first second and third trimester pregnant Zebu heifers were used to study and compare the clinical manifestations of Trypanosoma vivax infection. All the infected heifers developed clinical trypanosomiasis manifested by massive parasitaemia, fluctuating pyrexia, anaemia, dull hair coat, emaciation, jugular pulse and enlarged superficial lymph nodes. There were group variations in the severity of signs shown. Infected non-pregnant heifers and heifers in the third trimester of pregnancy developed a more severe form of the disease than pregnant heifers in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Streptococcus bovis infections in pigeons: virulence of different serotypes.

In a first experiment, the relative virulence for pigeons of 5 strains of S. bovis was assessed by experimental inoculations. Two S. bovis serotype 1 strains, one serotype 2 strain and two serotype 3 strains were examined. One of the serotype 1 strains and the serotype 2 strain were isolated from pigeons that died from septicaemia. The other strains were isolated from cloaca samples of healthy pigeons. For each strain, 10-20 pigeons were intravenously inoculated with 1 x 10(9) CFU. Morbidity after infection with the serotype 1 and 2 strains varied between 75% and 90%. Disease signs included inability to fly, lameness, emaciation, production of slimy, green droppings, polyuria and sudden death. In groups of pigeons inoculated with the serotype 3 strains, morbidity was 0% and 6%, respectively. Results demonstrate that serotype 3 strains are less virulent for pigeons than serotype 1 and 2 strains. In a second experiment, bacteriological and histological examinations were performed on organs of pigeons serially killed between 1 and 10 days after experimental inoculation with an S. bovis serotype 3 strain of low virulence. Results were compared with results of studies carried out with a highly virulent serotype 1 strain. Notwithstanding bacterial spread and replication in various organs of inoculated pigeons, clinical disease was not observed and histological lesions were scarce and of limited extent.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Postmortem interval estimation from body temperature data only.

One of the most consistently used methods of postmortem interval estimation (PMIE) is by means of body temperature measurements. Several variations of this method exist, from simple 'rules of the thumb' to quite complex equations requiring a knowledge of body mass and height. All of these methods employ a certain degree of approximation and perhaps the use of standard values and tables, and all of them are susceptible to some degree of error. The present study, at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Leeds, was initiated by the Home Office to investigate the extent of the errors which might be encountered in the use of these methods, and to devise a more simple and accurate method. The method devised is called the time-dependent-z equation, for purely theoretical reasons. It will be referred to as the TDZE method. The TDZE method requires the measurement of two rectal temperatures, about 1 h apart, a little mental arithmetic and reference to a single standard curve. The method is valid for all bodies, obese or emaciated, clothed or naked, in all environmental conditions, without modification. Results of the use of the method on data collected from 67 coroner's cases compare favourably with the results obtained by the use of other methods on the same data.

Body Temperature↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brain tumors and anorexia nervosa syndrome.

This review presents 21 cases, found in the literature, of a CNS lesion (a tumor in 19 of them) associated with emaciation, anorexia and several psychic symptoms that had led to the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN). Anorexia and psychic disturbances preceded the neurologic signs and/or the correct diagnosis in all patients (by a mean of 2.9 years, range = 0.2-17 years). Anorexia had begun before the age of 25 years in 18 patients of which two-thirds were females. Only a few cases fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria for AN; the majority could be characterized as 'atypical AN'. Although AN is usually conceived as a primarily psychogenic disorder, structural lesions of the hypothalamus (or other sites involved in food regulation) in animal models and in these human cases mimic many features of AN, suggesting the possibility of an as yet unidentified structural hypothalamic disorder to be implicated in the etiopathogeny of AN. The unusually high incidence of germ-cell tumors in this review (33%) suggests that they are more likely than other tumors to influence the limbic system toward an anorectic syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Left ventricular enlargement.

UNLABELLED: Electrophysiology/Characteristics/Morphology: Increased duration of QRS interval, delay of intrinsicoid deflection, and increased QRS voltage tend to occur. "Strain" refers to T-wave inversion with depressed upwardly convex ST segments in the setting of LVE. Leftward axis is common, but not always found with LVE. EKG diagnosis: See Romhilt-Estes Scoring System outlined in Table 1. Conditions impairing diagnosis: asymmetrical septal hypertrophy, prior MI, CHF, pericardial or pleural effusions, anasarca, pulmonary emphysema, RBBB, LBBB, obesity, concomitant right ventricular enlargement. False positive diagnosis can occur in children and young adults, or in patients who are emaciated or have a slender body build. SIGNIFICANCE: Hypertension is the most common cause. New onset or increasing strain pattern may signify LV dilatation and failure, or myocardial ischemia, and warrants careful evaluation. TREATMENT: As per underlying cause.

Cardiomegaly↗
PubMed1989

Endogenous opioid suppression of release of luteinizing hormone during suckling in postpartum anestrous beef cows.

Beef cows were used to determine if suckling influences release of LH via endogenous opioids at 28 +/- 4 d after parturition. Cows of similar weight and body condition (6.8 +/- .1, 1 = emaciated, 9 = obese) were assigned randomly to five groups (n = 6 to 7): 1) control-suckled/saline (suckled 15 min every 6 hr for 48 hr); 2) control-suckled/naloxone; 3) calf-removal/saline (calf removal for 52 hr); 4) calf-removal/naloxone; and 5) control-suckled/GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone). At 0 hr, saline was administered to all cows. This treatment was continued at 6 hr intervals for 24 hr. Either naloxone (0.5 mg/kg), GnRH (40 ng/kg) or saline was administered to cows in their respective groups every 6 hr during the ensuing 24-hr period in calf-removal groups, or immediately preceding each suckling episode in the control-suckled groups. Blood samples for analysis of luteinizing hormone (LH) were collected at 15-min intervals for 1 hr prior to and 3 hr after treatment at 0, 24, 36 and 48 hr. Cows were observed for estrus twice daily. All cows in the control-suckled/GnRH group released LH (P less than .05) in response to exogenous GnRH, indicating the presence of releasable quantities of the gonadotropin. Mean concentrations of LH were not effected (P greater than .05) by the control-suckled regime. However, calf-removal alone, or in combination with naloxone, increased (P less than .05) mean concentrations of LH by 48 hr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anestrus↗
PubMed1992

GnRH in the infundibular stalk-median eminence is related to percentage body fat in carcasses of beef cows.

Mature Hereford cows (n = 28) were used to determine the effect of percentage body fat on secretion of LH and content of GnRH in the infundibular stalk-median eminence (ISME). Cows were fed to maintain, lose, or gain weight to achieve body condition scores (BCS; 1 = emaciated; 9 = obese) of 3 to 7. Then cows were fed to maintain weight and body condition. Before slaughter, estrus was synchronized using two injections of prostaglandin F2 alpha(PGF) 11 d apart. Five d after the second PGF injection, cows were given 100 micrograms of GnRH (im) and serum samples were obtained. LH was quantified using RIA. The anterior pituitary and ISME were obtained within 45 min of death. Anterior pituitary weight and LH concentration, total GnRH in the ISME, total carcass fat, and percentage carcass fat were determined. BCS of cows at the time of slaughter influenced percentage carcass fat (P less than .001), total GnRH in the ISME (P less than .02), and maximum LH after GnRH treatment (P less than .09), but did not influence pituitary weight or concentration of LH in the pituitary. Content of GnRH in the ISME averaged 76 +/- 12, 32 +/- 14, 27 +/- 13, and 24 +/- 13 ng for cows with BCS of 3, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. BCS was correlated (P less than .001) with percentage carcass fat (r = .94) and total fat in the carcass (r = .92). Total GnRH in the ISME was negatively correlated (P less than .005) with BCS (r = -.54), percentage carcass fat (r = -.55), and total carcass fat (r = -.49).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Strongyloides stercoralis mesenteric lymphadenopathy: clue to the etiopathogenesis of intestinal pseudo-obstruction in HIV-infected patients.

Mesenteric lymph node involvement in Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfective states, described as an autopsy finding, remains a relatively poorly recognized and possibly underreported, antemortem phenomenon. Furthermore, the occurrence of S stercoralis mesenteric lymphadenopathy as a tocsin of bowel strongyloidiasis and the clue to the cause of intestinal pseudo-obstruction are undescribed. We report S stercoralis mesenteric lymphadenopathy and intestinal pseudo-obstruction in 5 HIV seropositive male patients, 21 to 42 years, who presented with abdominal pain and variable vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. All were pale, pyrexial, and emaciated with abdominal distension. The preoperative diagnosis was intestinal obstruction. Poor clinical response on conservative therapy necessitated laparotomy. Dilated small bowel loops, ascites, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy were consistently noted; a diagnosis of pseudo-obstruction due to underlying tuberculosis or lymphoma was made. The mesenteric lymph nodes were biopsied. The pertinent nodal features were a dense infiltrate of eosinophils, eosinophil microabscesses and degranulation, a focal Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, and randomly disposed, but elusive, S stercoralis filariform larvae. Clinical deterioration confirmed intestinal complications at repeat laparotomy. Intestinal resections were performed in 4 patients; histopathologic appraisal confirmed intestinal strongyloidiasis. All patients died within 3 to 7 days after surgery. Heightened awareness of S stercoralis mesenteric lymphadenopathy as a sentinel of intestinal strongyloidiasis and etiopathogenetic clue of intestinal pseudo-obstruction may allow timely diagnosis and medical treatment and avoidance of further surgery, potentially reducing the long-term morbidity associated with S stercoralis hyperinfection.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗