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PubMed1983

Bacterial infections of the skin. I: primary and secondary infections.

Bacterial skin infections are important to recognize because we have the means to eradicate almost all of them. Primary skin infections are mainly caused by staphylococci or streptococci. Staphylococci infections present as furuncles and carbuncles, superficial folliculitis, impetigo or rarely the Scalded Skin Syndrome. Streptococcal infections present as impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas or cellulitis. Corynebacteria causes erythrasma, trichomycosis or pitted keratolysis. Gram-negative primary skin infections, although uncommon, may occur; bacterial cultures are generally necessary for diagnosis. Secondary bacterial infections of pre-existing wounds, burns, dermatitic skin, or retention cysts are common events.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1977

[Electron microscopical rapid diagnosis of cutaneous viral diseases].

Electron microscopy by negative staining is a well-known, simple and quick diagnostic method to demonstrate virus particles. A method for routine work is described. The morphology of important viruses of the herpes and pox group is shown. In herpes simplex and zoster, the viruses can be detected in most cases from fresh vesicular fluid, whereas older erosions and crusts are not suitable. Viruses have been shown in all cases of chicken pox, vaccinia inoculata, molluscum contagiosum, and ecthyma contagiosum (orf).

Herpesviridae Infections↗

PubMed1982

[Huge gangrenous cellulitis. Clinical symptoms-differential diagnosis--therapy].

Extensive necrotizing cellulitis occurs in adults, when body resistance is reduced by serious general disorders. Differential diagnosis should exclude the following diseases: gangrenous erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, gangrenous ecthyma, pyoderma gangrenosum, purpura fulminans and Coumarin necrosis. In addition to antibiotic therapy, the removal of vast necrotic areas as well as plastic covering is necessary. A case of typical predisposing disorders, clinical symptoms and development of the disease is reported.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Palatopharyngeal and lower extremity soft tissue loss in an infant secondary to Pseudomonas gangrenous cellulitis.

Ecthyma gangrenosum, the rapidly fulminating tissue infarction of Pseudomonas sepsis, presents as one of the more spectacular disease processes. A case involving sloughing of the soft palate, pharyngeal walls, and 40% of one extremity in an infant is presented. Fever and diarrhea are the usual nondescript precursors. The lesions are impressive for their lack of visible inflammatory response or granulation tissue. Early debridement is mandatory for resolution of the toxic condition.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1993

Treatment of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections in the HIV-infected host.

In the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patient, skin infections caused by S aureus are extremely common. Impetigo, ecthyma, and folliculitis are all seen. Recurrences are common due to a nasal carriage rate of 50%. Dermatophytosis usually manifests as tinea pedis or unguium and is caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Oral candidiasis may be the initial evidence of HIV infection, and is predictive of more rapid progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Topical agents are usually effective for oral lesions, but involvement of the esophagus requires oral imidazole therapy. Systemic fungal infections are most commonly caused by cryptococcosis or histoplasmosis. The finding of either of these infectious agents in the skin is pathognomonic of disseminated infection. Cryptococcus presents as umbilicated papules resembling molluscum or as large ulcerations. Histoplasmosis has no specific cutaneous morphology. Scabies is very common in HIV-infected persons, and once the helper T-cell count is less than 200, it may present atypically. Permethrin is the recommended treatment in this setting.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1993

A survey of goat and cattle diseases in the Artibonite Valley, Haiti, West Indies.

A 40 week study of 43 farmers, 60 goats and 60 cattle was conducted in order to identify abnormal conditions or diseases and predisposing seasonal, managemental or nutritional factors. Farms were visited, farmers interviewed and animals examined up to 4 times, about every 10 weeks, and bled for Ht, total WBC, selected serum vitamins and minerals, hair collected for mineral analysis. Soil and forages were collected for analysis. Animals were generally in fair condition, with poor growth and reproduction. Unexpected wet season caloric deficiency, severe P deficiency and lesser vit. A and E deficiencies were noted. Anaemia, secondary to parasitism, was common to both species, worse in goats. Cattle had ticks, while goats had lice. Goats had reported neonatal diarrhea and mortality; observed exfoliative dermatitis, warts, dermatophytosis and possible contagious ecthyma. Cattle had reported anthrax and babesiosis; observed vesicular vaginitis, orchitis and teat warts.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Bluetongue virus isolations from vectors and ruminants in Central America and the Caribbean. Interamerican Bluetongue Team.

A regional prospective study of the epidemiology of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes covering 11 countries in Central America and the Caribbean took place between 1987 and 1992. Active surveillance revealed BTV infection to be endemic in the absence of confirmed indigenous cases of bluetongue. During the 6-year span of the study, over 300 BTV isolations were obtained from cattle and sheep. Results of the earlier years of the study were summarized, and surveillance activities in the concluding months of the study from November 1990 to February 1992 were evaluated. Forty-five BTV isolations were made during this time, 44 from sentinel cattle and 1 from a ram with clinical signs compatible with contagious ecthyma. Virus isolation from potential vectors also was attempted, yielding a further 9 BTV isolates from parous Culicoides insignis and C pusillus, 2 BTV isolates from blood-engorged C filarifer, and 1 epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type-2 isolate from parous C pusillus. Our extensive network of sentinel herds in the region detected BTV-1 as the predominant serotype in Central America in 1991, after an apparent absence of 1 year in the sentinel animals. Other serotypes in Central America at that time included BTV-3 and BTV-6. In Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, BTV-4 became the predominant serotype, without detection of BTV-8 and BTV-17, which were common in recent years of the study. The serotypes found in the Caribbean Basin continued to have marked differences from those in North America. The importance of viewing bluetongue as an infection, the distribution of which is determined principally by ecologic factors, is emphasized.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Pseudomonas septicemia in infants and children: a retrospective analysis of 49 cases.

Reviewed 49 cases of Pseudomonas bacteremia which occurred in pediatric patients during an 8-year period showed the annual rate, per 1000 discharges, was 1.7. In most of the patients (73.5%), the disease was hospital-acquired. Male to female distribution was about 3 to 2. The average age of the 49 patients was 1.29 years, and 55.1% were infected at less than 2 months old. Overall mortality was 44.9%; among the mortalities, 63.6% were under two months of age. Clinical features were not characteristic, but the most common sign associated with this infection was fever (42.9%). Ecthyma gangrenosum occurred in only one patient. Respiratory tract and skin were the most frequent sources of the bacteremia. Polymicrobial bacteremia occurred in 18.4%. Patients with shock, pneumonia, inadequate antibiotic therapy or persistent neutropenia had a substantially poorer prognosis. Administration of combination therapy to patients with Pseudomonas bacteremia seemed to be superior to monotherapy for positive outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

[The efficacy of treating skin ulcers and burns with film dressings with antibiotics].

The article summarizes the results of studies conducted during the treatment of burns (108 patients), and ecthymas (85 patients) with the help of film dressing and antibiotic powder (R. Breitman's method). During application of this method the healing process was more rapid, the administration of antibiotics was minimum, the dressing process became more easy, good cosmetic results were obtained. The period of inpatient care was shortened, cost of treatment was reduced.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Skin and wound infections: an overview.

Skin infections are common and may be caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses. Breaks in the skin integrity, particularly those that inoculate pathogens into the dermis, frequently cause or exacerbate skin infections. Bacterial skin infections caused by corynebacteria include erythrasma, trichomycosis axillaris and pitted keratolysis. Staphylococci may cause impetigo, ecthyma and folliculitis. Streptococcal skin infections include impetigo and erysipelas. Human papillomavirus skin infections present as several different types of warts, depending on the surface infected and its relative moisture, and the patterns of pressure. The many dermatomycoses (skin infections caused by fungi or yeasts) include tinea capitis, tinea barbae, tinea cruris, tinea manus, tinea pedis and tinea unguium (onychomycosis). Candidal infections occur in moist areas, such as the vulva, mouth, penis, skinfolds and diaper area. Wounds caused by wood splinters or thorns may result in sporotrichosis. Animal bites may result in complex, serious infections, requiring tetanus and, possibly, rabies prophylaxis in addition to appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Humans↗

PubMed1963