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PubMed2004

Resection of the angle of Treitz and distal diverticulization of the duodenum in penetrating abdominal injuries.

BACKGROUND: Access to the 4th part of the duodenum in the region of the ligament of Treitz can be very difficult. Primary repair or traditional duodenal diverticulization is often technically challenging for managing trauma at this location. Due to the frequent concomitant injuries and hemorrhage, a quick, simple and safe repair technique is highly desirable. METHODS: 3 patients with penetrating injuries to the 4th part of the duodenum were managed by a technique affording good exposure, and involving linear stapling across the bowel proximal and distal to the site of injury, with a jejuno-duodenal anastomosis to the 2nd part of the duodenum, the proximal jejunum having been delivered through a window fashioned in the transverse mesocolon. RESULTS: All patients survived and suffered no complications of their duodenal repair. CONCLUSIONS: The technique described offers a relatively simple, apparently safe and effective approach to a difficult problem in trauma surgery.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1982

A note on the duodenum of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), with emphasis on the duodenal glands.

The anatomy of the duodenum of the West Indian manatee has both macroscopic and microscopic features that are unusual when compared to other mammalian forms. Macroscopically, the voluminous duodenal ampulla and the paired duodenal diverticula are distinctive. The general microscopic structure of the manatee duodenum is not unusual, but the duodenal glands secrete an acid mucin (sialomucin). The cells of these glands appear to be intermediate between classical serous and mucous cell types. These cells also contain granules with regions of high peripheral electron density. The overall structure of the manatee duodenum most strongly resembles that of the dugong, another member of the order Sirenia.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Appearance of gastrin and somatostatin in the human fetal stomach, duodenum and pancreas.

The gestational time of appearance of gastrin and somatostatin in the human fetal stomach, duodenum and pancreas was examined. Immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) is detected in antral, duodenal and pancreatic extracts of a 7.0-cm (crown-heel length) fetus. More IRG is extracted from the duodenum than the antrum. Duodenal IRG concentration from fetuses of 16.0--26.0 cm are higher than younger fetal and adult concentrations. Antral IRG concentrations are one tenth of the adult contents. Very small IRG concentrations are present in the human fetal pancreas. Gastrin immunohistochemical staining is positive first in duodenal (6.5-cm fetus) and later in antral (12.5-cm fetus) mucosa; pancreatic tissue is negative for gastrin immunohistochemistry. Type IV cells are encountered in antral and duodenal mucosa of 4.0-cm fetuses; other endocrine cells appear with fetal growth. Not until much later in gestation (21.0 cm) do typical G cells appear. These results suggest that early in fetal life gastrin is produced by the type IV cell. Somatostatin immunohistochemical staining is positive in stomach, duodenum and pancreas in 6.5-cm fetuses. Immature D cells are found in antral and duodenal mucosa of 5.0-cm fetuses and mature D cells in 11.0-cm fetuses.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1996

Regulation of motilin release from isolated perfused pig duodenum.

The release of motilin from an isolated preparation of pig duodenum has been studied. There different types of stimuli were applied: electrical nerve stimulation, intraarterially administered peptides, and instillation of test solutions into the lumen of the duodenum. Furthermore extracts of 20 different regions of the pig digestive system have been analyzed for motilin content. Analysis of the extracts only detected significant presence of motilin in the pig duodenum and jejunum (79 +/- 15 and 60 +/- 19 pmol/g). The stimulation experiments showed: (1) a significant noncholinergic depression of motilin release during electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve (nadir at 74 +/- 5% of baseline level; (2) a significant elevation of motilin release in response to intraarterially administered vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (peak at 330 +/- 35% of baseline level), and (3) a significantly elevated motilin release in response to instillation of autologuous bile (peak at 170 +/- 16% of baseline level) and hydrochloric acid (peak at 196 +/- 42% of baseline level) into the duodenal lumen. In conclusion, luminal acidification and bile are important factors in stimulation of motilin release, whereas the vagally stimulated VIP release was insufficient to overcome the general inhibitory effect of vagus stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Inositol phosphatase in developing rat duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

Inositol phosphatase and phytase activities in different segments of the rat small intestine were measured during postnatal development. In the duodenum and jejunum, inositol phosphatase activity (units/g tissue) was low during the suckling period and increased at weaning, reaching a peak of activity at 4 weeks of age. In the ileum, peak activity was observed during the suckling period with a sharp decline at weaning. Phytase activity was very low during the suckling period in all segments, and increased to exhibit a peak at 4 weeks of age in the duodenum, and to a lesser extent in the jejunum (low activity was maintained in the ileum). The content of inositol phosphatase activity in the duodenum increased rapidly during the suckling period to reach its maximum at 4 weeks of age. This suggests a relationship to cell proliferation rate in the small intestinal mucosa.

6-Phytase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histopathological effects of dietary Fusarium graminearum on rat duodenum.

Microscopic pathology of duodenum in rats exposed to Fusarium graminearum, a fungus infecting small-grain cereals, was investigated. Intestinal haemorrhage was observed macroscopically in one of the rats. Light microscopy demonstrated detachments between the surface epithelium and the lamina propria and severe interstitial oedema in the lamina propria in the test group. Electron microscopy identified epithelial absorptive cells with highly expanded endoplasmic reticulum tubules, abundant cytoplasmic vesicles containing electronlucent materials, swollen mitochondria with spongiform appearance, and prominent cellular swelling. Other observations included opening of junctional complexes between epithelial cells lining the duodenum, highly enlarged intercellular spaces in duodenal epithelium, and numerous eosinophilic granulocytes and mast cells in the lamina propria. These findings indicate that dietary F. graminearum causes epithelial cell and connective tissue damage in rat duodenum. This is the first histopathological study showing that F. graminearum ingestion is associated with duodenal damage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Transforming growth factor-beta levels in maternal milk and expression in postnatal rat duodenum and ileum.

After birth, the gastrointestinal tract of the neonate is exposed to food and bacterial and environmental antigens. Maternal milk components may play a role in regulation of mucosal immune activity to luminal antigens. In this study we determine the ontogeny of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-producing cells in the rat pup small intestine and assess maternal milk concentrations of TGF-beta. Intestinal tissue samples of duodenum and ileum were collected, processed, and stained for TGF-beta1, and in situ hybridization for TGF-beta1 mRNA was also performed on the duodenum. TGF-beta levels in milk were assayed by ELISA. TGF-beta2 levels in milk were high at d 6, and declined thereafter at d 10 and 19. TGF-beta1 was not detected. In contrast, the cell number and intensity of staining of TGF-beta1 peptide in the small intestine was low in 3- and 10-d-old rats and increased markedly by 19 d of life. In the duodenum mRNA levels mirrored this trend. TGF-beta1 expression in the lamina propria was absent before d 19, and increased progressively over time. Maternal milk TGF-beta2 levels are high in early milk and decrease during the weaning period. In contrast, endogenous TGF-beta production in the small intestine increases during the weaning period.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Role of the duodenum and macronutrient type in ghrelin regulation.

The orexigenic hormone ghrelin is implicated in preprandial hunger and meal initiation in part because circulating levels increase before meals and decrease after food intake. The mechanisms underlying postprandial ghrelin suppression are unknown. Although most ghrelin is produced by the stomach, we have shown that neither gastric nutrients nor gastric distension affect ghrelin levels. We hypothesized that the nutrient-sensing mechanism regulating ghrelin is in the duodenum, the second richest source of ghrelin. To test whether duodenal nutrient exposure is required for ghrelin suppression, we infused nutrients into either the proximal duodenum or proximal jejunum in rats bearing chronic intestinal cannulas. At 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min after infusions, blood was sampled via jugular-vein catheters for ghrelin, insulin, and glucose measurements. To elucidate further the mechanisms governing nutrient-related ghrelin suppression, we also assessed the ghrelin responses to isocaloric (3 kcal) infusions of glucose, amino acids, or lipids delivered into the stomach or small intestine of chronically catheterized rats. Regardless of macronutrient type, the depth and duration of ghrelin suppression were equivalent after gastric, duodenal, and jejunal infusions. Glucose and amino acids suppressed ghrelin more rapidly and strongly (by approximately 70%) than did lipids (by approximately 50%). Because jejunal nutrient infusions suppressed ghrelin levels as well as either gastric or duodenal infusions, we conclude that the inhibitory signals mediating postprandial ghrelin suppression are not derived discretely from either the stomach or duodenum. The relatively weak suppression of ghrelin by lipids compared with glucose or amino acids could represent one mechanism promoting high-fat dietary weight gain.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of fasted-state human intestinal fluids collected from duodenum and jejunum.

The solubility of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract is very challenging to simulate with artificial media due to the high complexity of human intestinal fluid (HIF). In particular, bile salt composition, pH and buffer capacity are very important characteristics of HIF, since they determine the solubility of drugs in-vivo. In this study, we have measured the concentrations of individual bile salts in human intestinal fluids (n=6) collected from two different locations (duodenum and jejunum) in the fasted state. Total bile salt concentrations ranged from 570 to 5,137 microM in the duodenum and from 829 to 5,470 microM in the jejunum. The following rank order of relative bile salt concentration in duodenum was observed: taurocholic acid > glycocholate >or= glycochenodeoxycholate > glycodeoxycholate > taurochenodeoxycholate > taurodeoxycholate. Cholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholate, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid represented less than 1% of bile salts present in the samples. Ursodeoxycholate could not be detected in HIF. No statistically significant difference between bile salt composition of duodenal and jejunal aspirates was observed. The buffer capacity of HIF was compared with other media commonly used for solubility/dissolution determinations, indicating a relatively low buffer capacity of HIF (4-13 mmol L(-1)/pH). This low buffer capacity was reflected in the change in pH (between 4 and 9.5) that occurred in HIF after addition of model compounds covering a broad pK(a) range. Interindividual variability in pH, buffer capacity and bile salt contents of HIF will contribute to differences in the rate and extent of absorption of compounds for which dissolution/solubility is the rate limiting step. The variability observed warrants further research to explore the impact of intraluminal conditions on drug solubility.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ryanodine receptor subtype 2 encodes Ca2+ oscillations activated by acetylcholine via the M2 muscarinic receptor/cADP-ribose signalling pathway in duodenum myocytes.

In this study, we characterized the signalling pathway activated by acetylcholine that encodes Ca2+ oscillations in rat duodenum myocytes. These oscillations were observed in intact myocytes after removal of external Ca2+, in permeabilized cells after abolition of the membrane potential and in the presence of heparin (an inhibitor of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors) but were inhibited by ryanodine, indicating that they are dependent on Ca2+ release from intracellular stores through ryanodine receptors. Ca2+ oscillations were selectively inhibited by methoctramine (a M2 muscarinic receptor antagonist). The M2 muscarinic receptor-activated Ca2+ oscillations were inhibited by 8-bromo cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose and inhibitors of adenosine diphosphoribosyl cyclase (ZnCl2 and anti-CD38 antibody). Stimulation of ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity by acetylcholine was evaluated in permeabilized cells by measuring the production of cyclic guanosine diphosphoribose (a fluorescent compound), which resulted from the cyclization of nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide. As duodenum myocytes expressed the three subtypes of ryanodine receptors, an antisense strategy revealed that the ryanodine receptor subtype 2 alone was required to initiate the Ca2+ oscillations induced by acetylcholine and also by cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose and rapamycin (a compound that induced uncoupling between 12/12.6 kDa FK506-binding proteins and ryanodine receptors). Inhibition of cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose-induced Ca2+ oscillations, after rapamycin treatment, confirmed that both compounds interacted with the ryanodine receptor subtype 2. Our findings show for the first time that the M2 muscarinic receptor activation triggered Ca2+ oscillations in duodenum myocytes by activation of the cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose/FK506-binding protein/ryanodine receptor subtype 2 signalling pathway.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed1986

Total acetylcholine content, and activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in brain and duodenum of SART-stressed (repeated cold-stressed) rat.

The cholinergic activities in SART (specific alternation of rhythm in temperature)-stressed (repeated cold-stressed) rats, which are diseased rats with vagotonic-type dysautonomia, were examined with the following results. A decreased content of total acetylcholine (T-ACh) and increased activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (ACh) in the basal ganglia and an increase in the T-ACh content and decrease in the AChE activity in the duodenum of SART-stressed rats reached the respective plateaus on day 5 of stress, which were maintained thereafter. CAT activity, however, in the hypothalamus was activated most on day 2. These changes in SART-stressed rats were different from those in simple cold-stressed rats. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy inhibited the appearance of the changes in the duodenum, but not those in the hypothalamus of SART-stressed rats. The sedative analgesic Neurotropin prevented all the changes in SART-stressed rats described above. These results suggest that cholinergic neurons may be activated in both the hypothalamus and basal ganglia of the brain of SART-stressed rats, and the characteristic peripheral changes of the cholinergic system in the duodenum of SART-stressed rats may be under the control of the parasympathetic center.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1990

Determination of bicarbonate output using pH deflection in the rat duodenum: influences of prostaglandins and cholinergic agents.

We set up a system to measure the luminal pH, potential difference (PD) and bicarbonate output in the anesthetized rat duodenum, and investigated these responses caused by prostaglandins (PGs) and cholinergic agents. When the proximal duodenum (1.7 cm) was perfused at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min with saline adjusted to pH 4.5, the duodenal pH, PD and HCO3- output were 5.5 to 6.0, -4 to -6 mV and 1.2 to 1.6 muEq/10 min, respectively; they were markedly reduced by i.v. injection of saturated KCl. Both natural (PGE1, PGE2) and synthetic (PGE2, PGl2) PGs, given either s.c. or i.v., significantly elevated all these parameters, while indomethacin (s.c.) decreased the pH as well as the PD. Small but significant increases of the pH were observed after i.v. administration of cholinergic agents (carbachol, bethanechol), a GABAergic agent (baclofen) and an analogue of thyrotropin releasing hormone (YM-14673), with a temporal elevation of the PD; the degree of net HCO3- output caused by these agents was 20-50% of the values obtained with PGE2 (100 micrograms/kg, i.v.), and they were significantly reduced in the presence of atropine. These results suggest that (a) the system using pH deflections can be used to sensitively detect HCO3- output in the rat duodenum, and (b) duodenal acid neutralizing capacity may be regulated by central and peripheral cholinergic systems as well as endogenous PGs.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed2006

Calcium channel TRPV6 expression in human duodenum: different relationships to the vitamin D system and aging in men and women.

UNLABELLED: Intestinal absorption of calcium affects bone mineralization and varies greatly. In human duodenum, expression of the calcium channel TRPV6 was directly related to blood 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in men, but effects of age with lower median vitamin D receptor levels were more significant in women. INTRODUCTION: The TRPV6 calcium channel/transporter is implicated in animal studies of intestinal calcium absorption, but in humans, its role and relationship to differences in mineral metabolism is unclear. We aimed to characterize TRPV6 expression in human intestine including defining relationships to the vitamin D endocrine system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TRPV6 transcript expression was determined in endoscopic mucosal biopsies obtained from normal duodenum. Expression was compared with that in ileum and with in situ hybridization in archival tissues and related to sequence variants in genomic DNA. TRPV6 expression was related in 33 subjects to other transcripts involved in calcium absorption including the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and to blood vitamin D metabolites including 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D]. RESULTS: TRPV6 transcripts were readily detected in duodenum but not in ileum. Expression was highest in villous epithelial cells. Sequence variants in the coding and upstream regions of the gene did not affect TRPV6 expression. The relationship between duodenal TRPV6 expression and 1,25(OH)(2)D differed in men and women. In men, linear regression showed a strong association with 1,25(OH)(2)D (r = 0.87, p < 0.01), which was unaffected by age. In women, there was no significant overall relationship with 1,25(OH)(2)D, but there was a significant decrease with age (r = -0.69, p < 0.001). Individual expression of TRPV6 and VDR was significantly correlated. The group of older women (>50) had lower median levels of both TRPV6 and VDR transcripts than younger women (p < 0.001 and 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Duodenal TRPV6 expression is vitamin D dependent in men, but not in older women, where expression of TRPV6 and VDR are both reduced. These findings can explain, at least in part, the lower fractional calcium absorption seen in older postmenopausal women.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Somatostatin-28 like immunoreactivity in normal and tumour tissue from duodenum and pancreas.

Radioimmunoassay using labelled somatostatin-14 revealed that components of somatostatin-28 antisera cross-reactive to somatostatin-14 were removed by absorption of somatostatin-28 antisera with sepharose 4B-somatostatin-14. Indirect immunofluorescence techniques using specific antisera against somatostatin-28 were carried out in normal pancreas, duodenum, a somatostatinoma in the duodenum, and pancreatic tumour cells containing somatostatin-14 positive cells, in order to establish if somatostatin-28 is present in normal and pathological tissues. Somatostatin-28 like immunoreactivity was present in pancreatic islets cells and in the epithelial cells of the duodenum as well as in the duodenal somatostatinoma and in pancreatic tumour cells. Furthermore, cells reacting with specific antisera against somatostatin-28 were identical to those with somatostatin-14 antisera in normal and pathological tissues. The findings suggested that somatostatin-28 like immunoreactivity may be constantly present in the tissues where somatostatin like immunoreactivity was detected using somatostatin-14 antisera. However, further studies were necessary to clarify whether somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 were independently present in these tissues, in other words, whether somatostatin-14 may be produced from somatostatin-28 or not, since somatostatin-14 antisera had cross-reactivities to somatostatin-28.

Adenoma, Islet Cell↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of gabexate mesilate (FOY) on the gallbladder, sphincter of Oddi and duodenum of the normal and gastrectomized dogs].

FOY induced a dose-dependent inhibitory response on the gallbladder, sphincter of Oddi and duodenum of normal and gastrectomized dogs, although it induced an excitatory response in some dogs. The inhibitory response was not reduced or terminated by pretreatment with atropine, guanethidine, hexamethonium or/and proglumide. The FOY-induced inhibitory response reversed to the excitatory response in the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin, but not in the gallbladder. These results suggested that the FOY-induced inhibitory response of the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum was caused by stimulation of nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory neurons, not by FOY-induced cholecystokinin secretion. The excitatory response was induced by direct stimulation of their smooth muscles. The inhibitory response of the gallbladder to FOY was induced by direct stimulation of the smooth muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Activation of neural cholecystokinin-1 receptors induces relaxation of the isolated rat duodenum which is reduced by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) influences gastrointestinal motility, by acting on central and peripheral receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine whether CCK has any effect on isolated duodenum longitudinal muscle activity and to characterize the mechanisms involved. Isolated segments of the rat proximal duodenum were mounted for the recording of isometric contractions of longitudinal muscle in the presence of atropine and guanethidine. CCK-8S (EC50: 39; 95% CI: 4.1-152 nM) and cerulein (EC50: 58; 95% CI: 18-281 nM) induced a concentration-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive relaxation. Nomeganitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) reduced CCK-8S- and cerulein-induced relaxation (IC50: 5.2; 95% CI: 2.5-18 microM) in a concentration-dependent manner. The magnitude of 300 nM CCK-8S-induced relaxation was reduced by 100 microM L-NOARG from 73 +/- 5.1 to 19 +/- 3.5% in an L-arginine but not D-arginine preventable manner. The CCK-1 receptor antagonists proglumide, lorglumide and devazepide, but not the CCK-2 receptor antagonist L-365,260, antagonized CCK-8S-induced relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that CCK-8S and cerulein activate intrinsic nitrergic nerves acting on CCK-1 receptors in order to cause relaxation of the rat duodenum longitudinal muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Motilin-immunoreactive cells in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of caimans (Caiman latirostris and Caiman crocodilus, alligatorinae): a further comparison using region-specific motilin antisera.

Motilin-immunoreactive cells in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of Caiman latirostris and Caiman crocodilus were investigated using region specific antisera for porcine and canine motilin molecules. Motilin-immunoreactive cells were found in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of both caiman species. These cells were primarily open-type endocrine ones in the epithelium of the duodenum and pyloric stomach. Motilin-immunoreactive cells were observed in both the exocrine and endocrine portions of the pancreas, and frequently exhibited one or more cytoplasmic processes of variable length. Since motilin-immunoreactive cells do not cross-react with serotonin or any of the other pancreatic and gut hormones, they are considered to be cell type independent from any of the other known pancreatic or gut endocrine cells. The molecular similarity between caiman motilin and porcine and canine motilins and the heterogeneity of the motilin molecule in the caiman digestive system is discussed.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed1989

Action of the new H2-receptor antagonist oxmetidine on the duodenum of different species.

The new H2-receptor antagonist, oxmetidine was studied for its effects on the motility of the duodenum of different species. Oxmetidine did not modify basal motility of the rat and guinea pig duodenum but it reduced or abolished the contractions elicited by different spasmogenic compounds (acetylcholine, BaCl2, KCl, eledoisin). In the rabbit duodenum, oxmetidine reduced in a dose-dependent fashion the basal motility. The effect of this compound appears to be indirect on the smooth muscle and not mediated through specific receptors. Experiments performed in Ca++-free and K+-depolarizing solution suggest that oxmetidine acts through interference with the transport and/or utilization of intracellular Ca++ions.

Animals↗