Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Disorders”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Clinical comparison of Tourette's disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The authors report on 16 outpatients with Tourette's disorder, 16 outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, and 16 normal control subjects who underwent structured interviews and psychological testing. Previous findings of a high incidence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with Tourette's disorder were confirmed. There was a significantly greater incidence of tics in the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their relatives. Both patient groups had high rates of unipolar depressive and generalized anxiety disorders. Panic and phobic disorders were frequent in the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder but not in the patients with Tourette's disorder. The patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder showed less coprolalia, echo phenomena, self-destructive behavior, and childhood attention deficit.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Progression from conduct disorder to antisocial personality disorder following treatment for adolescent substance abuse.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the progression from conduct disorder to antisocial personality disorder among individuals treated for adolescent substance abuse. This issue is important because of the poor outcomes observed among individuals with antisocial pathology after treatment for alcohol and drug problems. The utility of factors assessed at the time of treatment in predicting progression to adult antisocial personality disorder was evaluated in the context of developmental models of antisocial behavior. METHOD: This was a prospective longitudinal study of 137 substance-abusing adolescents (53 female and 84 male), whose average age was 15.9 years and who met the DSM-III-R criteria for conduct disorder. Consecutively admitted patients were recruited from two adolescent inpatient alcohol and drug treatment facilities. Participants were interviewed again 4 years after treatment. RESULTS: Four years after treatment, 61% of the study group met the DSM-III-R criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Results of a logistic regression analysis indicated that onset of deviant behavior at or before age 10, a greater diversity of deviant behavior, and more extensive pre-treatment drug use best predicted progression to antisocial personality disorder. At 4-year follow-up, the subjects with an antisocial personality disorder diagnosis exhibited more involvement with alcohol and drugs and poorer functioning across important life domains than the subjects without antisocial personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a high rate of progression to antisocial personality disorder among substance-abusing adolescents and identified factors predictive of this progression. Careful assessment of conduct disorder history at the time of treatment may be valuable for treatment planning and intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Frequency of anxiety disorders in psychiatric outpatients with major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The authors determined the frequency of anxiety disorders in a large group of depressed outpatients seeking treatment. METHOD: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was administered to 373 depressed outpatients. RESULTS: More than one-half of the patients met the full criteria for a current anxiety disorder, and more than one-half of the patients with an anxiety disorder had more than one. When partial remissions and anxiety disorder diagnoses classified as "not otherwise specified" were included, two-thirds of the patients had a current anxiety disorder and three-quarters had a lifetime history of an anxiety disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with a principal diagnosis of unipolar major depressive disorder have a comorbid anxiety disorder. Because antidepressant medications have differential efficacies for anxiety disorders, knowledge of the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder in a depressed patient may have treatment implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on health-related quality of life among patients with major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the impact of comorbid anxiety disorders-posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder-on health-related quality of life among primary care patients enrolled in a collaborative care depression intervention study for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). METHODS: Baseline data were used from 324 participants in the Telemedicine Enhanced Antidepressant Management (TEAM) Study, a multisite randomized effectiveness trial targeting VA primary care patients with depression. Health-related quality of life was measured by using the Quality of Well-Being Scale, self-administered version (QWB-SA) and the mental component summary (MCS-12V) and physical component summary (PCS-12V) of the 12-item Short Form Health Survey for Veterans (SF-12V). RESULTS: A majority of participants (69 percent) had at least one anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD predicted scores on the QWB-SA. PTSD predicted scores on the PCS-12V, but none of the comorbid anxiety disorders predicted scores on the MCS-12V. In addition, social support, depression severity, and the number of chronic medical conditions significantly predicted QWB-SA scores; the number of self-reported chronic physical health conditions and the number of depression episodes significantly predicted PCS-12V scores; and social support and depression severity significantly predicted MCS-12V scores. CONCLUSIONS: According to scores on the QWB-SA, generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD comorbid with major depressive disorder impair health-related quality of life above and beyond major depressive disorder alone.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1996

Comorbidity of DSM-III-R axis I and II disorders among female inpatients with eating disorders.

Structured diagnostic interviews were used to determine DSM-III-R axis I and II diagnoses among 136 female psychiatric inpatients. To distinguish comorbidity of eating disorders with axis I and II disorders from simple diagnostic overlap, the frequency and distribution of diagnoses among the 31 patients with an eating disorder and the 105 without an eating disorder were compared. Social phobia, substance use disorders, borderline personality disorder, and avoidant personality disorder were diagnosed in a significantly larger proportion of the group with eating disorders. Future studies should focus on interpreting the meaning of the co-occurrence of these disorders in patients with eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Somatoform disorders in general practice: prevalence, functional impairment and comorbidity with anxiety and depressive disorders.

BACKGROUND: General practitioners play a pivotal part in the recognition and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Identifying somatoform disorders is important for the choice of treatment. AIMS: To quantify the prevalence of, and functional impairment associated with, somatoform disorders, and their comorbidity with anxiety/depressive disorders. METHOD: Two-stage prevalence study: a set of questionnaires was completed by 1046 consecutive patients of general practitioners (aged 25-80 years), followed by a standardised diagnostic interview (SCAN 2.1). RESULTS: The prevalence of somatoform disorders was 16.1% (95% CI 12.8-19.4). When disorders with only mild impairment were included, the prevalence increased to 21.9%. Comorbidity of somatoform disorders and anxiety/depressive disorders was 3.3 times more likely than expected by chance. In patients with comorbid disorders, physical symptoms, depressive symptoms and functional limitations were additive. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underline the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach to psychiatric disorders in general practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The relation between anger expression, depression, and somatic symptoms in depressive disorders and somatoform disorders.

BACKGROUND: In previous studies, the relationship between either anger suppression and depression or anger suppression and somatic symptoms was examined. However, the relationship between anger expression, depression, and somatic symptoms was not examined in depressive disorders and somatoform disorders. METHOD: The DSM-IV-diagnosed subjects included 73 patients with depressive disorders and 47 patients with somatoform disorders. The Anger Expression Scale was used to assess the level of anger expression or suppression. The severity of depression was assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). The Somatization Rating Scale and the SCL-90-R somatization subscale were used to assess the severity of somatic symptoms. Data were collected from March 2000 to March 2001. RESULTS: The results of the path analyses showed that in depressive disorder patients, anger expression had a stronger effect on somatic symptoms through depression than did anger suppression, although both anger expression and anger suppression had a significant indirect effect on somatic symptoms. The depressive disorder group also showed a significant but negative direct effect of anger suppression on anger expression in the path from anger suppression to anger expression to depression to somatic symptoms. However, only anger suppression had an indirect effect on somatic symptoms through depression in somatoform disorder patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that anger expression might play a more predominant role in depression and somatic symptoms of depressive disorder patients than anger suppression, but only anger suppression might be associated with depression and somatic symptoms of somatoform disorder patients. In addition, incomplete anger suppression followed by anger expression is likely to be associated with depression and somatic symptoms in depressive disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of anxiety disorders and their comorbidity with mood and addictive disorders.

BACKGROUND: The co-occurrence of anxiety disorders with other mental, addictive, and physical disorders has important implications for treatment and for prediction of clinical course and associated morbidity. METHOD: Cross-sectional and prospective data on 20,291 individuals from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study were analysed to determine one-month, current disorders, one-year incidence, and one-year and lifetime prevalence of anxiety, mood, and addictive disorders, and to identify the onset and offset of disorders within the one-year prospective period. RESULTS: Nearly half (47.2%) of those meeting lifetime criteria for major depression also have met criteria for a comorbid anxiety disorder. The average age of onset of any lifetime anxiety disorder (16.4 years) and social phobia (11.6 years) among those with major depression was much younger than the onset age for major depression (23.2 years) and panic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety disorders, especially social and simple phobias, appear to have an early onset in adolescence with potentially severe consequences, predisposing those affected to greater vulnerability to major depression and addictive disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Discriminant efficiency of antisocial and borderline personality disorder criteria in Hispanic men with substance use disorders.

The authors examined the discriminant efficiency of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (APD). Subjects were 74 men admitted to an outpatient substance abuse program for monolingual Hispanic adults. All were reliably assessed with the Spanish-language version of the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. Conditional probabilities were calculated to determine the diagnostic efficiency and discriminant efficiency of BPD and APD symptoms. Twenty-five (34%) subjects met diagnostic criteria for BPD, and 16 (22%) met criteria for APD. The diagnostic co-occurrence of these disorders was statistically significant. Whereas the diagnostic efficiency of the BPD criterion set was comparable to that reported in other clinical studies, these criteria were not significantly more efficient in diagnosing BPD than APD. By contrast, the APD criteria were more efficient in diagnosing APD than BPD; this was true for both the "adult" and the "conduct disorder" APD criterion subsets. In male Hispanic outpatients with substance use disorders, BPD and APD show significant diagnostic overlap. The APD criteria are useful in discriminating these 2 disorders, whereas the BPD criteria are not. These findings have implications for the discriminant validity of the BPD and APD criteria and support the value of the conduct disorder criteria in predicting APD in adulthood.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a debilitating disorder that often goes undetected in clinical practice. To provide information on the diagnostic correlates of BDD, we examined rates among outpatients seeking treatment for anxiety disorders. Participants (N = 165) were evaluated with a structured clinical interview and received the following primary diagnoses: panic disorder (n = 80), obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 40), social phobia (n = 25) and generalized anxiety disorder (n = 20). Overall, 6.7% of patients met criteria for BDD. Rates were highest for social phobia (12%). When comorbid social phobia was excluded, rates of BDD were 1.5% in panic disorder, 6.7% in generalized anxiety disorder, and 7.7% in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In all cases, onset of social phobia preceded onset of BDD. Our findings draw attention to the prevalence of BDD in patients with social phobia. The potential etiologic significance of our findings is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Personality disorders and "psychopathy" in sex offenders imprisoned in forensic-psychiatric hospitals--SKID-II- and PCL-R-results in patients with impulse control disorder and paraphilia].

In order to clarify differential-diagnostic questions 47 mentally ill sex offenders (with impulse control disorder and paraphilia) were assessed with regard to comorbidity of personality disorders and "psychopathy". For this examination the SKID-II for personality disorders and the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) were used. 72 % of the sex offenders showed at least one personality disorder. The highest prevalence was found for cluster-B disorders, first of all the antisocial personality disorder. Using a PCL-R cut off score of 25 (for Europe) 10 of the 47 subjects (21 %) were diagnosed as "psychopaths", whereas being a "psychopath" is associated with a number of different personality disorders. The importance of structured diagnostic with regard to comorbidity of personality disorders in sex offenders imprisoned in maximum security psychiatric hospitals is stressed, and furthermore there is evidence that the PCL-R is a valid instrument for prognosis, but not a psychological-psychiatric instrument for the assessment of personality disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Daytime predictors of sleep disordered breathing in children and adolescents with neuromuscular disorders.

Sleep disordered breathing with or without nocturnal hypercapnic hypoventilation is a common complication of respiratory muscle weakness in childhood neuromuscular disorders. Nocturnal hypercapnic hypoventilation as a sign of respiratory muscle fatigue, portends a particularly poor prognosis. We aimed at identifying daytime predictors of sleep disordered breathing at its onset and sleep disordered breathing with nocturnal hypercapnic hypoventilation. Forty-nine children and adolescents (11.3+/-4.4 years) with progressive neuromuscular disorders were studied with inspiratory vital capacity, peak inspiratory pressure, arterial blood gases, polysomnography, and a ten-item symptoms questionnaire. Daytime respiratory function was prospectively compared with polysomnographic variables. Sleep disordered breathing was found in 35/49 patients (71%). Twenty-four (49%) had sleep disordered breathing with nocturnal hypercapnic hypoventilation. Inspiratory vital capacity and peak inspiratory pressure, but not symptom score, correlated with sleep disordered breathing and severity of nocturnal hypercapnic hypoventilation. Sleep disordered breathing-onset was predicted by inspiratory vital capacity<60% (sens. 97%, spec. 87%). Sleep disordered breathing with nocturnal hypercapnic hypoventilation was predicted by inspiratory vital capacity<40% (sens. 96%, spec. 88%) and PaCO(2)>40 mmHg (sens. 92%, spec. 72%,). Sleep disordered breathing can reliably be predicted from simple daytime respiratory function tests, which, if applied systematically, will improve recognition of nocturnal respiratory failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Response to 5% carbon dioxide in children and adolescents: relationship to panic disorder in parents and anxiety disorders in subjects.

BACKGROUND: Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) sensitivity is postulated to be a familial risk marker of panic disorder (PD). Exaggerated responses to CO(2) inhalation have been reported in adults with PD and their unaffected adult relatives, as well as in clinic-referred children with anxiety disorders. OBJECTIVE: To test in a family-based design whether CO(2) hypersensitivity is a familial risk marker for PD and associated with current anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty-two offspring (aged 9-19 years) of parents with PD, major depressive disorder, or no disorder. Forty-five (32%) had a current anxiety disorder, excluding specific phobia. DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parents and offspring received diagnostic assessments. Offspring underwent 5% CO(2) inhalation at home. Panic symptoms and panic attacks were rated with the Acute Panic Inventory at baseline, while anticipating CO(2) delivery ("threat"), and during CO(2) inhalation. Respiratory rate and volume were measured with spirometry. RESULTS: No group differences were found in Acute Panic Inventory ratings at baseline or in respiratory measures during threat. Risk for PD was not associated with CO(2) sensitivity (panic symptoms and respiratory physiologic response). During CO(2) inhalation, offspring with anxiety disorders, relative to offspring without anxiety disorders, experienced significantly more panic symptoms and panic attacks, as well as elevated respiratory rates. During threat, panic symptoms were significantly and independently associated with both parental PD and offspring anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS: No support was obtained for CO(2) hypersensitivity as a familial risk marker for PD in children and adolescents. Links between childhood anxiety disorders and CO(2) sensitivity were replicated. Familial risk for PD in children and adolescents may be associated with vulnerability to anticipatory anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

An empirical analysis of eating disorders and anxiety disorders publications (1980-2000)--part II: Statistical hypothesis testing.

OBJECTIVE: The current study compared the eating disorder literature and the anxiety disorder literature in terms of statistical hypothesis testing features in 1980, 1990, and 2000. METHOD: Computer literature searches were conducted using PubMed and PsychInfo databases to identify relevant eating disorder and anxiety disorder articles published at each of the three time points. A total of 456 articles were randomly selected, including 228 articles each from the fields of eating disorders and anxiety disorders. Within each field, one third (76) of the articles were selected from each of the three time points. Two raters, from a team of eight trained raters, were randomly assigned to independently rate each article in terms of 75 separate methodologic features. In the current article, we will emphasize the findings about hypothesis testing and statistical analysis. Disagreements in ratings were resolved via consensus. Ratings were tabulated separately by field across the three time points. RESULTS: Few differences were observed between eating disorder and anxiety disorder publications in terms of statistical hypothesis testing features. Although increases were observed in both fields in a number of areas from 1980 to 2000, there remains a pervasive absence of many of the statistical hypothesis testing features recommended by the American Psychological Association Task Force on Statistical Inference. CONCLUSION: These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the fields of eating disorders and anxiety disorders, for researchers, for reviewers, and for professional journals and editorial boards.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1989

The hyperventilation syndrome in panic disorder, agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder.

The symptom complex of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder suggests an etiological role for hyperventilation. The present study investigates the overlap between DSM-III-R panic disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder with hyperventilation syndrome (HVS). The anxiety disorder diagnoses were based on a structured interview, and HVS syndrome (HVS). The anxiety disorder diagnoses were based on a structured interview, and HVS determined by the so-called hyperventilation provocation test (a brief period of voluntary hyperventilation with recognition of symptoms). The overlap rates with HVS were: 48% for panic disorder, 83% for panic disorder with agoraphobia and 82% for generalized anxiety disorder. However, a pilot study on transcutaneous monitoring of carbon dioxide tension leads us to question the validity of the voluntary hyperventilation method that we used to determine HVS-status. It is unclear whether hyperventilation plays an important role in panic and general anxiety, as our overlap findings suggest. For patients who recognize the symptoms induced by voluntary hyperventilation, the hyperventilation provocation procedure provides a therapeutic means of exposure to feared bodily sensations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The comorbidity of DSM-III-R personality disorders in somatization disorder.

In order to understand psychiatric factors that complicate the medical management of somatizing patients, 94 subjects with known somatization disorder (SD) were evaluated for 13 personality disorders with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders. Referred from multiple primary care settings, the patient sample was predominantly female (85%), married (67%), high school graduates (64%), and had a mean age of 43. Structured interviews documented that 23.4% of SD patients had one personality disorder, and 37.2% had two or more disorders. The four most frequently identified personality disorders were avoidance 26.7%, paranoia 21.3%, self-defeating 19.1%, and obsessive-compulsive 17.1%. Interestingly histrionic personality disorder was identified in only 12.8% of the sample and antisocial personality disorder in 7.4%. In making the diagnosis of SD, health care providers need to avoid the common clinical impression that histrionic behavior often accompanies the disorder. Further research with SD patients is needed to examine the relationship of co-occurring personality disorders to symptom recurrence, health care utilization, and readiness for psychiatric referral.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Personality disorders evident by early adulthood and risk for anxiety disorders during middle adulthood.

Data from the Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal investigation, were used to investigate the association of personality disorder (PD) traits, evident by early adulthood, with risk for development of anxiety disorders by middle adulthood. Individuals without a history of anxiety disorders who met diagnostic criteria for >or=1 PD by early adulthood were at markedly elevated risk for agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder by middle adulthood. Antisocial, avoidant, borderline, dependent, depressive, histrionic, obsessive-compulsive, passive-aggressive, and schizotypal PD traits, evident by early adulthood, were associated with elevated risk for >or=1 anxiety disorder during middle adulthood. These associations remained significant after a history of anxiety disorder and co-occurring Axis I psychiatric disorder was controlled statistically. Findings of this study suggest that some types of PD traits that become evident by early adulthood may contribute to increased risk for the development of anxiety disorders by middle adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The temporal relationship between anxiety disorders and (hypo)mania: a retrospective examination of 63 panic, social phobic and obsessive-compulsive patients with comorbid bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between anxiety and depressive disorders has been conventionally limited to unipolar depression. Recent studies from both clinical and epidemiologic samples have revealed intriguing associations between anxiety and bipolar (mainly bipolar II) disorders. The present report examines the temporal sequence of hypomania to panic (PD), obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and social phobic (SP) disorders. METHODS: Specialty-trained clinicians retrospectively evaluated the foregoing relationships in 63 patients meeting the DSM-III-R diagnosis for PD, OCD and SP with lifetime comorbidity with bipolar disorders (87% bipolar II). Structured interviews were used. RESULTS: In nearly all cases, SP chronologically preceded hypomanic episodes and disappeared when the latter episodes supervened. By contrast, PD and OCD symptomatology, even when preceding hypomanic episodes, often persisted during such episodes; more provocatively, nearly a third of all onsets of panic attacks were during hypomania. LIMITATIONS: Assessing temporal relationships between hypomania and specific anxiety disorders on a retrospective basis is, at best, of unknown reliability. The related difficulty of ascertaining the extent to which past antidepressant treatment of anxiety disorders could explain the anxiety-bipolar II comorbidity represents another major limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Different temporal relationships characterized the occurrence of hypomania in individual anxiety disorder subtypes. Some anxiety disorders (notably SP, and to some extent OCD) seem to lie on a broad affective continuum of inhibitory restraint vs. disinhibited hypomania. By contrast, and more tentatively, PD in the context of bipolar disorder, might be a reflection of a dysphoric manic or mixed hypomanic symptomatology. The foregoing suggestions do not even begin to exhaust the realm of possibilities. The pattern of complex relationships among these disorders would certainly require better designed prospective observations.

Adult↗