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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Fetal death rates in mothers of children with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).

Women under 25 years at the birth of a child with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) appear to have an increased risk of having another child with a trisomy. If the risk of recurrence is due solely to an increased production of trisomic conceptions, women with an affected child should have a rate of spontaneous abortion higher than average, since the majority of aneuploid conceptuses are expected to be aborted. We examined fetal loss rates among the other pregnancies of 545 women delivered of a child with trisomy 21 and compared the observed loss rates with those which would be expected were the relative risk for these women for an aneuploid recognized pregnancy the same as their relative risk for an aneuploid livebirth as reported by others. Overall loss rates in their prior pregnancies were greatest for women who were 20-24 years old at the time of birth of the proband. Moreover, the observed rate of fetal loss for this group of women (33.8%) was at least as high as that predicted from their relative risk for a trisomic livebirth. By contrast, the observed fetal loss rates for women 25-39 years of age at the proband's birth did not differ from the rates predicted on the assumption that their risk for a trisomic recognized pregnancy was not increased, as the livebirth data suggested. The results of this study suggest that women under 25 years at the birth of a child with trisomy 21 have a significantly higher rate of fetal loss in their prior pregnancies than women delivered of the trisomic child at older ages.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1982

Mortality trends in Philadelphia: age- and cause- specific death rates 1870-1930.

This article examines the decline in mortality which occurred in Philadelphia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Age- and cause-specific mortality rates accounting for the decline are isolated and the relative importance of several variables in explaining the reduction of overall mortality levels is assessed. By using small areas within the city we are able to establish the impact of particular innovations on specific causes fo death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Vigorous exercise in leisure time and the death rate: a study of male civil servants.

In 1968-70, 17,944 middle-aged male executive grade civil servants in Great Britain provided a record of their leisure-time activities for two sample days and they have been followed until the end of 1977. In a 20% sample (3591 men), 268 have died. Men who had reported "vigorous exercise" (VE) during the two days suffered fewer deaths from coronary heart disease throughout the years 1968-77; there was no significant difference in mortality from other causes. VE men recorded more physical activity in general, and they saw themselves as physically more active than the rest. Total physical activity scores, however, were weakly related to coronary mortality. Men reporting vigorous exercise smoked somewhat less than other men, but the two factors were independently associated with mortality from coronary heart disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Analysis of maternal death rates and causes in 21 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions].

An analysis of maternal mortality in 287 cities, districts and counties of 21 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions covering a population of 177,550,000 in China in 1984-1985 was reported. Total number of live births was 15,466,368 in the areas investigated, with 4 669078 in the urban areas and 10,797,290 in rural areas. The number of maternal deaths was 7,485 882 were in urban areas and 6,603 in rural areas, giving a maternal mortality of 18.9/100,000 in urban areas and 61.2/100,000 in rural areas. Deaths due to direct obstetric causes constituted 71% of the total deaths. The sequences of the main causes were: obstetric hemorrhage, cardiac diseases, pregnancy induced hypertension, amniotic fluid embolism and puerperal infection. Obstetric hemorrhage caused nearly half of the total deaths. The maternal care for these cases was unsatisfactory. The average number of antenatal examination was only 2. In the rural areas half of the cases were delivered not in hospital but at home, and 1/6 of the cases died on the way to hospital. A discussion was made on the investigated material.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1993

[Socioeconomic and cultural inequalities in Montreal's death rate at the end of the 1980s].

"This study examines the socio-economic and cultural inequalities of the mortality rate [in Montreal, Canada,] using an ecological approach at the census tract level. The proportion of poor individuals, as estimated from the income and size of private households, was used as a measure of socio-economic status, while the proportion of immigrants was used as a measure of cultural status. Each death was classified in relation to the proportion of poor and the percentage of immigrants found in the residential sector of the dead according to the 1986 census statistics. The results show that substantial differences exist in Montreal based on income; and significant disparities were also found according to the quintile of immigrants and the combination of income and immigrant tertiles." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed2006

Chemoprophylaxis and malaria death rates.

To determine the effect of chemoprophylaxis on the case-fatality rate of malaria, we analyzed all cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in nonimmune persons reported from 1993 to 2004 in Germany. In univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, we determined the effect of age, sex, chemoprophylaxis, chemoprophylactic regimen, compliance for chemoprophylactic regimen, exposure prophylaxis, country of infection, and year of reporting on the outcome. Of 3,935 case-patients, 116 (3%) died of malaria. Univariate analysis showed significant associations with death for chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine plus proguanil compared to no chemoprophylaxis. The multivariate model showed that patients who had taken chemoprophylaxis were less likely to die compared to those who had not taken chemoprophylaxis, adjusted for patient age and reporting year. The study demonstrated that chemoprophylaxis significantly reduced fatality rates among nonimmune malaria patients and supports the importance of existing guidelines for malaria prevention.

Antimalarials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Time trends in death rates from homicides in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1979-1994].

To study homicide trends by gender and age, 1979-1994, São Paulo, Brazil, cubic polynomials were used to determine the best model for adjusting to time trends in homicide mortality rates by age and gender in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 1979-1994. The model best adjusted to each group was selected considering the regression coefficient (Beta) , R2 value, residual analysis, and model's simplicity. The results show linear growth for total rates and rates by gender due to behavior of rates in the 20-29 and 30-39 year age groups. The reciprocal model adjusted best to rates for the 40-49 and 50-59 year age groups, while rates for adolescents followed the multiplicative model. There was no significant relationship between homicide rates and time for the remaining groups (under 10 and over 59 years). Rates for males were considerably higher in all age groups. The remarkably steady growth in homicide rates among adolescents and young adults is consistent with trends observed in other urban areas in developing and developed countries and denotes deteriorating living conditions and increased poverty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Mortality and hidden mental disorder in the Lundby Study. Age-standardized death rates among mentally ill 'non-patients' in a total population observed during a 25-year period.

In the Lundby Study, all mental illnesses, treated as well as untreated, that occurred during a 25-year period in a geographically defined Swedish general population sample were evaluated. All forms of psychiatric services used by the population during the same period were registered. The present study investigates the mortality pattern of mentally ill persons who did not receive psychiatric specialist treatment. Men with a 'hidden' mental disorder showed a significantly increased mortality from non-violet causes (p less than 0.001). The relative somatic death risk in this group was even slightly higher than that found among mentally ill men who had received psychiatric specialist care. The somatic overmortality found among women with a hidden mental disorder did not reach statistical significance, while mentally ill women who had been treated showed a significant excess mortality from natural causes (p less than 0.05). The total number of violet deaths was small and calculations on violet death risks were performed only for men. Among men with a hidden mental disorder the age-standardized violent death risk was twice that of the total male population, but the increase did not reach statistical significance. Men with a treated mental disorder showed a significant over-mortality from violent causes (p less than 0.001).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Colorectal cancer. Can we lower the death rate in the 1990s?

Colorectal cancer is second only to lung cancer in the number of lives it claims annually, yet it is a curable cancer. Early detection is possible in high-risk individuals. The risk for colorectal cancer almost doubles every 7 years in patients older than 50. The authors review the epidemiology and site distribution of colorectal cancer, compare available diagnostic techniques, and consider the cost effectiveness of screening. Barium enema and endoscopy are recommended diagnostic tests, but expensive colonoscopy does not appear to be justified for screening.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Death rates of medical school class presidents.

Medical professionals often face many competing demands to contribute both to the clinical care of patients and to the public health of society. We studied the long-term survival of doctors graduating from one medical school over one century (n = 1521), comparing those who were presidents of their class to those who appeared alphabetically before or alphabetically after the president in the graduating class photograph. Statistics on long-term mortality were obtained from licensing authorities, medical obituaries, professional associations, alumni records, and national physician directories (follow-up 94% complete, median follow-up duration = 38 years, total deaths = 220). We found that most graduates were male (88%), white (93%), and younger than 30 years at time of graduation (93%). Presidents more frequently made contributions to society than their classmates, as recognized by professional alumni notices (21.9% vs. 13.3%, P < 0.001) and Who's Who directory listings (7% vs. 0.5%, P < 0.001). Nonetheless, survival after medical school was 2.4 years shorter for presidents than their classmates (49.0 vs. 51.4, P = 0.036). The decrease in life-expectancy was unrelated to medical school marks or early career mortality and was accentuated after adjustments for birth year, gender, race, and specialization (P = 0.001 ). We suggest that the type of medical professional who sacrifices themselves for this type of professional prestige may also be the type who fails to look after their health or is otherwise prone to early mortality.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Trends in perinatal death rates in Denmark and Sweden, 1915-1990.

Perinatal mortality rate (PMR) is often taken as an indicator of the quality of obstetric care. Its decline started in the early 1940s in Denmark and Sweden, at the same time as in several other European countries, and its development has been strikingly parallel in the two Scandinavian countries. The changes in the mothers' ages and birth order do not coincide with the changes in the PMR. The percentage of children born weighing less than 2500 g has been very stable over time, albeit higher in Denmark. The move towards hospital confinements in obstetric care took place mainly in the 1930s in Sweden, i.e. before the decline started, and in the 1950s and 1960s in Denmark. The factors investigated have contributed very little to explain why the PMR started to decline in the early 1940s. Factors associated with the distribution of perinatal deaths in a population do not seem to be able to explain the changes taking place over time. In the current study it is postulated that factors behind the change in the PMR are improvements in the mothers' health together with the decline in the total period fertility rate from the beginning of this century. With a smaller number of children the risk of infection was reduced and the amount of food available to each child and pregnant woman increased. This better health in early life may be associated with improved reproductive health in the adult years.

Birth Order↗
PubMed2005

Lung cancer death rates by smoking status: comparison of the Three-Prefecture Cohort study in Japan to the Cancer Prevention Study II in the USA.

Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for lung cancer. However, the magnitude of the relative risk (RR) on lung cancer mortality in relation to cigarette smoking is reported to be lower in Japan than in Western countries. We investigated whether this discrepancy could be explained by differences in the exposure to cigarettes smoked, by differences in sensitivity to smoking, or by differences in lung cancer mortality among non-smokers. We examined the 10-year follow-up data on 88,153 participants in a Japanese population-based prospective study conducted in three prefectures. Data used as a Western counterpart was retrieved from a published report of the US Cancer Prevention Study (CPS)-II. Although there was a significant increased risk of lung cancer death among current smokers compared with non-smokers, the observed RR in the Three-Prefecture Study were much lower than RR reported in the CPS-II. Lung cancer mortality of our Japanese sample was lower among current smokers and higher among non-smokers regardless of age and sex. Current smokers in our sample had initiated smoking at an older age and smoked fewer cigarettes per day for shorter durations than those in the CPS-II sample. The Poisson regression model (controlling for age, number of cigarettes smoked per day and duration of smoking) showed that male current smokers in our sample had a lower risk of lung cancer compared with those in the CPS-II sample (rate ratio 0.34 [95%CI 0.27-0.43]). These findings might explain why Japanese risks of lung cancer are lower than those observed in Western countries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Early and late responses to oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts of healthy donors and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Relationship between the cell death rate and the genomic dosage of active ribosomal genes].

A study was made of the effect of the oxidizing agent potassium chromate (K2CrO4, PC) on cultured dermal fibroblasts of a healthy donor and three patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Characteristics of the rRNA gene (RG) complex-RG copy number, active RG (ARG) dosage, and 18S rRNA content--were determined for each cell line. In cells of the healthy donor, oxidative stress caused by low doses of PC (2-4 microM, 1-4 h) induced an early response, including a 50-80% increase in total RNA and rRNA. An appreciable activation of the nucleolus was observed cytochemically, by silver staining and morphometry. The early response grew considerably lower with the increasing passage number and/or PC concentration. Exposure to 6-12 microM PC for 24 h led to a progressive cell death (late response). The existence and intensity of the early response correlated positively with the cell survival during further culturing. Cells of the RA patients displayed almost no early response even at early passages: total RNA did not increase, and rRNA increased by no more than 10%. Cell disruption (apoptosis) during further culturing was more intense than in the line originating from the healthy donor. The apoptosis intensity characterized by the increase in the content of DNA fragments in the culture medium and in the caspase 3 activity, was inversely proportional to the ARG dosage in the genome. The results provide the first quantitative characterization of the early and late responses of cells to PC-induced oxidative stress and suggest a role of the ARG dosage in cell survival in stress.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed2001

Retrograde tracing techniques influence reported death rates of adult rat nigrostriatal neurons.

Injury often causes loss of neuronal markers and prior retrograde labeling can circumvent this problem of identification. We have previously used a time-consuming protocol for labeling all dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta neurons in adult rats by injecting the fluorescent tracer DiI into six sites throughout each neostriatum. Here, 2 weeks after injection of DiI into two central locations, only half of these nigrostriatal neurons were labeled. With six sites, more medial and lateral neurons were labeled, and also more in the midportion along the medial-lateral extent of the pars compacta. Less than 0.5% of the contralateral neurons were labeled. Two injections of Fluorogold also labeled fewer neurons, but their morphology was clearer. Two to 4 weeks after injection of the neurotoxin 6-OHDA into the two neostriatal sites, the total number of surviving neurons appeared greater with six sites of DiI than with two. However, within the middle region of the nigra, survival was lower with the six sites. This suggests that neurons that project outside the two central striatal tracer and 6-OHDA injection regions may be spared initially, but that those in the midportion that project to the central region are more vulnerable with the six-site protocol. Some reports suggest that Fluorogold prelabeling increases neuronal death. Here, survival after 6-OHDA or axotomy was similar with DiI or Fluorogold. These results suggest that because of a complex projection pattern of the nigrostriatal neurons, detailed quantification of neuronal survival should rely on extensive labeling. However, for drug screening purposes, faster labeling with Fluorogold using two sites is more suitable and should provide reliable data.

Animals↗