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PubMed2004

Effect of electrical tooth stimulation on blood flow and immunocompetent cells in rat dental pulp after sympathectomy.

Previous experiments show that nerves have effect on the emigration of immunocompetent cells during acute neurogenic inflammation. The present study aims to determine whether the sympathetic or sensory nerves are responsible for emigration of CD43+ and I-A antigen-expressing cells in the dental pulp after electrical tooth stimulation. Wistar rats were used. Experimental rats (n = 6) had the right superior cervical ganglion removed (SCGx), whereas control rats (n = 6) had sham surgery. Fourteen days later, electrical stimulation of the right maxillary 1st molar was performed in both groups for 20-25 s every 5th min for a total period of 4 h. Changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) were recorded with a laser Doppler flowmeter. All rats were transcardiacally perfused and processed for immunohistochemistry using antibodies against neuropeptides and immune cells. Intermittent electrical stimulation consistently increased PBF and depleted sympathetic and sensory neuropeptides in the dental pulp. The increase in PBF gradually decreased and approached control values at the end of the 4 h stimulation period. A significant increase in the number of I-A antigen-expressing dendritic cells was found in both the SCGx (P < 0.001) and control rats (P < 0.007). In contrast, tooth stimulation did not increase the number of CD43+ cells in the SCGx rats compared to the unstimulated contralateral control molar. Significantly more CD43+ PMN cells (P < 0.01) were found in the control rats after stimulation. It is concluded that stimulation of sympathetic nerves causes recruitment of CD43+ PMN cells, whereas stimulation of sensory nerves causes emigration of I-A antigen-expressing dendritic cells in the dental pulp.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Dental pulp metastasis from oral squamous cell carcinoma: a case report and a review of the literature].

A 61-year-old man was seen in the Oral Pathology Department with a three-month history of right mandibular pain. Clinical examination revealed a 3 cm mass involving the body and the angle of the right site of the mandible and palpable masses in the neck. The dental panoramic radiography showed on the right a radiolucenT area surrounding the lower second molar, extending to the mandible angle. Additionally, chest radiograph and routine laboratory analysis results were unremarkable. An incisional biopsy of the area, revealed histologically a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and after few days, the patient received a right hemimandibulectomy with dissection of submandibular salivary gland and laterocervical lymph nodes on the same side. The histology of surgical material confirmed the diagnosis of a differentiated squamous cell carcinoma G1, homolateral diffusion in the mandible bone and metastasis to the dental pulp of the second lower molar tooth and to one of 18 lymph nodes dissected. In this report is described a very rare metastasis to the dental pulp and literature review, in which only fifteen other cases are reported.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1989

Identification of drug receptors in porcine dental pulp by the radioligand binding assay.

1. The acetylcholine (ACh), histamine and serotonin (5-HT) receptors in porcine dental pulp were characterized by the radioligand binding assay. 2. For [3H]nicotine binding site, Kd was 8.06 +/- 1.65 nM and Bmax was 270.83 +/- 32.68 fmol/mg protein. 3. For [3H]QNB binding site, Kd was 1.04 +/- 0.14 nM and Bmax was 24.83 +/- 3.09 fmol/mg protein. 4. For [3H]histamine binding site, Kd was 1.22 +/- 0.1 nM and Bmax was 283.15 +/- 33.1 fmol/mg protein. 5. For [3H]5-HT binding site, Kd was 1.41 +/- 0.1 nM and Bmax was 53.1 +/- 3.4 fmol/mg protein. 6. These findings indicate that the specific receptors for ACh, histamine and 5-HT are present in the porcine dental pulp, and that the ACh receptor is predominantly nicotinic.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Morphological research on the dental pulp of the calf].

Morphological researches have been carried out through histological studies with fine and semifine sections at the electronic scan microscope on the dental pulp of calves. The general aim was to identify the antioxidant properties of pulp and study cellular density and microfibrillar architecture. The dental pulps of calves of 5-6 months taken immediately after slaughtering were used with immersions into the fixing liquid. The scan microscope showed fibroblasts in the deepest regions of the pulp in a stroma of collagenic fibres, not organised but scattered among the cells of the connective tissue. The odontoblasts presented well ordered one beside the others with well visible details such as the swollen basal portion, the nucleus and a very tight villosity. No clear interodontoblastic connections were evident. The electron transmission microscope revealed typical cells with histiocyte appearance with microfilaments evident in the cytoplasma (myofibroblasts) presenting a wide variety of cytoplasmatic interconnections with interdigitations.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in human and animal dental pulp.

The activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase, scavenger of the superoxide anion (O2-.), was assayed in the normal dental pulp of man, dog, rabbit and pig. Very low levels of Cu-Zn-containing superoxide dismutase found in the pulpal tissue investigated support the hypothesis of a relationship between the reactivity of the dental pulp to inflammatory processes and a low protection against oxy-radicals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Catecholamines in human dental pulp. A combined immunohistochemical and chromatographic study.

Pharmacological studies have suggested that nerve-released catecholamines may play an important role in the regulation of vascular tone and in the modulation of sensory nerve activity in animal teeth. We have used tyrosine hydroxylase-immunohistochemistry to detect catecholamine-producing cells in human dental pulp and high performance liquid chromatography to identify and quantitate catecholamines in this tissue. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity was confined to a sub-population of nerve fibres that were mainly localized around blood vessels. Considerable concentrations of norepinephrine (17.8 +/- 3.75 pg/mg tissue) and much lower concentrations of dopamine and epinephrine (0.27 +/- 0.10 and 0.19 +/- 0.11 pg/mg, respectively) were measured in all samples examined. It is suggested that catecholamines in human dental pulp are exclusively contained in nervous structures that are mainly associated with blood vessels and that norepinephrine is the candidate neurotransmitter of these nerve fibres. These data provide the basis to further studies addressed to clarify the possible functions of catecholamines in human dental pulp during physiological as well as inflammatory situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Alkaline phosphatase activity in normal and inflamed dental pulps.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) seems to be important in the formation of mineralized tissues. High levels of ALP have been demonstrated in dental pulp cells. In the present study ALP activity was analyzed in normal healthy human dental pulps, in reversible pulpitis, and in irreversible pulpitis. Enzymatic ALP control values for the normal healthy pulps were 110.96+/-20.93. In the reversible pulpitis specimens the ALP activity increased almost eight times to 853.6+/-148.27. In the irreversible pulpitis specimens the values decreased sharply to 137.15+/-21.28 and were roughly equivalent to those seen in normal healthy pulps. The differences between the groups (control vs. reversible pulpitis and reversible pulpitis vs. irreversible pulpitis) were statistically significant. These results could point to a role of ALP in the initial pulp response after injury.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary report on the effects of propolis on wound healing in the dental pulp.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the antimicrobial and healing potential of propolis on direct dental pulp exposures. This study used 25 adult male rats. Pulp exposures were performed and animals were allocated to propolis and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 groups. Animals were killed on days 5, 7, 10, and 14. The teeth were routinely processed for histological evaluation. Non-parametric tests were employed to analyze the data. No significant differences were found between study groups on the wound healing of the dental pulp. Both substances were comparable in exhibiting normal reorganization of the pulp and no increased vascularity, and were equally efficacious in maintaining a low inflammatory and microbial cell population as well as in stimulating the formation of reparative dentin.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation of osteopontin expression in rat clonal dental pulp cells.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a major phosphorylated non-collagenous protein isolated from bone. Rat clonal dental-pulp cell lines RPC-C2A and RDP4-1 produce and secrete OPN as a principal phosphoprotein. 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is a potent calcitropic hormone which regulates calcified tissue metabolism including the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. The effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of OPN mRNA and the synthesis of OPN protein by pulp cells in vitro were investigated. In RPC-C2A cells, 1,25(OH)2D3 markedly stimulated synthesis of both [32PO4]- and [35S]-methionine-labelled OPN. Phosphorylated OPN synthesis increased dose-dependently and showed a maximum level at 48 h after addition of 10(-11)-10(-7) M 1,25(OH)2D3. Similar stimulation was also observed in RDP4-1 cells. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that 1,25(OH)2D3 greatly increased the level of OPN mRNA in both pulp cell lines. Examination of the time course of the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the level of OPN mRNA in RPC-C2A cells by dot-blot analysis showed that stimulation was detectable at 24 h and reached a maximum at 48 h after exposure to 10(-7)M 1,25(OH)2D3. These findings indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulates the production of dental-pulp OPN by a mechanism that involves de novo synthesis and transcriptional control.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Accessory cells in the immune defense of the dental pulp.

This communication focuses on the participation of accessory cells in the initial recognition and processing of antigenic substances in the dental pulp. Immunohistochemical analyses have demonstrated the presence of two types of accessory cells--one with a dendritic morphology located in the periphery of the pulp and one with a macrophage-like appearance located more centrally. Functional studies in vitro have provided evidence for the dendritic cells being the most significant of the two cells regarding their capacity to induce T-cell proliferation. Studies on ontogeny have revealed that the appearance of pulp accessory cells is delayed compared to other peripheral tissues. In experimentally induced pulp lesions a rapid increase of cells with morphologic and phenotypic features similar to normally occurring accessory cells was found. These data demonstrate that the dental pulp contains the necessary cellular constituents to mount an immunologic defense reaction. Future studies should focus on elucidating possible interactions between these immune cells and the neurovascular system of the pulp.

Antigen-Presenting Cells↗
PubMed1989

[Lectin histochemical study on human dental pulp. Special reference to odontoblasts and pulp cells].

The present study investigated some lectin affinities of human dental pulps, especially of odontoblasts and pulp cells. The materials were obtained from clinically intact teeth that were caries-free, attrition and/or abrasion-free. Mucopolysaccharide staining was carried out with applied PAS and alcian blue (AB) (pH 1.0 and 2.5). Lectins used were Con A, WGA, RCA-1, UEA-1, DBA, SBA, MPA, LFA, HPA, PNA, and GS-1, and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method was employed. Some specimens were tested for PNA binding after treatment with sialidase. The following results were obtained: 1) On PAS and AB staining, the pulp tissue was very weakly or borderline positive. 2) Lectin binding in odontoblasts was intensely positive with Con A, WGA, RCA-1, MPA, and LFA, but negative or very weakly positive with the other lectins examined. 3) Lectin localization in odontoblasts was localized diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. 4) On PNA staining, odontoblasts were negative, but changed to positive after treatment with sialidase. 5) Odontoblast processes showed negative or borderline staining with all lectins used in this study. 6) The pulp cells were clearly positive with Con A, MPA, LFA, RCA-1, and SBA and especially LFA showed an intense reaction with the pulp cells. 7) WGA affinity for odontoblasts was very strong but that for pulp cells was very weak. 8) Lectin binding in pulp cells was observed mainly in the processes of the cells. From the above results, it is clear that the lectin binding pattern of odontoblasts differs from that of pulp cells. The data suggest that D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-galactose, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues are localized in the odontoblasts and sialic acid is localized in the pulp cells.

Dental Pulp↗
PubMed1981

Depletion of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the cat dental pulp by antidromic nerve stimulation.

Tissue levels of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) were determined by radioimmunoassay in incubated cat dental pulps with and without previous electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve (I.A.N.). The ability of the dental pulp to degrade substance P (SP) was also studied. The pulpal SPLI levels in teeth incubated at 37 degrees C for up to 240 min immediately after removal from the jaws did not differ from those in contralateral unincubated teeth. Following I.A.N. stimulation (3-45 min at 10 V, 15 Hz and 5 ms) and subsequent incubation (30 min at 37 degrees C) of the teeth the SPLI levels in ipsilateral pulps were significantly lower (45% reduction) than those in contralateral unstimulated controls. Incubation of homogenized pulp tissue at 37 degrees C with synthetic bovine SP or 125I-Tyr8-SP led to rapid inactivation of SP, whereas similar incubation of whole blood with 125I-Tyr8-SP had little effect. Endogenous SPLI levels were also rapidly reduced (50% reduction within 3 min) in incubated pulp homogenates. Incubation at a lower temperature (22 degrees C) resulted in a somewhat reduced rate of degradation and incubation with boiled homogenates failed to inactivate SP. The results indicate that the pulp contains enzymes capable of destroying SP and that within the nerve terminals SP is stored in such a way that it is protected against degradation. The data obtained also provide further evidence for a nerve evoked release of SP.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effect of unilateral sympathectomy and cavity preparation on peptidergic nerves and immune cells in rat dental pulp.

Recent evidence suggests interactions between primary afferent nociceptors and postganglionic sympathetic efferents in the pathogenesis of inflammation. The effect of unilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion on the innervation pattern of nerve fibers immunoreactive (IR) to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as well as the occurrence of immune cells in the injured and uninjured rat molar pulp, was investigated. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the molar pulps contralateral to the sympathectomy contained a NPY-IR nerve fiber network more dense and heavily stained than unoperated control rats. The NPY-IR fibers showed, however, no sprouting after deep cavity preparation. There was no compensatory increase in CGRP- and SP-IR nerve fibers in the dental pulp after unilateral sympathectomy, although a significant increase in cells IR to CGRP and SP was found in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion. Unilateral sympathectomy induced a significant increase in immune cell density both in the inflamed and in the uninflamed dental pulp bilaterally. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, a trophic effect of the sympathetic nerves on immune cells in the dental pulp, indicating that an imbalance of sympathetic nerves may induce inflammation and pain in teeth.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp.

AIM: To examine copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD) activity in clinically healthy and symptomatic human dental pulps. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-five systemically healthy patients, 14 females and 11 males (age: 13.1-34.6 years; mean: 21.7 +/- 6.3), were the source of the pulp tissue. The condition of the pulps was assessed using clinical and radiographic evaluation. The pulp tissue was collected by longitudinally grooving and splitting the teeth (if extracted) or during endodontic treatment, and were age- and sex-matched between the healthy and the irreversible symptomatic pulpitis tissue groups. Cu, Zn-SOD activity was determined through spectrophotometric methods and a Mann-Whitney test assessed the significance of differences between the groups. RESULTS: The enzyme activities were 144.8 +/- 42.2 and 68.1 +/- 25.0 U mg(-1) in the healthy and irreversible symptomatic pulp tissue, respectively. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a potential role for Cu, Zn-SOD during dental pulp inflammation in humans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

DIA3 phenotyping in human tissues, dental pulps, and hair roots by isoelectric focusing.

The polymorphism of DIA3 was investigated in tissues of various human organs, dental pulps, and hair roots by isoelectric focusing. DIA3 types were demonstrated from tissues of brain, prostate, testis, ovary, and uterus, but not from tissues of spleen, pancreas, heart, liver, muscle, lung, skin, and kidney. Determination was possible from dental pulps stored at room temperature for up to 2 weeks and from fresh hair roots. The results show that the DIA3 typing by isoelectric focusing is useful for medicolegal individualization of brain, reproductive organs, teeth, and hairs.

Dental Pulp↗
PubMed1999

[Effects of endothelin-1 on the collagen synthesis of cultured human dental pulp cells].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of endothelin-1(ET-1) on the collagen synthesis of cultured human dental pulp cells. METHODS: Cell cultured, enzyme linked immmun sorbent assay (ELISA), and ABC immunhistochemical staining were used in the study. RESULTS: ET-1 increased the synthesis of soluble type I collagen in different periods besides the 24 h group, and had no effects on the type III collagen; immunohistochemical staining revealed that ET-1 also increased the synthesis of unsoluble type I collagen. CONCLUSION: ET-1 can stimulate type I collagenic synthesis of human dental pulp cells and might have an effect on pulp self-restoration.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1997

Perivascular dendritic cells of the human dental pulp.

The morphological and phenotypical features of the class II molecule (HLA-DR) expressing cells in human dental pulps were compared with those of previously characterized perivascular dendritic cells in the dermis. We have further investigated how these pulpal cells are structurally related to the vascular system. Double-immunofluorescence staining revealed that a substantial portion of the pulpal HLA-DR expressing cells also expressed factor XIIIa, a marker for dendritic cells. The cells usually had a highly dendritic appearance and formed a reticular network in the pulpal connective tissue. The majority of cells also expressed macrophage-related antigens (CD14 and CD68). A small but distinct population of pulpal cells, representing approximately 13% of the class II molecule expressing cells, was devoid of a typical macrophage phenotype. This subpopulation of pulpal cells may be similar to dendritic cells present in the dermis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that highly dendritic cells, found in close relation to the endothelium, had dendritic processes which were found to be in contact with the peripheral cell membrane of the endothelial cells. These cells formed a three-dimensional structure around the microvessel resembling a cellular conduit. We conclude that the human dental pulp is equipped with class II molecule-expressing perivascular dendritic cells composed of a heterogeneous cell population.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed2001

The exact expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in trigeminal ganglion and dental pulp.

The expression in various cell types of peripheral tissues of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), first discovered as an intermediate filament specific for astrocytes, remains controversial owing to numerous reports of a wide distribution for GFAP-immunoreactivity in various cells. The present study employed immunohistochemistry to investigate the precise expression of GFAP in the dental pulp and trigeminal ganglion of adult rats and wild-type mice as well as GFAP-knockout mice. The exhibition of GFAP-immunoreactivity in the trigeminal ganglion was further examined by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique, and in situ hybridization histochemistry using a specific cRNA probe prepared by us. The immunoreaction for GFAP was recognizable in the axons, Schwann cells, and the fibroblasts in the dental pulp of rats and wild-type littermate mice. However, mice with null mutations in the GFAP gene remained immunoreactive for GFAP in all these locations. Intense GFAP-immunoreactivity was found in a small number of satellite cells in the trigeminal ganglion in all animals examined in this study. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated bands for the GFAP gene corresponding to the length expected from the primer design in the samples of trigeminal ganglion and dental pulp. In situ hybridization histochemistry also showed intense signals for GFAP mRNA in some satellite cells of the trigeminal ganglion, but never in the neurons. These data suggest that the GFAP-immunoreactive molecules in the pulpal axons and fibroblasts react non-specifically with the polyclonal antibody and are probably a closely related type of intermediate filament.

Animals↗