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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Analgesic effects of intranasal butorphanol tartrate administered via a unit-dose device in the dental impaction pain model: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.

BACKGROUND: Butorphanol tartrate (BT) nasal spray is currently marketed as a multidose spray pump product. However, access to excessive amounts of drug in a single bottle (up to 15 doses) creates the potential for misuse, diversion, and abuse. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a sterile, unpreserved BT nasal spray administered via a unit-dose device in the treatment of moderate to severe pain after dental impaction surgery. METHODS: This was a single-site, single-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group pilot study of unit-dose BT nasal spray 1 and 2 mg compared with vehicle in patients who received standard anesthesia and underwent surgery to remove impacted third molars. When patients reported experiencing moderate or severe postoperative pain, they were assigned to receive the respective treatments in a 2:2:1 ratio. Patients rated pain intensity and pain relief and performed other assessments of analgesic efficacy before dosing and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after receipt of study medication. They could request rescue medication from 1 hour after the administration of nasal spray. The primary efficacy variables were summed pain intensity difference (SPID) at 2, 4, and 6 hours after administration of study medication and total pain relief at 6 hours (TOTPAR-6). Vital signs, pulse oximetry, and adverse events were monitored on the same schedule as pain assessments. RESULTS: Thirty men and 30 women were enrolled (mean [SD] age, 22.5 [3.8] years; mean body weight, 168 [41.3] lb) and completed the trial. Pain relief was recorded in most patients within 15 minutes of receiving active treatment. A dose response was observed in SPID scores, with the 2-mg dose of BT providing the greatest response compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Overall, 52 (86.7%) patients requested rescue medication: 22 of 24 (91.7%) in the 1-mg group, 19 of 24 (79.2%) in the 2-mg group, and 11 of 12 (91.7%) in the placebo group. The time to use of rescue medication occurred a median of 75 to 110 minutes after nasal spray dosing. The analysis of TOTPAR-6 showed no significant differences overall or in pairwise comparisons. On the global assessment, 58.3% of patients in each of the active-treatment groups and 83.3% of patients in the placebo group evaluated the study drug as "poor." The unit-dose BT nasal spray was well tolerated, with central nervous system adverse effects being most common in the active-treatment groups compared with placebo (P = 0.029). Dizziness occurred in 11 (45.8%) patients who received BT 1 mg, 14 (58.3%) who received BT 2 mg, and 4 (33.3%) who received placebo; for headache, the corresponding numbers were 11 (45.8%), 7 (29.2%), and 2 (16.7%). There were no significant changes from baseline in vital signs, pulse oximetry, reported nasal irritation, or pathology (eg, irritation, epistaxis, ulceration). CONCLUSIONS: In this small pilot study, sterile BT nasal spray administered via a unit-dose device provided effective postsurgical analgesia in approximately half of patients who had undergone surgery to remove impacted third molars. The results are similar to those of previous studies of BT nasal spray administered via multidose pump for postsurgical analgesia in the dental impaction pain model. The outcomes of this study are limited to the population studied.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1980

Three factors predicting irregular versus regular dental attendance: a model fitting to empirical data.

A tentative theory, based upon the results of a survey that was performed in an urbanized village in the Netherlands, and proposing that the (ir)regularity of dental attendance is predicted by 1) dental anxiety, 2) the family dental health pattern and 3) the preference for preservation of the teeth, has been explored with loglinear models (logit approach). It has been shown that dental anxiety in combination with preference for preservation of the teeth is significantly associated with the (ir)regularity, but the family dental health pattern has a modifying effect. The probabilities of being an irregular dental attender were estimated for the levels discernible in the two predictor variables and with the odds of irregular dental attendance corresponding 95% confidence intervals were approximated. The results were discussed and it seems warranted to conclude that (ir)regular dental attendance dependent on the levels of the variables, mentioned above, is predicted more or less accurately. A further exploration of the theory and the variables involved seems worthwhile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Determination of the viremia threshold for dental cross-infection in a mouse model.

An animal model of dental virus transmission was developed using the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice to study cross infection. Mouse-to-mouse cross-infection was carried out by scaling the teeth of LDV-infected donor mice with dental instruments, immediately prior to using the contaminated instruments on the teeth of recipient indicator mice. The level of donor viremia was found to correlate with the rate of virus cross-infection, with a viremia threshold level of 10(7.5) ID50/ml observed for dental cross-infection. The blood volume transferred during dental cross-infection was approximately 10(-4) to 10(-5) ml, demonstrating the inefficiency of virus cross-infection, since deposition of about 1000 virions on dental instruments was associated with the threshold limit. Virus transferred during dental cross-infection rapidly entered the blood circulation, showing that dental cross-infection was not dependent on an oral infection. The results from these model studies predict the general inefficiency of dental instrument virus cross-infection, and a further reduced likelihood of dental cross-infection with appropriately cleaned instruments.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effects of graded exposure and parental modeling on the dental phobias of a four-year-old girl and her mother.

The current paper describes a unique case of a very young (4-year-old) dental phobic girl whose mother was also dental avoidant. Treatment of the girl involved a combination of graded exposure and utilizing the mother as a coping model. The results suggest that treatment was highly successful at least to a 6-month follow-up. Despite minimal direct intervention, results also indicated significantly reduced levels of dental fear in the dental-avoidant mother as well. Recommendations for intervention which involve parent modeling are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2004

Developments in dental plaque pH modelling.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this review were to give a comprehensive account of the methods used to determine dental plaque pH over the last 50 years, to review how these methods have been used in dental cariology research and to give an update as to how dental plaque pH studies might be developed in the future. DATA: Published, referred papers and abstracts of conference proceedings in the literature were reviewed. SOURCES: A comprehensive search of the electronic databases PubMed and Medline, was undertaken. In addition, a hand search of the Index Denticus was done to identify relevant citations before 1966. STUDY SELECTION: Relevant published literature in peer-reviewed publications was reviewed. No additional inclusion criteria were applied. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive review gives an account of the background to, history of, relative merits and demerits of, applications of and future of dental plaque pH technologies.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Establishment of a three-dimensional finite element model of mandible with dental implants for immediate loading].

PURPOSE: To establish a three-dimensional finite element model of mandible with dental implants for immediate loading, which will provide a basis for study of the biomechanical characteristics of the immediate loading implant-bone interface. METHODS: A female edentulous mandible was adopted for CT scanning, the scanned data were saved with the form of DICOM, and then input into compute. Universal Surgical Integration System which was developed by ourselves and ANSYS 10.0 were used to divide mesh and establish finite element model. Three dental implants simulating the real shape of ITI thread implant were embedded in the anterior region of the mandible, of which implant-bone interface was granted with situation of smooth friction simulating the case of immediate loading. RESULTS: The accurate finite element model of mandible with dental implants for immediate loading was established, which included 127811 tetrahedron elements with 182252 nodes. A single dental implant model comprised 13924 elements with 21420 nodes, the thread of it was continuous and smooth. CONCLUSION: The biomechanical similarity, the geometrical analogy and clinical indication of the model were quite good. The three-dimensional finite element model developed by this method can apply for precise analysis of the rule of biomechanics on the implant-bone interface for immediate loading.

Dental Implants↗
PubMed1988

The use of animal models in research on dental implants.

The use of animal models in the study of dental implants has contributed greatly to our present understanding of the many different devices in use today. Animal testing plays a major role in assessing the safety and efficacy of dental implants. Standardized tests for determination of the toxicity and general biocompatibility responses of dental implants have been developed by the American Dental Association, the American National Standards Institute, and the Fédération Dentaire Internationale. To date, animal testing has shown the nature of soft tissue attachment to implants and the types of interfacial tissues within bone sites. There have been increased studies correlating animal tests with in vitro analysis and human studies. Additional development of testing remains to be accomplished to show the effects of function on host tissue and the long-term safety of dental implants.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An educational model for preparing dental hygiene students in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Inflammatory periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss. Experts agree that prevention is crucial, with frequent and through plaque removal being the simplest and most effective method for preventing inflammatory periodontal disease. Since it is often the dental hygienist who plays the major role in providing such care, it is imperative that dental hygiene programs educate students in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases and provide necessary breadth and depth in theory and clinical experience in the curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to describe an educational model designed to enhance the treatment phase of the periodontal component of the curriculum for dental hygiene students. Both the didactic and clinical components of the periodontics courses are built upon a program-planning model: students assess, plan, implement, and evaluate the periodontal needs of all patients. Case presentations permit students to assimilate and analyze clinical data while internalizing the importance of comprehensive care and adequate follow-up. In general, the program-planning model in periodontics incorporates the application of theory to practice and enhances clinical decision-making skills needed for graduates to meet the complexity of periodontal health needs.

Dental Hygienists↗
PubMed1977

An expanded model for extramural dental clinics.

The extramural program at the University of the Pacific School of Dentistry is described. The program is designed to facilitate the students' transition from a school clinic to dental practice after graduation. Management skills are taught by providing supervised experience in a model practice setting. Five major facilities are described along with the curriculum modifications made to permit all students to spend eight four-day weeks in these remote sites. The quality control mechanism is discussed as well as four key concepts developed in the six-year experience of operating this program.

California↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of faculty and work role models on the professional socialization of dental hygienists.

The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the degree of influence dental hygiene role models in education and practice have on the professional socialization of recent dental hygiene graduates. Professional socialization was measured by two constructs: attitudes toward professionalism and interpersonal values. This study compared responses on attitudes and values scales of 1985 dental hygiene graduates who indicated they did or did not identify with a dental hygiene role model in school and at work. A comparison of responses on five other control variables also was assessed in relation to attitudes and values. Results showed that those respondents who identified with a role model in school held significantly stronger attitudes on the professional organization as major referent variable. However, graduates who did not identify with a faculty role model held stronger values on independence. Respondents who identified with a dental hygiene role model in practice held stronger values on benevolence but those who did not have a role model at work held stronger values on independence. There were no statistically significant differences between groups with or without a work role model on the attitudes scales.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

An explanatory model of the dental care utilization of low-income children.

OBJECTIVES: Factors related to the utilization of dental care by 5- to 11-year-old children from low-income households were investigated using a comprehensive multivariate model that assessed the contribution of structure, history, cognition, and expectations. The influence of dentist-patient interactions, psychosocial and health beliefs, particularly fear of the dentist, on utilization were investigated. METHODS: Children were chosen randomly from public schools, and 895 mothers were surveyed and their children were interviewed in the home. Utilization was studied during the 1991-1992 school year, including a 6-month follow-up period after the interview. RESULTS: The overall utilization rate was 63.2%, and the rate for nonemergent (preventive) visits was 59.9%. Utilization was unrelated to actual oral health status. Race and years the guardian lived in the United States were predictive of an episode of care. Preventive medical visits and perceived need were strong predictors of a visit to the dentist, as were beliefs in the efficacy of dental care. Mothers who were satisfied with their own care and oral health and whose children were covered by insurance were more likely to utilize children's dental care. In contrast, child dental fear and absences from school for family problems were associated with lower rates of utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Mutable factors that govern the use of care in this population were identified. These findings have implications for the design of dental care delivery systems for children and their families.

Adult↗