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PubMed1990

Oxygen consumption for K+ uptake during post-stimulatory activation of Na+, K(+)-ATPase in perfused rat mandibular gland.

1. In order to determine the stoichiometry of K+ uptake and ATP consumption by Na+, K(+)-ATPase in the isolated, perfused mandibular gland of the rat, oxygen consumption and net K+ uptake from the vascular side were measured during the recovery period following K+ depletion by stimulation with acetylcholine in combination with ouabain. 2. Acetylcholine (10(-6) M) induced fluid secretion and an initial, transient release of K+ from the gland. Addition of ouabain suppressed salivary fluid secretion and caused an additional, dose-dependent, transient release of K+. 3. With acetylcholine (10(-6) M), the oxygen consumption of the gland increased to 62.4 +/- 4.2 microliters/(g min) from a resting value of 12.9 +/- 1.2 microliters/(g min). The increased oxygen consumption was suppressed by ouabain, in a dose-dependent fashion. 4. Withdrawal of acetylcholine and ouabain induced a net uptake of K+ and, simultaneously, an increase in oxygen consumption. The cumulative K+ uptake and the increment of oxygen consumption during the recovery period were dependent on the concentration of used ouabain. 5. The rates of K+ uptake and ATP hydrolysis were compared during recovery, assuming that six moles of ATP were hydrolysed for each mole of oxygen consumed. The data obtained during the later phase of the recovery lay on a single straight line with a slope of 1.8 for each of the various concentrations of ouabain, suggesting that the relationship between K+ uptake and energy consumption was linear. 6. Assuming the K+:ATP stoichiometry of the Na+, K(+)-ATPase to be 2:1, K+ would appear to be transported with ca 90% efficiency by Na+, K(+)-ATPase in the rat mandibular gland. Using 1.8-2.0 as a K+/ATP stoichiometry, the rate of primary active K+ uptake and the corresponding passive K+ efflux during secretion were estimated to be 20-22 mumol/(g min) from the oxygen consumption and the net K+ flux. 7. The passive K+ efflux was estimated, from the initial rate of K+ release caused by addition of 10(-3) M-ouabain, to be 30 mumol/g min). The discrepancy between the estimated active K+ uptake and passive K+ release (8-10 mumol/(g min] could be attributed to a secondary active K+ uptake process such as Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl-symport.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2004

Endocardial endothelium in the avascular frog heart: role for diffusion of NO in control of cardiac O2 consumption.

We investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the control of myocardial O(2) consumption in the hearts of female Xenopus frogs, which lack a coronary vascular endothelium and in which the endocardial endothelium is the only source of NO to regulate cardiac myocyte function. Hence, frogs are an ideal model in which to explore the role of diffusion of NO from the endocardial endothelium (EE) without vascular endothelial or cardiac cell NO production. In Xenopus hearts we examined the regulation of cardiac O(2) consumption in vitro at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The NO-mediated control of O(2) consumption by bradykinin or carbachol was significantly (P < 0.05) lower at 25 degrees C (79 +/- 13 or 73 +/- 11 nmol/min) than at 37 degrees C (159 +/- 26 or 201 +/- 13 nmol/min). The response to the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine was also markedly lower at 25 degrees C (90 +/- 8 nmol/min) compared with 37 degrees C (218 +/- 15 nmol/min). When Triton X-100 was perfused into hearts, the inhibition of myocardial O(2) consumption by bradykinin (18 +/- 2 nmol/min) or carbachol (29 +/- 4 nmol/min) was abolished. Hematoxylin and eosin slides of Triton X-100-perfused heart tissue confirmed the absence of the EE. Although endothelial NO synthase protein levels were decreased to a variable degree in the Triton X-100-perfused heart, NO(2) production (indicating eNOS activity) decreased by >80%. It appears that the EE of the frog heart is the sole source of NO to regulate myocyte O(2) consumption. When these cells are removed, the ability of NO to regulate O(2) consumption is severely limited. Thus our results suggest that the EE produces enough NO, which diffuses from the EE to cardiac myocytes, to regulate myocardial O(2) consumption. Because of the close proximity of the EE to underlying myocytes, NO can diffuse over a distance and act as a messenger between the EE and the rest of the heart to control mitochondrial function and O(2) consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Oxygen consumption is independent of changes in oxygen delivery in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome.

We asked whether oxygen consumption is dependent on oxygen delivery in 17 patients who had severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 10 of whom had increased concentrations of plasma lactate. We determined oxygen consumption using analysis of respiratory gases while increasing oxygen delivery using blood transfusion. Oxygen consumption did not change after transfusion (from 227 +/- 83 to 225 +/- 82 ml/min, p less than or equal to 0.38). Oxygen delivery increased from 1,043 +/- 468 ml/min (24%, p less than or equal to 0.001). Even in the 10 patients who had increased concentration of plasma lactate and metabolic acidosis, oxygen consumption remained constant after increasing oxygen delivery (pretransfusion, 224 +/- 101 ml/min; post-transfusion, 225 +/- 99 ml/min; p less than or equal to 0.83). These data have more than 99% power of detecting a change in oxygen consumption of 20 ml/min after transfusion. Therefore, we conclude that directly measured oxygen consumption remains constant and independent of increases in oxygen delivery in our patients with severe ARDS. Because simultaneously determined oxygen consumption calculated from variables shared with the calculation of oxygen delivery yielded a dependent relationship, we speculate that finding dependence of calculated oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery may be the result of methodologic error.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Effects of sampling interval on peak oxygen consumption in patients evaluated for heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Peak oxygen consumption is a commonly accepted criterion in patient selection for cardiac transplantation. To determine the effect of various gas exchange sampling intervals on the variability of peak oxygen consumption, 15 consecutive patients evaluated for cardiac transplantation performed maximal treadmill testing using a ramped protocol. Oxygen consumption was measured via breath-by-breath analysis of expired air. Peak oxygen consumption was determined for each test using the following sampling intervals: 60-, 30-, and 15-s averages, eight breath rolling average, and true breath by breath. Variability of the mean peak oxygen consumption for each sample average was compared using analysis of variance on repeated measures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Measures of peak oxygen consumption differed significantly (p<0.001) between sampling averages. A maximum variability of 20% was noted between the largest and smallest averages (13.8+/-4.2 mL/kg/min for 60 s vs 17.3+/-4.2 mL/kg/min for breath by breath). No significant difference was found between the 30-s, 15-s, and eight breath rolling averages (14.2+/-3.7 vs 14.5+/-3.9 vs 14.7+/-4.3 mL/kg/min), respectively. Results of the study suggest (1) the sampling average can have a significant effect on peak oxygen consumption influencing patient selection for transplantation, and (2) sample averages larger than breath by breath but smaller than 60 s be used for determination of peak oxygen consumption.

Exercise Test↗
PubMed2000

Oxygen consumption oscillates in single clonal pancreatic beta-cells (HIT).

Based on population studies, we have hypothesized that changes in metabolism in pancreatic beta-cells precede changes in Ca2+. It is well known from single-cell Ca2+ studies that variable oscillatory patterns in Ca2+ occur in response to glucose stimulation. The present studies, using the clonal beta-cell line HIT-T-15, were undertaken to evaluate the relationship between glucose concentration, insulin secretion, and O2 consumption and to determine the Ca2+ dependency of glucose-induced changes in O2 consumption. In population studies, an excellent correlation was found between respiration and insulin secretion, with half-maximal values at approximately 1 mmol/l glucose for both respiration and secretion. In the absence of Ca2+, glucose stimulated O2 consumption but not insulin secretion. In single clonal beta-cells, a self-referencing O2 electrode was used to assess O2 consumption. Large-amplitude oscillations were found to occur in response to stimulation by glucose and were blocked by uncoupling respiration with carbonylcyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP). They were also blocked and respiration totally inhibited by antimycin A, an inhibitor of complex III of the respiratory chain. Half of the cells sampled (approximately 100 total) exhibited increased oscillatory O2 consumption in response to glucose. Oscillations in O2 occurred in response to glucose even in the absence of Ca2+, and their amplitude increased further on restoration of a normal extracellular Ca2+ level. These studies indicated that oscillatory O2 consumption was not dependent on Ca2+ but that the amplitude of the O2 oscillations increased in the presence of Ca2+, possibly reflecting the additional work involved in insulin secretion and Ca2+ pumping. These studies demonstrated, for the first time, a direct correlation between O2 consumption and insulin secretion, the oscillatory nature of O2 consumption in single cells, and the feasibility of using a highly sensitive noninvasive on-line self-referencing O2 electrode to monitor single beta-cell respiration.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Calculation is unsuitable for determination of O2-consumption (VO2) in case of O2-supply-dependency.

BACKGROUND: When O2-delivery to tissues is critically reduced, O2-consumption becomes dependent on O2-delivery and starts to decline, which reflects tissue hypoxia. In order to timely detect tissue hypoxia prior to organ damage, O2-consumption may be calculated or measured from respiratory gases. We have assessed reproducibility of calculated and measured O2-consumption-data and their agreement during O2-supply-dependency. METHOD: Data of 31 anesthetized, ventilated pigs were analysed retrospectively. Animals had undergone either controlled hemorrhage ("shock") or isovolemic exchange of blood with colloids (extreme hemodilution, "HD") until O2-consumption had become dependent on O2-delivery. O2-consumption was calculated from the Fick equation and measured simultaneously with a DELTATRAC II metabolic monitor. Repeatability was determined for (1) calculated and (2) for measured.VO2 -values and (3) for input variables of the Fick equation (i.e. cardiac index (CI) and arteriovenous O2-content difference (CaO2-CvO2)). Bias between calculated and measured data and precision of calculation were assessed from paired O2-consumption-values obtained before and after induction of O2-supply-dependency via hemorrhage or extreme hemodilution. RESULTS: Repeatability of the reversed Fick method was inferior to repeatability of measurement (27 vs 15%) due to error propagation from CI and (CaO2-CvO2). Between-method-bias at baseline ("BL") was 3%, and changed in case of O2-supply-dependency (shock -15%; HD -31%, both p<0.05 vs BL), precision of the reversed Fick method deteriorated (BL 32%; shock 60%; HD 60%) due to variability of CI (CV: 16%; shock 27%; HD 41%). CONCLUSION: In anesthetized pigs calculated and measured O2-consumption values are in agreement, while in presence of O2-supply-dependency the reversed Fick method (1) grossly underestimates true O2-consumption and (2) precision deteriorates not allowing to verify or reject the presence of tissue hypoxia.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Myocardial oxygen consumption of fibrillating ventricle in hypothermia. Successful account by new mechanical indexes--equivalent pressure-volume area and equivalent heart rate.

We studied the effects of cardiac hypothermia on myocardial oxygen consumption of a fibrillating ventricle and evaluated whether myocardial oxygen consumption of a fibrillating ventricle in hypothermia can be accounted for by new mechanical indexes: equivalent pressure-volume area and equivalent heart rate in the isolated cross-circulated canine heart preparation. Equivalent pressure-volume area is the area that is surrounded by a horizontal pressure-volume line at the pressure of a fibrillating ventricle and the end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relations in the beating state in the pressure-volume diagram. Equivalent pressure-volume area is an analog of the pressure-volume area of a beating heart and has been proposed to be a measure of the total mechanical energy of a fibrillating ventricle. Equivalent heart rate was calculated from myocardial oxygen consumption per minute in both beating and fibrillating states under unloaded conditions as an estimate of the frequency of contractions of individual myocytes on the assumption that individual myocytes during ventricular fibrillation have the same contractility as that in the beating state. We estimated myocardial oxygen consumption per minute of the fibrillating ventricle at various ventricular volumes as a function of both equivalent pressure-volume area and equivalent heart rate. The myocardial oxygen consumption-equivalent pressure-volume area relation during ventricular fibrillation in hypothermia was highly linear, with a correlation coefficient of 0.90 (mean). The relation between estimated and directly measured myocardial oxygen consumption values of a fibrillating ventricle in hypothermia was highly linear (r = 0.98), and the regression line (y = 0.80x + 0.48) was close to the identity line in the working range. Therefore we conclude that equivalent pressure-volume area is the primary determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption during ventricular fibrillation in hypothermia, and myocardial oxygen consumption of a fibrillating ventricle in hypothermia can be accounted for by the combination of equivalent pressure-volume area and equivalent heart rate as in normothermia.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hypoxia reduces oxygen consumption of fetal skeletal muscle cells in monolayer culture.

In a previous study on acute asphyxia in unanesthetized fetal sheep near term we showed that reduced oxygen delivery to peripheral organs reduces total oxygen consumption, suggesting that oxygen itself may be a determinant of oxygen consumption (Jensen, Hohmann & Künzel, 1987). To test this hypothesis we developed an in vitro perfusion model, which enabled us to measure the oxygen consumption of fetal skeletal muscle cells in monolayer culture in a control period (at approximately 145 mmHg) and during various degrees of hypoxia (6-140 mmHg). In 57 experiments on 57 cultures the mean oxygen consumption at a mean 'entry PO2' of 145.3 +/- 10.4 mmHg was 10.3 +/- 9.3 (SD).10(-6) microliters O2 per h per skeletal muscle cell. These measurements were made after an average of 4.2 +/- 2.3 transfers of the cells and at a cell density of 2.0 +/- 1.2.10(5) cells per cm2. In 54 of these experiments hypoxia was induced. There was a close positive correlation between the PO2 of the perfusate entering the Petridish ('entry PO2') and the change of the oxygen consumption of the cells (y = 5.17 - 0.54x + 0.03x2 - 0.00016x3, r = 0.97, p less than 0.0001). When oxygen tension fell, there was a concomitant fall in cellular oxygen consumption. We conclude that oxygen is a determinant of cellular oxygen consumption. Thus, hypoxia may reduce oxygen consumption of skeletal muscle cells, and oxygen may be preserved to maintain oxidative metabolism in central fetal organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[The determination of oxygen consumption from temperature measurements with the use of a thermodynamic model ].

A thermodynamic model is described which allows to calculate the oxygen consumption from 4 temperatures as input-variables. These input-variables are: one core-temperature (Tesoph), two skin-temperatures (one at the chest, one at the calf) and the incubator-air temperature. This model is based on the close relationship between oxygen consumption and heat production. The rate of heat production is derived from heat loss to the environment plus heat storage in the body. The data are smoothened by a special mathematical procedure and processed by a HP-85 Computer. Oxygen consumption was synchronously determined by the thermodynamic model and by a conventional method 155 times in four newborns. The flow-through method was used as conventional reference method. The results show that the thermodynamic model yields values for oxygen consumption which are closely related to directly measured values; which indicate the increase in oxygen consumption with activity and decreased environmental temperature; and which follow rapid changes in oxygen consumption of 5 ml/kg per minute. Consequently this thermodynamic model seems suitable to predict the relative changes in oxygen consumption. However the absolute values of oxygen consumption obtained by the model and obtained by direct measurement differ by 5 to 25% the thermodynamic model yielding systematically higher values than the direct measurement. The reasons for this difference are discussed. We demonstrated that a maximum of reliable information can be obtained from a minimal number of measuring sites on the patient by using a theoretical-analytical model.

Body Height↗
PubMed1999

The protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on ischemic stroke.

CONTEXT: Moderate alcohol consumption has been shown to be protective for coronary heart disease, but the relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and ischemic stroke is more controversial. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between alcohol consumption and risk of ischemic stroke. DESIGN: Population-based case-control study conducted between July 1993 and June 1997. SETTING: Multiethnic population in northern Manhattan, New York, NY, aged 40 years or older. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Cases (n = 677) had first ischemic stroke and were matched to community controls (n = 1139) derived through random digit dialing by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Mean +/- SD age of cases was 70.0+/-12.7 years; 55.8% were women; 19.5% were white, 28.4% black, and 50.7% Hispanic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: First ischemic stroke (fatal or nonfatal). RESULTS: Moderate alcohol consumption, up to 2 drinks per day, was significantly protective for ischemic stroke after adjustment for cardiac disease, hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, body mass index, and education (odds ratio [OR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.67). This protective effect of alcohol consumption was detected in both younger and older groups, in men and women, and in whites, blacks, and Hispanics. In a quadratic model of stroke risk, increased risk of ischemic stroke was statistically significant among those consuming 7 or more drinks per day (OR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.05-8.29). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate alcohol consumption was independently associated with a decreased risk of ischemic stroke in our elderly, multiethnic, urban subjects, while heavy alcohol consumption had deleterious effects. Our data support the National Stroke Association Stroke Prevention Guidelines regarding the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women.

CONTEXT: Reduction in egg consumption has been widely recommended to lower blood cholesterol levels and prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). Epidemiologic studies on egg consumption and risk of CHD are sparse. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between egg consumption and risk of CHD and stroke in men and women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Two prospective cohort studies, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-1994) and the Nurses' Health Study (1980-1994). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 37851 men aged 40 to 75 years at study outset and 80082 women aged 34 to 59 years at study outset, free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, or cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, and stroke corresponding to daily egg consumption as determined by a food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: We documented 866 incident cases of CHD and 258 incident cases of stroke in men during 8 years of follow-up and 939 incident cases of CHD and 563 incident cases of stroke in women during 14 years of follow-up. After adjustment for age, smoking, and other potential CHD risk factors, we found no evidence of an overall significant association between egg consumption and risk of CHD or stroke in either men or women. The relative risks (RRs) of CHD across categories of intake were less than 1 per week (1.0), 1 per week (1.06), 2 to 4 per week (1.12), 5 to 6 per week (0.90), and > or =1 per day (1.08) (P for trend = .75) for men; and less than 1 per week (1.0), 1 per week (0.82), 2 to 4 per week (0.99), 5 to 6 per week (0.95), and > or =1 per day (0.82) (P for trend = .95) for women. In subgroup analyses, higher egg consumption appeared to be associated with increased risk of CHD only among diabetic subjects (RR of CHD comparing more than 1 egg per day with less than 1 egg per week among diabetic men, 2.02 [95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.87; P for trend = .04], and among diabetic women, 1.49 [0.88-2.52; P for trend = .008]). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that consumption of up to 1 egg per day is unlikely to have substantial overall impact on the risk of CHD or stroke among healthy men and women. The apparent increased risk of CHD associated with higher egg consumption among diabetic participants warrants further research.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Long-term fatty fish consumption and renal cell carcinoma incidence in women.

CONTEXT: The epidemiological evidence that fatty fish consumption may be associated with the lower risk of several cancers is not consistent and no studies of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exist. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between fatty and lean fish consumption and risk of RCC in women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Swedish Mammography Cohort, a population-based prospective cohort study of 61,433 women aged 40 to 76 years without previous diagnosis of cancer at baseline (March 1, 1987-December 14, 1990). Participants filled in a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and in September 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS: During a mean of 15.3 years (940,357 person-years) of follow-up between 1987 and 2004, 150 incident RCC cases were diagnosed. After adjustment for potential confounders, an inverse association of fatty fish consumption with the risk of RCC was found (P for trend = .02), but no association was found with lean fish consumption. Compared with no consumption, the multivariate rate ratio (RR) was 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.91) for women eating fatty fish once a week or more. Compared with women consistently reporting no fish consumption, the multivariate RR was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.10-0.67) for those women reporting consistent consumption of fatty fish at baseline and 1997 (based on a subset of 36 664 women who filled in the baseline and 1997 questionnaires, with 40 incident RCC cases during the 1998-2004 follow-up period). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that consumption of fatty fish may reduce the occurrence of RCC in women.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Bladder-cancer incidence in relation to vegetable and fruit consumption: a prospective study of atomic-bomb survivors.

We examined the relation between consumption of 22 dietary items and subsequent bladder-cancer incidence in a cohort of atomic-bomb survivors in Japan. Subjects were 38,540 people (14,873 men and 23,667 women) who responded to a mail survey carried out between 1979 and 1981 and who had no known cancer diagnosed before the start of follow-up (1 January 1980 for men, 1 February 1981 for women). Consumption frequencies for 22 dietary items were ascertained with pre-coded answers. As of the end of 1993, there were 114 (83 men and 31 women) incident cases of bladder cancer among 450,326 person-years at risk. Statistical analysis was done using Poisson regression for grouped survival data Consumption of green-yellow vegetables and fruit were protectively associated with risk. Adjusted for gender, age, radiation exposure, smoking status, educational level, body-mass index and calendar time, the relative risk (RR) for those consuming green-yellow vegetables 2-4 times per week and almost everyday was 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-0.98] and 0.54 (95% CI 0.30-0.94) respectively, as compared with those consuming once per week or less. The corresponding RR for fruit consumption was 0.50 (0.30-0.81) and 0.62 (0.39-0.99) respectively. Chicken consumption was unexpectedly associated with decreased risk, but additional adjustment for consumption did not change the relation of green-yellow vegetables or of fruit to risk. The consumption of the other dietary items, including meat and green tea, was not related to risk. The findings add to evidence that high consumption of vegetables and fruit are protective against bladder cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Use of a power-consumption-controlled extruder in the development of pellet formulations.

Shape is an important characteristic of pellets that is highly influenced by the water content of the extrudate during spheronization. The power-consumption-controlled extruder (pcc-extruder) is an appropriate tool to adjust the required water content to yield round pellets. For this purpose, it is necessary to run the extruder at a specific level of power consumption. In the first part of the study, this approach was employed to screen different drugs as well as excipients to prove the concept of the pcc-extruder. Usually round pellets were obtained but a few formulations did not produce round pellets. In the second part of the study, the influence of screw speed and powder feed rate on the required level of power consumption was investigated. A correlation between the water content and the shape of pellets was evident. To account for screw speed, it was necessary to adjust net power consumption instead of total power consumption. The influence of the screw speed on water content of extrudate and consequently on the shape of pellets was not significant in the studied range. Variations of the powder feed rate affected both the water content and the shape of pellets. However, the water content was not only dependent on the level of net power consumption. The specific power is the ratio of net power consumption to extrusion rate, and it correlates well with water content and pellet shape. Using the specific power, it is possible to adjust the net power consumption in response to changes in powder feed rate.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1999

Sport-caught fish consumption and conception delay in licensed Michigan anglers.

Between 1993 and 1995, we surveyed 4931 licensed anglers aged 17-34 years residing in 10 Michigan counties bordering a Great Lake. Responses were received from 1443 anglers and 844 of their partners. Lifetime sport-caught fish consumption was estimated as the number of sport-caught fish meals consumed in the previous 12 months times years since 1970 in which sport-caught fish were consumed. Analysis was restricted to currently married couples (n=626). Lifetime sport-caught fish consumption was categorized in men as 0 (14%); 1-114 (27%); 115-270 (30%); 271-1127 (29%) meals; and in women as 0 (28%); 1-54 (26%); 55-138 (27%); fand 139-1127 (19%) meals, respectively. Conception delay (ever having failed to conceive after 12 months of trying) was reported by 13% of both men and women. Among men, the unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for conception delay were 1.2, 1.3, and 2.0 across the three increasing levels of sport-caught fish consumption compared to none (trend test P=0.06). After adjustment for age, race, region of Michigan, household income, educational attainment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and partner's sport fish consumption, the OR for conception delay in men were 1.4, 1.8, and 2.8, respectively. In women, unadjusted OR for conception delay were 0.9, 1.0, and 1.4 with increasing sport-caught fish consumption (trend test P=0.35). With the same covariates and the sport-caught fish consumption of the woman's partner included in the model, the OR were 0.8, 0.8, and 1.0, respectively. These data suggest a modest association, in men only, of sport-caught fish consumption with risk of conception delay.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Changing mortality from esophageal cancer in males in Denmark and other European countries, in relation to changing levels of alcohol consumption.

Age-specific mortality rates from esophageal cancer in men are considered by year of birth in European countries with different levels of alcohol consumption. In countries with high and increasing levels of alcohol consumption (Denmark, Hungary, Federal Republic of Germany, and Czechoslovakia) successive birth cohorts born after about 1910 experience increasing mortality from esophageal cancer in all age-groups. No clear trend in esophageal cancer mortality was observed in countries starting from lower levels of alcohol consumption, even in the presence of increasing consumption (Sweden, Norway, Finland, Netherlands, Poland, UK). There was an apparent threshold around 8 l of ethanol per capita per year. Likewise, no upward trend in esophageal cancer mortality was observed in countries with high and stable alcohol consumption (France, Italy, Portugal). These findings are in agreement with results of analytic epidemiologic studies which indicate that esophageal cancer mortality is only slightly affected by moderate doses of alcohol, but rises steeply with consumption of large quantities. The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer is likely to increase further in the future in countries where the level of alcohol consumption was relatively high in 1960 and where consumption increased further in the 1960s and 1970s.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Consumption of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs in the nordic countries between 1978-1988.

Comparative wholesale statistics from the five Nordic countries show an increase of 15-42% in the total consumption of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs (including antirheumatics) in the period 1978-1988. Denmark had the highest total consumption (112 DDD/1000 inhab/day in 1988) and Norway had the lowest (61 DDD/1000 inhab/day). Iceland and Finland, with the highest increases in total consumption (45% and 35%), overtook Norway in the early to mid 1980's. Division of total consumption into subgroups showed that Denmark had the highest consumption of analgesics (90 DDDs) and that Finland and Iceland had the lowest figure. The latter countries, however, had the highest consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), 35 and 30 DDDs, respectively, in 1988. The increase in NSAID consumption was 57% in Finland and 54% in Iceland, while Denmark had only an 18% increase. The new NSAIDs introduced in the 1970's appear to have increased the overall consumption of pain relievers in the Nordic countries, especially in Finland and Iceland.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1993

Voluntary consumption of morphine in 15 inbred mouse strains.

To determine genetic differences in voluntary morphine consumption, 15 commonly used inbred strains of mice were given ad libitum two-bottle choice between saccharin alone or saccharin/morphine in one bottle and water in the other bottle. Subsequently, the saccharin was gradually reduced to zero, leaving only morphine. Independent groups of mice of the same strains were exposed to quinine in a parallel manner to control for the bitter alkaloid taste of morphine. Of the 15 strains, the C57BL/6J strain showed the highest consumption of morphine, both with or without saccharin and greatest consumption of morphine relative to quinine; it also showed only a slight decline in fluid consumption when morphine was added to the saccharin bottle. In marked contrast, the SWR/J strain showed the least consumption of morphine by the same criteria, followed closely by the AKR/J, CE/J, DBA/2J and SJL/J strains. The strain differences for all the morphine drinking measures exceeded an order of magnitude. Strain-specific voluntary morphine/saccharin consumption was not significantly correlated with saccharin consumption alone, but was highly correlated with morphine consumption alone. The results show that these behaviors are under an unusually large degree of genetic determination, and some of the largest strain differences remained essentially the same regardless of whether saccharin was present, or whether quinine was used as a control tastant.

Animals↗