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Results for “Communication Disorders”

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PubMed2007

Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism.

Patterns of sensory abnormalities in children and adults with autism were examined using the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO). This interview elicits detailed information about responsiveness to a wide range of sensory stimuli. Study 1 showed that over 90% of children with autism had sensory abnormalities and had sensory symptoms in multiple sensory domains. Group differences between children with autism and clinical comparison children were found in the total number of symptoms and in specific domains of smell/taste and vision. Study 2 confirmed that sensory abnormalities are pervasive and multimodal and persistent across age and ability in children and adults with autism. Age and IQ level affects some sensory symptoms however. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A population-based study of assessed applicants to long-term nursing home care.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of all individuals assessed as requiring nursing home care arising from a population living within a defined geographical region and to study the manner in which they presented for assessment. DESIGN: Clinical assessment by a physician in geriatric medicine with the assistance of other disciplines. SETTING: Regional Geriatric Assessment Service. SUBJECTS: All persons recommended for nursing home care within the study period. RESULTS: The major diseases contributing to the need for nursing home care were organic brain disorders (60%) and stroke (32%). Dementia was present in 64% of cases; significant behavioral disturbance in 18%; severe communication disorders were frequent. The majority (86%) had been ill for greater than 1 year. The mode of presentation was acute in 9%, acute-on-chronic in 46%, and chronic in 45%. It was associated with significant differences in case characteristics including the location at the time of assessment, diagnoses, duration of illness, physical dependency, communication disorders, behavioral disturbance, and skilled nursing care requirements. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that progression to nursing home care varies considerably. Strategies directed toward the prevention of institutionalization should be organized in recognition of these variations.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Linguistic and cognitive failures in schizophrenia. A multivariate analysis.

Schizophrenic (N = 38), manic (N = 30), and normal (N = 25) subjects were examined with laboratory tasks measuring serial recall and encoding, distractibility, and reality monitoring. In addition, the psychiatric patients were examined with three measures of verbal communication disorder, including positive thought disorder, negative thought disorder, and frequency of reference failures. It was found that positive thought disorder and reference failures in schizophrenics were best predicted by measures of distractibility and reality monitoring, with communication disorder in mania, although common and severe, not predicted by these cognitive performance measures. Furthermore, negative thought disorder in schizophrenics was not predicted by the cognitive measures. These results are discussed in terms of their implications regarding the differences in potential determinants of positive and negative thought disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Preschool teachers' perceptions and reactions to challenging classroom behavior: implications for speech-language pathologists.

Awareness of issues of social competence and challenging behavior related to childhood language an communication disorders has been increasing. The purpose of this clinical exchange is to provide speech-language pathologists with basic information on communication disorders and challenging behaviors, as well as with insights into ways to support both students and classroom teachers. To provide effective services to children with language impairments and optimally support classroom staff, speech-language pathologists need to recognize (a) the interdependence of language, communication, social competence, and challenging behaviors; (b) the significance that challenging behaviors can have on evaluations of academic competency; and (c) how teachers in early childhood classrooms perceive and react to challenging behaviors. This clinical exchange provides an overview of the relationship between language, communication, and social competence, and presents preliminary survey research data investigating teachers' perceptions and reactions to challenging behaviors. Clinical implications are discussed, including considerations for intervention with children who may exhibit challenging behaviors in combination with language disabilities, and the speech-language pathologist's instrumental role in educating and supporting classroom staff to use communication strategies when managing challenging classroom behaviors.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

Disorders of communication: investigating the development of language of mentally retarded children.

Research conducted at the Waisman Center on Mental Retardation and Human Development over the past 10 years documents the multidimensional nature of the development of children's language in retarded and nonretarded populations. Recent advances in research methodology now available for investigating language comprehension and production will allow large-scale indepth studies of the lexical, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects of the language performance of a variety of retarded populations.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Annotation: velo-cardio-facial syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS), the most frequent known interstitial deletion identified in man, is associated with chromosomal microdeletions in the q11 band of chromosome 22. Individuals with VCFS are reported to have a characteristic behavioural phenotype with high rates of behavioural, psychiatric, neuropsychological and linguistic disorders. METHODS: A selective literature review was undertaken. RESULTS: Children and adults with VCFS have high rates of behavioural, psychiatric and communication disorders. While VCFS children have high rates of ADHD, anxiety and affective disorders, adults have high rates of psychotic disorders, particularly schizophrenia. In addition, the presence of a chromosome 22q11 deletion is associated with specific neuropsychological and neuroanatomical abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: People with VCFS have a characteristic behavioural phenotype with high rates of behavioural, psychiatric, neuropsychological and communication disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment within a multidisciplinary framework is of paramount importance for VCFS individuals as this will have a major effect in determining the long-term outcome in affected individuals. Longitudinal studies of VCFS children are currently under way to identify precursor symptoms and areas of dysfunction which precede the later development of major psychiatric disorder. Identification of such prodromal features in VCFS may have enormous implications for the clinical management of major psychiatric disorder in VCFS and in the wider population.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

[Speech-language idiopathic disorder prevalence in children from one to eleven years of age].

OBJECTIVE: The study of the epidemiological aspect of speech-language idiopathic disorders. The profile relates to the prevalence rate among children from 1 to 11 years old. METHOD: The subjects were assessed with regard to speech, language and myofunctional oral aspects. After diagnosis, the subjects were classified according to their principal disorder. Then the disorders were placed in separate age groups. The prevalence rates were applied. RESULTS: The sample for this study included 2,980 children, 125 with primary communicative disorders (prevalence rate = 4.19). The highest general prevalence related to the 3 to 8 year old age-group. The critical phase was that from 4 to 5 years of age. The most prevalent idiopathic speech-language disorders were: articulatory disorders; then oral language delays and myofunctional and neurovegetative disturbances. DISCUSSION: It is important to note that the communication disorder prevalence rate is very significant during childhood. It is a serious problem in Brazil, because although we have more critical cases there are no national preventive programs for these pathologies. It is, therefore, expected that this problem will increase rapidly in the near future if there isn't governmental action.

Brazil↗
PubMed1980

An epidemiological study of speech and hearing disorders.

The research described in this report began on January 1, 1976, and continued for three and a half years. The object was to examine the prevalence of communication disorders in southeastern Ontario in order to make recommendations for the planning of future facilities and services. The study is, to the best of the writers' knowledge, the largest of its kind ever undertaken; it involved more than 5,000 subjects over 18 months of age, each assessed in a one-to-one situation. The research consisted of the following stages, which often overlapped in order to achieve the goals of the study as rapidly and as effectively as possible: -- A review of literature. -- Data collection on known cases of communication disorders in 1975. -- Testing speech and hearing in almost 5,500 people. -- Making recommendations for the future provision of services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Insertion/deletion variant (-141C Ins/Del) in the 5' regulatory region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene: lack of association with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Short communication.

A possible dysregulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenic psychoses, in particular of paranoid-hallucinatory states, and of the manic episodes of bipolar affective disorder. In the present study we analysed allelic and genotypic variations of a recently described functional deletion/insertion variant (-141C Ins/Del) in the 5' flanking region of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene. We investigated a total of 620 unrelated individuals, comprising 260 schizophrenic patients, 70 patients with bipolar affective disorder, and 290 population controls. Analysis of the -141C Ins/Del variant revealed that the schizophrenic, bipolar affective and control groups did not differ significantly regarding genotype frequencies and allele frequencies. No evidence of an allelic association with either a family history of schizophrenic psychosis or a diagnosis of schizophrenia of the paranoid type (according to ICD 10) was found. Our findings indicate that the -141C Del variant in the 5' flanking region of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene is unlikely to play a substantial role in genetic predisposition to major psychiatric disorders in Caucasians.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early tone-evoked responses in normal and hearing-impaired subjects.

Early evoked responses to 500-Hz tone bursts were recorded from normal and hearing-impaired children and adults. The threshold values of the early evoked responses provide useful estimates of auditory functioning, even among difficult-to-test populations, such as deaf-blind children. Latency measures indicate that the early response is generated at the brain stem. Latency measures from hearing-impaired subjects show that the response can identify recruitment. Several subjects having a history of nonspecific communication disorders, e.g., dyslexia, exhibited aberrant early evoked response waveforms. The early-evoked response measures, therefore, amy be useful in detecting and assessing communication disorders which are believed to be of cortical origin, but now should be considered to have a basis in brain stem dysfunction.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

Speech and hearing services in hospitals.

Because professionals in treating communication disorders work with otolaryngologists, pediatricians, surgeons, radiologists, physiatrists, dental specialists, etc., the hospital is a logical base for these shared services. Structuring a communication disorders unit within the hospital requires identifying needs, setting objectives, and developing a program that has appropriate capital support.

Audiology↗
PubMed2004

Phonological and language disorders in children who stutter: impact on treatment recommendations.

In the profession of speech-language pathology, it is commonly reported that children who stutter, as a group, are more likely to have phonological and language disorders than their non-stuttering peers. Some support for this belief comes from survey studies that have questioned speech-language pathologists about the children on their caseloads who stutter. Recently, one such study reported that 44% of children who stuttered had at least one additional communication disorder (Arndt & Healey, 2001). In the present investigation, speech-language pathologists (n = 127) who were treating children with speech and language disorders were questioned about their views on the treatment of stuttering. The results indicated that children who stutter and have at least one additional disorder are more likely to be recommended for treatment than those whose only disorder is stuttering. This suggests that caseload surveys may overestimate the rate of additional communication disorders in children who stutter. The results provide reason to question the widespread belief that children who stutter have a high rate of concomitant disorders, especially when it is based on caseload surveys. Suggestions are offered for ways to determine more precisely the frequency with which stuttering co-occurs with other speech and language disorders in children through large-scale epidemiological research.

Age Factors↗