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The high divorce rate and increasing number of children affected by divorce have paralleled major changes both in divorce law and in the ways in which social conflicts are resolved. Principles of contemporary law and conflict resolution are joined with the findings of research on child development in families of divorce in a conceptual synthesis relevant to the practice of child custody mediation.
The authors compared the psychiatric symptoms, socioeconomic status, family structure, family size, and occurrence of treated parental mental illness in 136 children referred to a juvenile court and 82 children referred to a child guidance clinic. The prevalence of psychiatric and organic symptoms and treated parental psychopathology in both groups of children did not differ significantly. Juvenile court clinic children, however, tended to come from larger families and to lack a biological mother in the home. The authors explore explanations for the routing of sick children to the juvenile court rather than to a treatment facility.
Severely traumatized children are often incapable of responding to traditional psychotherapy. Paraverbal therapy has been shown to render a number of such children responsive to the communicative aspects of the method, with the result that their maladaptive behavior is concomitantly ameliorated. Others, such as the child presented herein, have needed additional traditional therapy.
Eighteen bereaved children and adolescents were assessed using the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents 4 weeks following parental death. Thirty-nine percent had a positive (nonsuppressed) DST. DST-positive subjects reported more DSM-III-R depressive symptoms (6.3 +/- 2.9 vs. 3.9 +/- 2.7, means +/- SD) than DST-negative subjects. Most frequently reported symptoms included dysphoria, loss of interest, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, psychomotor disturbance, and morbid and suicidal ideation. Post-dexamethasone cortisol levels were significantly correlated with the total number of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation.
Social-delinquent problem youth of South Sea Island immigrant to Australia parents, were compared to non-problem youth from the same circumstances, on family, sociocultural, personality, and substance abuse variables. Interviews and testing were done by members of their own community. A consistent pattern of differences most pronounced for males was found between the two groups although not all reached statistical significance. The problem youth compared to the non-problem youth tended to come from families somewhat lower in socioeconomic level, somewhat less traditional in culture, and notably more prone to discipline by physical punishment than by verbal reasoning. The problem youth had significantly lower self-esteem, significantly higher maladjustment test scores, and significantly greater use and problems with alcohol and drugs. They were more alienated and had less clearly established direction for their future. Recommendations for remediation are considered.
In assessing the credibility of young children's (ages 2-7) allegations of sexual abuse clinicians need to know how dynamics of sexual abuse affect disclosure, what situations are most commonly associated with fictitious allegations and how the child's developmental stage affects disclosures. Understanding these issues allows for clear decision making. A clear decision making process flows naturally from an understanding of these issues.
Parents who had been placed in an orphanage as children rated the behaviour of all their children who were between the ages of 6-18 years on a children's behaviour survey instrument. All families were intact and the parents had not requested professional help for marital problems. A significant number of relationships were found between parental background variables and higher reported levels of conflict with siblings and with parents, dependent-unassertive behaviour, and undemandingness in the children. Although sampling difficulties preclude generalization, the results suggest that repercussion of events in the lives of the first and second generation that are usually pathogenic may be seen in the third generation, even when the second generation may not be grossly adversely affected. These events most frequently related to individual differences in the third generation in the area of undercontrol of aggression directed toward parents and siblings.
This paper reviews the growing literature on the psychology of appearance and outlines prevention principles for working with facially disfigured children, based on 15 years of psychiatric consultation to a major pediatric craniofacial team.
In a longitudinal study of children followed for 8 years into adolescence, the authors investigated how different forms of maltreatment (i.e., harsh parenting, sexual abuse, witnessing domestic violence) in childhood and parenting during adolescence influenced adolescents' shame- and guilt-proneness. Furthermore, the authors examined whether diminished feelings of guilt or heightened feelings of shame were related to delinquent behavior or depression in late adolescence. Results showed that whereas harsh parenting in childhood was related to shame proneness in adolescence, this relationship was mediated by parental rejection in adolescence. Findings confirmed that youth with rejecting parents were more shame-prone and less guilt-prone than other youth. Furthermore, shame-proneness was associated with higher depression when measured 2 years later and guilt-proneness was linked to less delinquent behavior. Results suggest that, as mediators, shame and guilt may provide useful focal points for intervention and prevention efforts in reducing adolescent depression and delinquency.
The Inventory of Family Feelings (IFF), a self-administered measure of interpersonal affect, maps a family's affective structure showing patterns of conflicted relationships and alliances. Three studies demonstrate that IFF scores have high reliability, construct and concurrent validity, and potential utility in family research. Families with identified patients and couples in marital therapy score less positively toward each other than control families, most of the negative affect in such families centers on and emanates from the identified patients, IFF scores are positively correlated with ratings of affect based on audio recordings of marital interaction and with Locke Wallace Short Marital Adjustment Test scores, and IFF scores and MMPI pathology indicies are negatively correlated.
Explored the consequences of divorce on children in China. In contrast to Western countries, divorce in China is relatively rare, occurring in approximately 10% to 15% of the population. Children from divorced families (n = 174) and matched intact families (n = 174) were selected from a larger sample of 1,294 children between 8 and 14 years of age. Divorce was relatively low in this sample (13.45%) of participants, consistent with rates observed in epidemiological studies in China. Mothers of divorced children reported higher levels of education but lower levels of income than mothers in intact families. Children in divorced families reported higher levels of anxiety and depression, and their mothers and teachers rated them as possessing more behavior problems on the Achenbach (1991) Child Behavior Checklist scales. Regression analyses revealed that rejecting and inattentive parenting styles, along with family status (divorce or intact), high maternal depression, and sex (boys) predicted significant amounts of variance associated with these negative outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of familial and cultural issues associated with these findings.
Personality characteristics including subtest scores from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), California Personality Inventory, and Tennessee Self-concept Scale were related to the rated likeableness of staff members of an adolescent treatment unit. Likeableness was assessed by students participating in the treatment program. Correlated were likeableness of staff members and staff members' self-esteem, responsiblity, social awareness, and lack of acquiescent response tendencies.
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The Yom Kippur War and its stressful aftermath created a number of special psychological effects in Israeli schools. During that period mental health and counseling services were available and made use of in the educational system. Extensive experiences permit an attempt to delineate guidelines for future school psychological emergency interventions. These guidelines rest on the supposition that the planning and delivery of professional emergency interventions resemble those governing routine mental health services in a number of crucial aspects. Firstly, the need for an educated anticipation of problems, their kinds, their ecology and other characteristics. Schematically, three categories of emergency reactions could be expected in schools: shock and grief, and other acute disturbances; fear and its psychological concomitants; confusion, perplexity, and their attitudinal accompaniments. It is noted that the stressful event can also generate positive effects. Secondly, the necessity for a preliminary, on the spot, assessment of psychological affliction in any specific emergency case. Such examination should be done against the background of the total emergency situation (locally and country-wide), as well as the chronic characteristics of the particular school or system. Third, the requirement for deliberate planning of the intervention program. In this phase, judgements have to be made about the recipients of the aid, the methods of help and the levels at which professional services will be extended. Fourth, the consideration of important clinical and community psychological principles during the execution of the program.
The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: (1) Is it more effective to treat spastic cerebral palsy with the Hufschmidt electrical stimulation therapy combined with the Bobath neuro-development treatment or only with the Bobath therapy? (2) Can a general increase in activity be obtained by the electrotherapeutic muscle stimulation? A test group (combined Hufschmidt/Bobath therapy) and a control group (Bobath), both consisting of 10 subjects, were observed for four months. The duration of observation was divided into two four months treatment periods with a rest interval of two months in between. At the start of therapeutic measures, motor activity and psychic condition were tested with corresponding motormetric and psychodiagnostic techniques; three check-up examinations were carried out at the end of the first, and at the beginning and end of the second period of treatment. The motor-metric control examination showed that at the end of the first period the test group had achieved by far the better results, but at the end of the second therapeutic period, both groups were equally successful. The combined electrophysiotherapy hence reached in a relatively shorter time - as it were by leaps and bounds - the optimal obtainable state of functional improvements which, with the Bobath therapy alone, can be effected more slowly but with more continuity. The psychodiagnostic controls clearly indicate that the electrical stimulation produced an unspecified increase in activity, especially after the first phase of treatment, whereas in the second phase this could only be proven in a graded form. The report closes with an examination of the results and their consequences for the implementation of the treatment for cerebral palsied children.
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