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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

A massive intrathecal cefazoline overdose.

This case report describes the clinical course of a patient who inadvertently received a massive intrathecal cefazoline overdose through a lumbar drain, which had been placed after trans-sphenoidal surgery for a pituitary adenoma. She received high-dose barbiturate therapy and was monitored with electroencephalography (EEG), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD). No cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exchange was performed, but CSF was drained continuously with daily CSF-cefazoline level monitoring. Despite the extremely toxic dose, the patient soon recovered completely.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1977

[In-vitro sensitivity of Klebsiella-Enterobacter strains against cefazolin (author's transl)].

Investigation of the resistance of 290 strains of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group (252 Klebsiella and 38 Enterobacter strains) against cefazolin showed that 63% of the Enterobacter strains were resistant and 50% of the Klebsiella strains were sensitive both in the serial dilution test and in the agar diffusion test. A total of 78% were inhibited by 32 mug cefazolin per millilitre. Isolates from the genitourinary tract were significantly more resistant than those from the respiratory tract.

Cefazolin↗
PubMed2000

Comparative study of ceftriaxone versus cefazolin plus clindamycin as antibiotic prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery.

A comparative study of 103 consecutive patients who required antibiotic prophylaxis for elective colorectal surgery was carried out. All eligible patients received either ceftriaxone (2 g) as a single intravenous dose at anesthetic induction or cefazolin (1 g) plus clindamycin (0.6g) administered intravenously at anesthetic induction and for two more doses at 8-hourly intervals for a total of 3 days. The incidence of postoperative wound infections was 6.9% in the ceftriaxone group and 11.1% in the cefazolin plus clindamycin group. Single-dose ceftriaxone proved to be a safe and cost-effective form of antibiotic prophylaxis for elective colorectal surgery.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A double-blind study comparing cefonicid with cefazolin as prophylaxis in patients undergoing total hip or knee replacement.

In a randomized double-blind design, cefonicid, an investigational cephalosporin, was compared with cefazolin as prophylaxis in 76 patients undergoing total hip or knee replacement. Risk factors were similar in both groups, and no toxicity was seen with either the control drug, cefazolin, or the test drug, cefonicid. In this small group of patients followed for a short period (four months to one year), no wound sepsis or early or delayed prosthetic sepsis was found, and no superiority of one drug over the other could be demonstrated. Because of the already low incidence of prosthetic infection in patients given appropriate prophylaxis, a larger sample size and a more extended follow-up would be necessary to show increased efficacy of a new compound relative to that of an accepted and proven older drug.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Synergy of vancomycin plus cefazolin or cephalothin against methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The in vitro activity of cephalothin, cefazolin, and vancomycin against 25 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis was determined by means of a broth dilution technique with two sizes of inoculum. The size of the inoculum had a marked effect on the minimal inhibitory concentrations and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of all three antibiotics. With a small inoculum, 100% of the isolates were inhibited by 3.12 micrograms of vancomycin/ml, 76% by 12.5 micrograms of cephalothin/ml, and 64% by 12.5 micrograms of cefazolin/ml. With a large inoculum 100% of the isolates were inhibited by 200 micrograms of vancomycin/ml, 40% by 12.5 micrograms of cephalothin/ml, and 12% by 12.5 micrograms of cefazolin/ml. As determined by a tube dilution checkerboard technique for both sizes of inoculum, the combination of vancomycin plus cephalothin was synergistic against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis in 45 of 50 cases, and the combination of vancomycin plus cefazolin was synergistic in 39 or 50 cases. These data from in vitro studies suggest that these antibiotic combinations should be evaluated clinically in patients with severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis.

Cefazolin↗
PubMed1993

The effect of zinc on microbial growth and bacterial killing by cefazolin in a Staphylococcus aureus abscess milieu.

Microbial growth and antimicrobial bacterial killing are both diminished in abscesses. It was postulated that zinc depletion in abscesses, perhaps secondary to a neutrophil protein resembling calprotectin, may be partly responsible for these effects. In a rabbit tissue-cage abscess model, pooled abscess supernatant concentration of zinc was < 1.53 microM. The addition of 41.7 microM zinc had no effect on Staphylococcus aureus growth or the bacterial killing effect of cefazolin in serum. In abscess fluid supernatants, bacterial growth without antibiotic and bacterial killing by cefazolin were both enhanced by the addition of zinc. Fractionation of the abscess fluid with ultrafiltration membranes showed that these effects could be reproduced with the fraction between 30 and 50 kDa. These findings suggest that a protein in abscess fluid supernatants that resembles the neutrophil protein calprotectin may, through its zinc binding effects, inhibit microbial growth within an abscess but also inhibit the activity of bactericidal antibiotics.

Abscess↗
PubMed1983

A randomized study comparing clinical efficacy and safety of thienamycin formamidine (MK0787)/renal dipeptidase inhibitor (MK0791) and cefazolin.

Twenty-one hospitalized patients with infectious diseases were randomly assigned to receive either thienamycin formamidine/renal dipeptidase inhibitor or cefazolin. Infections treated included septicaemia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, pyelonephritis, cellulitis and cutaneous abscesses. All eleven patients treated with thienamycin formamidine/renal dipeptidase inhibitor responded well to therapy. One of the ten patients treated with cefazolin developed a superinfection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Side effects detected were minor in both groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Randomized, double-blind comparison of cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefazolin or placebo as prophylaxis during gastric, small bowel or complicated biliary surgery.

In a double-blinded trial, 142 patients were randomized to receive placebo, cefazolin, cefoxitin or cefotaxime during high-risk gastroduodenal, biliary tract or small bowel surgery. Of the 125 evaluable patient trials, postoperative wound infection or intra-abdominal sepsis developed in 14/29 (48%) of placebo controls, 8/24 (33%) cefazolin, 7/37 (19%) cefoxitin, and in 2/35 (6%) of cefotaxime recipients. When patients undergoing vagotomy and pyloroplasty with prior cimetidine therapy were excluded, cefotaxime was superior to cefoxitin prophylaxis (2/26 versus 7/28, P = 0.014). Cefotaxime may be useful as a prophylactic agent in high-risk upper gastrointestinal surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin, cefazolin, ofloxacin, L-ofloxacin and D-ofloxacin on adherence to intravascular catheters and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is the preeminent cause of nosocomial bacteraemia and infection of prosthetic medical devices. Bacterial adherence to biomaterial is a crucial early event in the pathogenesis of these infections. Antibiotics affect bacterial adherence to eukaryotic cells, capsule formation and biofilm production. However, results from studies involving coagulase-negative staphylococci are equivocal. In this study, the in-vitro adherence of radiolabelled bacteria was assayed to determine the effect of sublethal concentrations of a number of antibiotics on the attachment of four strains of S. epidermidis, with well-characterized adherence profiles, to intravascular catheters. The effect of antibiotics on biofilm production by S. epidermidis was assayed using a quantitative spectrophotometric assay. Although there was some strain-to-strain variability, none of the tested antibiotics affected bacterial attachment. However, treatment with cefazolin or vancomycin resulted in a significant decrease in biofilm elaboration. These data suggest that bacterial attachment by S. epidermidis, the initiating event associated with prosthetic device infection, cannot be prevented by subtherapeutic levels of fluoroquinolone, glycopeptide or beta-lactam antibiotics. However, later aggregative stages of adherence, associated with biofilm production, may be influenced by cell wall-active agents such as cefazolin and vancomycin.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2002

Influence of cefazolin prophylaxis and hospitalization on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the faecal flora.

Faecal samples from 180 patients on admission and 108 patients at discharge were analysed for the prevalence and degree of resistance of Escherichia coli and enterococci. Discharged patients had received 24 h cefazolin prophylaxis and had a mean hospital stay of 10 +/- 5 days. The prevalence of resistance of E. coli to amoxicillin (P < 0.05), cefazolin (P < 0.05) and oxytetracycline was higher for patients at discharge (41, 12 and 35%) than for patients at admission (28, 2 and 27%). The prevalence at discharge was higher after short-term (< or =7 days) than after long-term (>7 days) hospitalization, being significant for amoxicillin only (P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed for the enterococci.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed2002

Free and total cefazolin plasma and interstitial fluid concentrations at steady state during continuous infusion.

Free and total concentrations of cefazolin were compared in plasma and interstitial fluid during continuous intravenous infusion therapy. Seven patients, median age 53 (25-74) years, were administered a constant infusion of cefazolin at a mean (+/-S.D.) dose of 3.5 g (+/-1.1) per 24 h for > or = 5 days. Four blisters were induced on the forearm of each patient for sampling of interstitial fluid. Free concentrations in plasma and interstitial fluid were similar, and correlated better than total concentrations (r(2) = 0.82, P = 0.005 versus r(2) = 0.54, P = 0.056). In all patients, the free concentrations in the interstitial fluid were at least two-fold the MIC(90) for Staphylococcus aureus.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Serum cefazolin levels during spinal fusion: effect of blood loss and duration of surgery.

Perioperative cefazolin prophylaxis is commonly employed in posterior spinal fusion (PSF) procedures, which are often lengthy and involve significant blood loss. In this study, serum levels of prophylactically administered cefazolin were measured serially during spinal fusion procedures, and the possible relationship of antibiotic concentrations to blood loss and fluid therapy were examined. Serum antibiotic levels, measured at 30-min intervals, declined with a half-life of 90 min, similar to the previously reported experience with normal adult volunteers. There was no relationship between serum half-life and blood loss or fluid replacement. An explanation for these findings is offered, along with recommendations for dosing.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular effects of intravenous sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate in awake and anesthetized horses.

Sodium penicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium citrate were administered to six adult horses on separate occasions, when awake and during anesthesia. The order of administration was randomized and studies were separated by a minimum of 7 days. Arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (less than 0.05) from control 5 minutes after intravenous (IV) sodium penicillin in awake and anesthetized horses. Systolic arterial blood pressure remained significantly (less than 0.05) decreased 10 minutes after IV sodium penicillin in anesthetized horses. Sodium cefazolin and sodium citrate did not significantly affect any of the measured cardiovascular variables. Although the changes in arterial blood pressure were small (8-15 mm Hg), monitoring of arterial blood pressure is advised when sodium penicillin is administered IV to anesthetized horses.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2006

Antibiotic prophylaxis with a single dose of cefazolin during pacemaker implantation: incidence of long-term infective complications.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic and localized infections related to permanent pacemaker implantation are not common, but are serious and potentially life-threatening complications. The aims of this prospective observational study were: (1) to assess the safety and long-term efficacy of a simplified scheme of antibiotic prophylaxis, and (2) to identify the predictors of long-term infective complications, in patients undergoing pacemaker implantation or replacement. METHODS AND RESULTS: From October 1998 to July 2001, 852 patients (mean age 77.0 +/- 9.2 years; 474 men) who underwent new permanent pacemaker implantation (69.6%) or pulse generator replacement (30.4%) received a mini-bag of 2 g of cefazolin diluted in 50 mL of saline solution, administered intravenously in 20 minutes before the beginning of the procedure. Early (within 2 months of implantation) and late major and minor infective complications were recorded. During the earlier phase, minor complications were observed in 9 patients (1%). During the long-term phase of the surveillance (mean 25.6 +/- 11.0 months, range 12-55 months) major infective complications were observed in 6 patients (0.7%). On multivariate analysis, no clinical or procedural variable predicted the occurrence of long-term infective complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate the safety and efficacy of a single, intravenous 2 g dose of cefazolin in preventing infective complications related to pacemaker implantation or replacement. No clinical or procedural variable predicted the occurrence of long-term infective complications.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The influence of components on the rectal absorption of cefazolin in rats.

A study has been made to identify the component(s) responsible for the absorption-promoting effect of MGK medium chain glyceride preparation commercially available as a mixture of glyceryl-1-monooctanoate, glyceryl-1,3-dioctanoate, glyceryl-1,2-dioctanoate, glyceryl trioctanoate, octanoic acid and glycerol. The action of the individual constituents has been evaluated on the rectal absorption of cefazolin in conscious rats. The results indicate that the action of MGK can be completely explained by the effect of glyceryl-1-monooctanoate, which both enhanced the extent and rate of cefazolin uptake.

Administration, Rectal↗
PubMed1977

Levels of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in human serum and interstitial fluid.

The ability of eight antibiotics (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cefamandole, cephalothin, cefazolin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin) to enter human interstitial fluid was evaluated by the skin window technique. All of the antibiotics tested, except cefazolin, which has the highest percentage of protein binding, diffused into the interstitial fluid quite well. This study confirms our previous observation on the effect of high-percentage protein binding on diffusion of a drug into the minimally inflamed extravascular space.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Randomized comparative study of moxalactam and cefazolin in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections in adults.

Eighty-nine patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of acute urinary tract infection were randomized to therapy with either moxalactam (500 mg) or cefazolin (1 g) every 12 h. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen in both groups (92.6 versus 90.2%). Therapy was continued for 3 days after the patient defervesced. The minimum hospital stay was 5 days. Sequential urine cultures were obtained on day 3, at discharge, and 5 to 10 days after the cessation of therapy. THe average duration of hospital stay was 5.6 days for both groups of patients. THe incidence of recurrent infection was similar in uncomplicated patients (9.1 versus 10%) and in complicated patients with a condition predisposing them to urinary tract infections (43 versus 42%). Moxalactam-treated patients had a higher incidence of reversible hepatic enzyme elevation (36%) and Streptococcus faecalis superinfections (12.2%). Moxalactam is as effective as cefazolin for the elimination of gram-negative pathogens from the urine of patients with acute urinary tract infections, but it is associated with a higher incidence of reversible side effects.

Adult↗