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PubMed2005

Response to novel housing in two groups of captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

The influence of age, maternal status, and the presence of a group male on use of space was assessed in two groups of captive tufted capuchin monkeys that underwent a move from indoor housing to a larger outdoor facility. Both groups originally contained two adult males, but only one group retained a male after the move. Following the move, mothers spent less time on the ground when carrying their infants than they did when not carrying their infants. In the group with no male (1) individuals decreased time spent on the ground relative to pre-move levels, whereas no such difference was noted in the group with the male; (2) females spent more time carrying their infants than did females in the group with a male. In the group with the adult male, juveniles spent less time on the ground than did non-mother adult females, whereas no difference had existed prior to the move. Grooming rates dropped from pre-move to post-move, but the mean number of partners with which each animal was in contact increased. Measures of social behavior varied across post-move observation periods inversely to time spent on the ground. These results are consistent with the view that an individual's relative vulnerability influences behavioral conservatism in novel environments, and suggests a relatively profound role for males in promoting exploration of new space in this species.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Pathology of Schistosoma haematobium infection in the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella).

Capuchin monkeys exposed to 500-2000 Schistosoma haematobium cercariae were followed for up to 6 1/2 years after infection. Worm burdens decreased as infections became more chronic and decreasing numbers of eggs and active circumoval lesions were found in the bladder and elsewhere. Nodular and hyperplastic epithelial lesions of the urinary bladder were not seen during the first year of infection but occurred in 30% of monkeys examined 1-2 years after infection and in 23% of those examined between the second and third years; they were present in only 3% of monkeys studied 3-6 1/2 years after infection. These epithelial proliferative lesions were located near foci of egg deposition and occurred in the monkeys with the most intense active lesions in the bladder. The lesions regressed in animals followed sequentially. The lesions thus appear not to be neoplastic. Obstructive lesions of the ureter accompanied by hydronephrosis were present in a few animals. The obstructive uropathy did not appear to cause significant morbidity. Mortality was substantial among infected monkeys at most intervals after infection but was rare among uninfected controls.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Preferences towards novel foods in Cebus apella: the role of nutrients and social influences.

Information on the process of preference acquisition towards novel foods in nonhuman primates is lacking. This study aims to assess (1) whether nutrient and energy contents affect preferences towards novel foods encountered repeatedly by individuals when alone, (2) whether these preferences change after additional encounters with the novel foods, and (3) if the change is sensitive to social influences. We presented seven novel foods to 26 socially housed tufted capuchins. In Phase 1, each subject was presented individually with the 21 possible binary combinations of the seven novel foods. Afterwards, during treatment, 13 subjects received the novel foods ad libitum with their group members (social condition) and 13 subjects received the foods individually (individual condition); subjects assigned to the individual and social conditions had shown similar food preferences in Phase 1. Finally, in Phase 2, each subject was presented again with 21 binary choices between each of the novel foods. In Phases 1 and 2, the number of times each food was chosen differed among foods. In Phase 1, food preference correlated positively with glucose and fructose and negatively with total fiber content. In Phase 2, irrespective of social or individual prior experience in the treatment condition, food preference changed and became correlated with total energy content. Our results broaden the findings already available for familiar foods by demonstrating that individual experience based on the feedback obtained from novel foods guides the establishment of preferences towards them. Moreover, individual experience is sufficient to determine food preferences similar to those individuals may acquire when together with group members eating the same foods.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Color vision discrimination in the capuchin monkey Cebus apella: evidence for trichromaticity.

Primates display significant differences in color vision. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of capuchin monkeys in discriminating chromatic and achromatic Munsell color chips through behavioral tests. The subjects were trained in a simple and reverse discrimination learning procedure. All subjects were capable of discriminations along five color categories investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis of male dichromatism in New World monkeys, the role of color vision in adaptation to feeding ecology, as well as to aspects regarding primate evolution.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of efficacy of clonidine on memory in aged cebus monkeys.

Using a dosing paradigm and an automated behavioral testing procedure designed to maximize potential drug efficacy, we evaluated the ability of clonidine to improve performance of aged monkeys on a trial-specific memory task. These results indicated that neither acutely administered (0.0025-0.04 mg/kg) or subchronically administered (0.01-0.06 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days) clonidine improved the performance of aged monkeys. These data are discussed in view of previously reported, conflicting data, as well as their implication regarding probable neurochemical factors involved in age-associated memory impairment and approaches to future palliative treatments.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cortisol reactivity and its relation to homecage behavior and personality ratings in tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) juveniles from birth to six years of age.

Rank correlations between cortisol reactivity measures (baseline, 2 h stress peak and change from baseline) at 6 months and 1 year and (1) behaviors videotaped in the home cage and (2) subjectively judged personality ratings were examined in 36 juvenile tufted capuchins from birth to 6 years of age. High cortisol reactivity was associated with both lower levels of play and exploration in the home cage, and higher levels of proximity and contact with mothers. Animals with higher baseline cortisol played by themselves more, and played with other animals less, than did those with lower baselines. High cortisol reactivity, especially at 1 year of age, was also related to higher levels of dorsal carrying by mothers in the second year, when most infants are independent of mothers. Ratings on the personality traits, Aggressive, Confident, Curious, Effective and Opportunistic, were all negatively correlated with cortisol reactivity levels, while Apprehensive, Fearful, Insecure, Submissive and Tense were positively correlated with cortisol reactivity. In summary, there was a relationship between high physiological reactivity and inhibited, fearful behavior and temperament patterns not previously described in capuchins.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Chemical characterisation of six oligosaccharides in a sample of colostrum of the brown capuchin, Cebus apella (Cebidae: primates).

Carbohydrates were extracted from a sample of brown capuchin colostrum and six of the component oligosaccharides were separated and purified by gel filtration and preparative thin layer chromatography. Their structures were determined by 1H-NMR to be as follows: Gal beta 1-->4[Fuc alpha 1-->3]Glc (3-fucosyllactose) Gal beta 1-->3Gal beta 1-->4Glc (beta-3'-galactosyllactose) Gal beta 1-->6Gal beta1-->4Glc (beta-6'-galactosyllactose) Gal beta-->3[Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->6]Gal beta 1-->4Glc (lacto-N-novopentaose I) Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->3[Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->6]Gal beta 1-->4Glc (lacto-N-neohexaose) Neu5Ac alpha 2-->3Gal beta 1-->4Glc (3'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose) Of these, all except lacto-N-novopentaose I have been previously found in human milk or colostrum.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Extent and limits of the matching concept in monkeys (Cebus apella).

In Experiment 1, 8 monkeys, experimentally naive with regard to visual stimuli, were trained on identity matching with a two-sample set based on two-dimensional stimuli. On a subsequent test employing two new samples, 4 of the 8 applied the matching rule to the new sample stimuli (as defined by our transfer criterion), and 3 showed substantial savings in learning to match the new samples. Two of these 3 transferred the matching rule when given a second test with two new samples, and the third showed immediate and complete transfer when tested with a third pair of new stimuli. These results indicate a much stronger representation of the matching concept in monkeys than in pigeons, even when the conditions of assessment are reasonably comparable. In Experiment 2, however, 4 monkeys from Experiment 1 failed to transfer the matching rule to steady versus flashing green samples, indicating that the matching concept did not immediately extend beyond the general class of visual stimuli with which it was developed. These and related results in the literature suggest that representation of the matching concept in animals varies along a specificity-abstractness dimension, reflecting the degree to which the concept is tied to the conditions and context of its development.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Serial learning with wild card items by monkeys (Cebus apella): implications for knowledge of ordinal position.

We investigated monkeys' knowledge of the ordinal positions of stimuli that formed a 5-item serial list, ABCDE, by means of wild card items (W) that could substitute for items in the original series. In Experiment 1, training with wild cards was given on 3-, 4-, and 5-item series. In the last of these series, the wild card substitutions created five wild card sequences, WBCDE through ABCDW. During the final 10 sessions of training with each of two different wild cards (Items x and Y), the 3 subjects were able to successfully complete almost 60% of the wild card sequences. In Experiment 2, the two wild cards were presented on the same trial in 10 different double wild card sequences (e.g., AXCDY). The 2 monkey subjects correctly completed about 59% of the double wild card sequences during the final two training sessions. The performance levels achieved on single and on double wild card sequences, although well below that observed on the baseline sequence ABCDE (90% or better), support the view that the monkeys possessed some knowledge regarding the ordinal position of each baseline item. Consequently, an associative chain interpretation, which does not provide for knowledge of ordinal position, falls short as a complete account of the monkey's capacity for serial learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Pointing, withholding information, and deception in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

Brown capuchin monkeys, like 4-year-old children and human-socialized chimpanzees, showed communicative and deceptive pointing in experiments in which they benefited by indicating, accurately or falsely, the location of hidden food. All 3 capuchin monkeys tested (13, 19, and 26 years old) pointed communicatively in the presence of a cooperative trainer. One human-reared monkey pointed without any training and frequently gazed at her human respondent; as with apes, extensive exposure to humans may promote some human-like responses in monkeys. Another capuchin withheld pointing when beneficial, whereas the 3rd learned to obtain the hidden food by pointing deceptively in the presence of a competitive trainer. Such deceptive pointing by one monkey and withholding of information by another suggest that primates' deceptive pointing in an experimental situation is explainable in terms of response inhibition and conditional discrimination learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The mother-offspring relationship as a template in social development: reconciliation in captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella).

Mother-offspring (MO) relationship quality was investigated to determine its influence on the development of reconciliation--affiliation between opponents shortly after a fight--because it influenceswhat distressed youngsters learn about calming down. Data were longitudinal and cross-sectional observational samples of 38 MO pairs of monkeys across 24 months. An MO relationship quality index (RQI) classified each pair as secure or insecure. Reconciliation emerged in infancy. Secure youngsters had an appeasing conciliatory style, and insecure youngsters had an agitated conciliatory style. Conclusions are that reconciliation develops from the attachment behavior system and MO RQI is related to the particular conciliatory style youngsters develop by affecting how aroused they are by conflict and the subsequent socializing they seek to calm down.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Global and local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

Capuchin monkeys' (Cebas apella) relative accuracy in the processing of the global shape or the local features of hierarchical visual stimuli was assessed. Three experiments are presented featuring manipulations of the arrangement and the density of the local elements of the stimuli. The results showed a clear advantage for local level processing in this species, which is robust under manipulations of the density of the local elements of the stimuli. By contrast the density of the component elements linearly affected accuracy in global processing. These findings, which support those from other studies in which a local superiority emerged in animals, challenge the generality of early claims concerning the adaptive value of global advantage in the processing of hierarchical visual patterns.

Animals↗