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PubMedDate not supplied

Investigations of exercise adaptation of the cardiovascular system in pilots breathing an oxygen-poor gas mixture. Part II. Analysis of polycardiographic parameters.

The author carried out investigations of the adaptation to exercise of the cardiovascular system in pilots breathing an oxygen-poor gas mixture analysing the polycardiographic parameters at rest and during postexercise restitution. It was found that hypoxia increased the degree of the adaptation response of the cardiovascular system to exercise. Polycardiographic investigations demonstrated differences in the pattern of post-exercise restitution depending on the level of fitness. Subjects with high fitness had a more pronounced hyperdynamic response, immediately after exercise, while in subjects with low fitness a hypodynamic response developed in a later period of restitution.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Expression patterns of FHL/SLIM family members suggest important functional roles in skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system.

LIM domain containing proteins play critical roles in animal development and cellular differentiation. Here, we describe the cloning and expression patterns of three members of the four and a half LIM domain-only protein family, FHL1, 2, and 3, from mouse. A comparison of embryonic expression patterns of these three highly-related genes indicates that they are expressed in an overlapping pattern in the developing cardiovascular system, and skeletal muscle. In adult tissues, the three genes are expressed in a predominant and overlapping manner in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Of the three genes, FHL2 appears to have the most restricted expression pattern during development, in heart, blood vessels, and skeletal muscle. Expression in heart is highest in cardiac septa and in the region adjacent to the atrio-ventricular ring, suggesting a potential role in septation or conduction system development. In the heart, FHL1expression was observed strongly in developing outflow tract, and to a lesser extent in myocardium. FHL3 displays low and ubiquitous expression during mouse development. Cardiac ventricular expression of FHL1, but not FHL2 or FHL3, was upregulated in two mouse models of cardiac hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy. Taken together, these data indicate the potential importance of this FHL family in the development and maintenance of the cardiovascular system and striated muscle, and suggest that FHL1 may play a role in the development of heart disease.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

[Urotensin II--new peptide which regulates function of cardiovascular system].

Human urotensin II is one of the new peptide which regulates function of cardiovascular system. It stimulates cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy and also shows inotropic properties. Urotensin II has the potential pathophysiological role in cardiovascular, lung and kidney diseases. The vascular function of this peptide in humans, however, has yet to be determined. Human urotensin II is an endocrine hormone with range vasoactive properties dependent on the anatomic site and the species. Preliminary results showed strong expression of urotensin II in the cardiomyocytes, and to a lesser extent in the vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells of patients with end-stage chronic heart failure. The development of selective human urotensin II antagonists may be of utility in the management of cardiovascular disorders.

Cardiovascular System↗
PubMed1988

Stimulating intestinal afferents reflexly activates cardiovascular system in cats.

Capsaicin and bradykinin stimulate afferents from certain viscera to reflexly activate the cardiovascular system; however, whether these agents evoke similar reflex responses when applied topically to the intestine is not known. Therefore, in cats anesthetized with methoxyflurane, we applied capsaicin (10 micrograms) or bradykinin (0.5 microgram) to the serosal surface of the jejunum. Additionally, we topically applied bethanechol chloride, a synthetic choline ester with little direct cardiovascular effects, to evoke marked contraction of the smooth muscle of the jejunum. Capsaicin evoked significant (P less than 0.05) increases in mean arterial pressure (105 +/- 4 to 119 +/- 4 mmHg, mean +/- SE), first derivative left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) at 40 mmHg (2,698 +/- 134 to 3,105 +/- 155 mmHg/s), systemic vascular resistance (0.63 +/- 0.15 to 0.68 +/- 0.15 peripheral resistance units), and heart rate (196 +/- 14 to 205 +/- 15 beats/min), whereas aortic flow did not change. In a dose-dependent fashion, bradykinin and bethanechol each caused cardiovascular activation as well as a marked contraction of the smooth muscle in the segment of jejunum to which they were applied. In contrast, capsaicin produced no detectable contraction of visceral smooth muscle. Removal of the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia abolished the cardiovascular responses evoked by capsaicin and bradykinin. Thus, in cats, stimulating intestinal afferents by topically applying capsaicin or bradykinin reflexly activates the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, although mechanoreceptors may contribute to the responses evoked by bradykinin and bethanechol, the capsaicin-related responses likely are mediated exclusively by chemically sensitive receptors.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1986

Effects of celiprolol on reflex control of the cardiovascular system in essential hypertension.

We have previously shown that baroreceptor control of the cardiovascular system and the cardiopulmonary receptor control of peripheral circulation are preserved or only moderately reduced during antihypertensive treatment with acebutolol or nadolol, which indicates that treatment with beta blockers with or without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity does not impair fundamental neural mechanisms involved in circulatory homeostasis. In the present study we have investigated the reflex control of circulation before and during antihypertensive treatment with celiprolol, which, in addition to its beta-blocking action, has vasodilator properties that may stem from interference with neural cardiovascular control. In six essential hypertensive subjects we measured blood pressure (intraarterial catheter), heart rate (ECG recording), central venous pressure (right atrial catheter), and forearm blood flow and resistance (plethysmography) before and during alterations in the activity of the arterial baroreceptors obtained by means of lower body suction and passive leg raising. The study was performed before and after 5-7 days of oral administration of celiprolol at 200-400 mg once a day. Compared to the values obtained in the control, condition celiprolol caused a reduction in blood pressure, a slight change in heart rate, and an increase in forearm blood flow, which indicated the occurrence of a clear-cut forearm vasodilatation. The heart rate responses to arterial baroreceptor manipulation were unchanged by celiprolol which reset the carotid baroreflex so that its tonic restraint on blood pressure increased despite the hypotension induced by the drug. The inhibitory restraint tonically exerted by the cardiopulmonary receptors on peripheral circulation was also increased by celiprolol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acebutolol↗
PubMed1978

Enzymatic histo and cytochemical investigation on the cardiovascular system in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The functional abnormalities of the cells in the cardiovascular system in SHR were revealed by enzyme histo-cytochemical study. The enzymatic activity was usually increased in the area where the arteries branched and in proliferating cells in the thickened wall. Such was more remarkable in the distorted arteries with aging. Functional roles of these 4 enzymes were discussed.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1999

Establishment of ionic channels and signalling cascades in the embryonic stem cell-derived primitive endoderm and cardiovascular system.

The first organ system to be established in early embryogenesis is the cardiovascular system which develops upon interaction with hypoblastic cells of the primitive endoderm. Here we focus on recent work on embryoid bodies derived from pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells. Ca(2+) oscillations and Ca(2+) signalling pathways during the differentiation of primitive endodermal cell layers are reported. Furthermore, the development-dependent expression of ion channels and the buildup of signalling cascades involved in the modulation of voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channels during early cardiomyogenesis and the formation of functional vascular structures in the process of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are reviewed. We also report on the use of green fluorescent protein reporter gene expression under the control of cardiac-specific promoters, e.g. the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter, which enables the identification and in vivo characterization of cardiomyocytes at very early stages of cardiomyogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Distribution of nitric oxide in cardiovascular system.

We report here the in vitro measurements of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system using a porphyrinic sensor specific for NO. Nitric oxide concentrations were measured directly in different parts of the heart and also in different arteries and veins, ranging from 100 microm to 5 mm in diameter. Highest NO. concentrations were found in the heart and particularly in the areas of aortic and pulmonary valves. The NO. concentration in the arteries was higher than in the veins. A clearcut positive correlation was obtained by plotting the vessel diameter and production of nitric oxide.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropeptide control of the cardiovascular system in fish and reptiles.

Accumulating evidence shows the involvement of neuropeptides in cardiovascular control in mammals as well as non-mammalian species. Our own immunohistochemical studies indicate a sparse innervation only in cyclostomes, holostean fish and lungfish, a more extensive variation and distribution in elasmobranchs and teleosts, and a rich and varied innervation of the cardiovascular system in crocodiles and lizards. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptie Y (NPY), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and tachykinins are present in most vertebrate groups. VIP is vasodilatory in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as in most mammalian species, but increases gut vascular resistance in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). NPY potentiates the effect of noradrenaline on skate (Raja rhina) coronary vessels, suggesting an interaction between adrenergic mechanisms and NPY early in evolution, but studies in the spiny dogfish and the crocodile also demonstrate different mechanisms for the action of NPY and adrenaline in some species. Bombesin/GRP increases flow to the gut in the spiny dogfish by an increase in somatic vascular resistance, while visceral resistance remains unchanged. In the caiman (Caiman crocodylus crocodylus) bombesin causes a shunting of blood from the lung to the gut. Substance P and other tachykinins in general increase flow to the gut, and on some occasions also increase somatic blood flow. Flow in the anastomosis of the crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) gut is increased by substance P. The results presented here are a review of several published and unpublished studies.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed1985

Cardiovascular system in conjoined twins: an analysis of 14 Korean cases.

A new classification of cardiovascular system in conjoined twins is introduced. A special effort has been made to analyze the degree of fusion and symmetry of hearts and great vessels, based on 14 pairs of conjoined twins. The degree of cardiovascular union of the twins is classified into five types. Cases with no vascular union in cardiac, aortic, and inferior vena caval levels were grouped into type I (four cases). Cases with separate hearts and union between aortas or inferior venae cavae were grouped into type II (three cases). Cardiac fusion at the atrial level was grouped into type III (three cases). All of the three cases showed fusion between right atria (subtype IIIa). The theoretical fusion between the left atria or between the left and right atria is put into subtype IIIb. The type IV represents fusion of both atria and ventricles regardless of the number of the chambers (three cases). Type V represents single heart in one of the twins (one case). The external morphologic type and the situs of each twin pair were closely related to the cardiac abnormalities. Dicephalus and thoracopagus were more likely to be associated with abnormal situs and complex cardiac fusion. Abnormal situs was seen in seven out of 14 cases. Three cases with polysplenia and a case with asplenia showed more complex cardiac abnormalities than those with normal situs or situs inversus.

Cardiovascular Abnormalities↗
PubMed1985

Noninvasive clinical investigation of the cardiovascular system in the critically ill.

An understanding of fundamental principles of various modes of noninvasive cardiovascular monitoring is important in the investigation and management of acute cardiac illnesses found in the critically ill. The clinical application of electrocardiography, radiology, echocardiography, and nuclear medicine will be discussed as it applies to investigation and management of the cardiovascular system in these patients.

Cardiovascular System↗
PubMed1984

Topical problems in the study of remote effects of chemical compounds on the cardiovascular system.

The main tasks in epidemiological and experimental study of remote effects on the cardiovascular system of exposure to chemical compounds were formulated. In the epidemiological respect, the most important points are development of methods for integral evaluation of the effect of the environment, including the industrial environment, and improvement of the methods of detecting early signs of cardiovascular pathology closely correlating with the structure of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The most topical experimental problem is to refine the criteria and methods of assessing the state of the heart and vessels of experimental animals so as to make possible a substantiated and adequate extrapolation of experimental data to man.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

CRF2 receptors are highly expressed in the human cardiovascular system and their cognate ligands urocortins 2 and 3 are potent vasodilators.

1. Systemic infusions of urocortin 1 produce a decrease in mean arterial pressure. This effect may be mediated by a direct action on novel corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 (CRF(2)) receptors predicted to be expressed in blood vessels and the heart. Our objectives were to determine the presence of CRF(2) receptors in the human cardiovascular system using the selective radioligand [(125)I]antisauvagine 30. We also investigated the potential functional roles of novel CRF(2) ligands in the regulation of vascular tone in human arteries in vitro. 2. Radioligand binding techniques were used to characterise the CRF(2) receptor. [(125)I]antisauvagine 30 bound specifically, saturably, reversibly and with high affinity to CRF(2) receptors in human left ventricle (K(D) 0.21+/-0.03 nm, B(MAX) 0.80+/-0.18 fmol mg(-1) protein), and no change in receptor density or affinity was observed in the dilated cardiomyopathy group. 3. Autoradiographical studies revealed highly localised binding of [(125)I]antisauvagine 30 to intramyocardial blood vessels. Binding sites were also detected in the myocardium and in the medial layer of internal mammary arteries. 4. In endothelium-denuded human internal mammary artery in vitro, all peptides tested produced a potent and sustained vasodilator response reversing endothelin-1-induced constrictions (10 nm) (urocortin 1: pD(2) 8.39+/-0.32, E(MAX) 46+/-7.7%; urocortin 2: pD(2) 8.27+/-0.17, E(MAX) 60+/-8.5%; urocortin 3: pD(2) 8.61+/-0.25, E(MAX) 61+/-7.2%; CRF: pD(2) 8.28+/-0.27, E(MAX): 40+/-10%). 5. We have demonstrated the presence of CRF(2) receptors in the human cardiovascular system and a direct, endothelium-independent vasodilator action of urocortins 2 and 3, which may counter-balance the centrally mediated pressor effects of CRF and urocortin 1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effect of the novel orally active angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor alacepril on cardiovascular system in experimental animals.

Effects of 1-[(S)-3-acetylthio-2-methylpropanoyl]-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine (alacepril, DU-1219) a new orally active angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, on cardiovascular system in experimental animals were examined. In conscious renal hypertensive dogs, alacepril (3 mg/kg p.o.) caused a marked reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR), but did not change significantly heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), cardiac work (CW) and electrocardiogram (ECG). Captopril (3 mg/kg, p.o.) showed similar changes in cardiovascular parameters as alacepril. In anesthetized open-chest normotensive dogs, alacepril (3-100 micrograms/kg/min for 10 min, i.v. infusion) tended to decrease DBP and TPR, but did not change significantly CO, stroke work (SW), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), dp/dt and HR. Captopril also showed similar effects but these changes were greater in extent than those of alacepril. In conscious renal hypertensive rats, alacepril did not affect the regional cerebral blood flow in the frontal cortex and the dorsal hippocampus after single (3 and 10 mg/kg) and successive (3 mg/kg/d for 7 days) oral administration. Captopril (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased blood flow in the frontal cortex after single oral administration. In conscious normotensive dogs, alacepril (3 and 30 mg/kg p.o.) increased renal plasma flow (RPF), urine volume (UV), urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) and urinary Na+/k+ ratio, but did not change glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary potassium excretion (UKV). Captopril (3 and 30 mg/kg p.o.) also showed similar changes as alacepril. These effects of alacepril on cardiovascular system resemble those of captopril and might be considered as a favourable profile for the antihypertensive agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Physical load on the cardiovascular system in different work tasks.

This review of the cardiovascular load at work is based on the concept of stress and strain in dynamic work. The relationship between oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) and work load and the effects of intervening variables are described. The relationship between relative aerobic strain (RAS) and HR is shown to be dependent on the type and combination of muscular work. Significant differences in cumulative HR curves over 8-h shifts have been detected between the profile groups "producing muscle forces" or "coordinating motor functions" and others; the HR remained above the level of 110 beats X min-1 for about 50, 30, and 5% of the shift time, respectively. VO2, HR, and RAS are described in more detail during tasks in milk delivery, mail delivery, and logging, during tasks in the construction and steel industries, and during tasks in the municipal sector. Special attention is paid to work tasks in which the load on the cardiovascular system is above the "acceptable" level. Peak loads which increase strain to the maximal RAS level are described. The change in RAS with ageing is shown to increase in work tasks which include the production of muscle forces and the coordination of motor functions.

Adult↗