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PubMedDate not supplied

Food advertising in the age of obesity: content analysis of food advertising on general market and african american television.

OBJECTIVE: To document the types of foods advertised and weight-related nutritional claims made during advertisements appearing on general market and African American television programming. DESIGN: Content analysis of 553 food advertisements appearing during 101.5 prime-time television hours. OUTCOME MEASURES: Advertisements were classified according to general category (fast-food restaurant, sit-down restaurant, packaged food), specific food type, and the presence of a weight-related nutritional claim. ANALYSIS: The type of foods advertised and nutritional claims made on general market and African American programs were compared using t and chi-squared tests. RESULTS: More food advertisements appeared during African American programs than general market programs. These advertisements were more likely to be for fast food, candy, soda, or meat and less likely to be for cereals, grains and pasta, fruits and vegetables, dessert, or alcohol. Of all of the food advertisements, 14.9% made a weight-related nutritional claim. More claims related to fat content appeared during African American programming, whereas more light and lean claims appeared in general market advertisements. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Practitioners and policy makers should be aware of the prevalence of food advertisements and their potential impact on knowledge and behavior and should consider working more closely with food manufacturers to encourage the creation and promotion of weight-friendly foods. Meanwhile, nutrition educators can help by teaching consumers critical thinking skills as may relate to food advertisements.

Advertising↗
PubMed1997

A production limitation in syllable number: a longitudinal study of one child's early vocabulary.

The present paper reports on the phonological form of one child's productive vocabulary from age 0;10 to 1;8 with primary focus on his production of multisyllabic targets. A large percentage of his multisyllabic vocabulary was produced as one syllable until the age of 1;6. This limitation was not due to a tendency to extract only single syllables from the speech stream, but rather due primarily to a limitation on production. While some portion of his one-syllable productions could be interpreted as the result of single syllable extraction, a sizeable portion affirmed that he extracted the target size correctly by his inclusion of first and final target phonemes in his productions (e.g. [po] for piano and [kiz] for candies). The resolution of this limitation coincides with his move toward two-word speech. We conclude that there is a developmental and perhaps maturational limitation in the capacity to carry out the processes underlying word and sentence production.

Child Language↗
PubMed2003

Prediction of aged red wine aroma properties from aroma chemical composition. Partial least squares regression models.

Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models able to predict some of the wine aroma nuances from its chemical composition have been developed. The aromatic sensory characteristics of 57 Spanish aged red wines were determined by 51 experts from the wine industry. The individual descriptions given by the experts were recorded, and the frequency with which a sensory term was used to define a given wine was taken as a measurement of its intensity. The aromatic chemical composition of the wines was determined by already published gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detector and GC-mass spectrometry methods. In the whole, 69 odorants were analyzed. Both matrixes, the sensory and chemical data, were simplified by grouping and rearranging correlated sensory terms or chemical compounds and by the exclusion of secondary aroma terms or of weak aroma chemicals. Finally, models were developed for 18 sensory terms and 27 chemicals or groups of chemicals. Satisfactory models, explaining more than 45% of the original variance, could be found for nine of the most important sensory terms (wood-vanillin-cinnamon, animal-leather-phenolic, toasted-coffee, old wood-reduction, vegetal-pepper, raisin-flowery, sweet-candy-cacao, fruity, and berry fruit). For this set of terms, the correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted Y (determined by cross-validation) ranged from 0.62 to 0.81. Models confirmed the existence of complex multivariate relationships between chemicals and odors. In general, pleasant descriptors were positively correlated to chemicals with pleasant aroma, such as vanillin, beta damascenone, or (E)-beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone, and negatively correlated to compounds showing less favorable odor properties, such as 4-ethyl and vinyl phenols, 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol, or phenylacetaldehyde.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2005

Identification of potent odorants in different cultivars of snake fruit [Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss] using gas chromatography-olfactometry.

Three cultivars of snake fruits, Pondoh Hitam, Pondoh Super, and Gading, were freshly extracted using liquid-liquid extraction. The aroma compounds of the three samples were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-olfactometry using the nasal impact frequency (NIF) method. A total of 24 odor-active compounds were associated with the aroma of snake fruit. Methyl 3-methylpentanoate was regarded as the character impact odorant of typical snake fruit aroma. 2-Methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylpentanoic acid, and an unknown odorant with very high intensity were found to be responsible for the snake fruit's sweaty odor. Other odorants including methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate (overripe fruity, ethereal), methyl 3-methyl-2-pentenoate (ethereal, strong green, woody), and 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3[2]-furanone (caramel, sweet, cotton candy-like) contribute to the overall aroma of snake fruit. Methyl dihydrojasmonate and isoeugenol, which also have odor impact, were identified for the first time as snake fruit volatiles. The main differences between the aroma of Pondoh and Gading cultivars could be attributed to the olfactory attributes (metallic, chemical, rubbery, strong green, and woody), which were perceived by most of the panelists in the Pondoh samples but were not detected in the Gading samples. This work is a prerequisite for effective selection of salak genotypes with optimal aroma profiles for high consumer acceptance.

Arecaceae↗
PubMed2005

Identification of potent odorants formed during the preparation of extruded potato snacks.

Extrusion cooking processing followed by air-drying has been applied to obtain low-fat potato snacks. Optimal parameters were developed for a dough recipe. Dough contained apart from potato granules 7% of canola oil, 1% of salt, 1% of baking powder, 5% of maltodextrin, and 15% of wheat flour. After the extrusion process, snacks were dried at 85 degrees C for 15 min followed by 130 degrees C for 45 min. The potent odorants of extruded potato snacks were identified using aroma extract dilution analysis and gas chromatography-olfactometry. Among the characteristic compounds, methional with boiled potato flavor, benzenemethanethiol with pepper-seed flavor, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline with popcorn flavor, benzacetaldehyde with strong flowery flavor, butanal with rancid flavor, and 2-acetylpyrazine with roasty flavor were considered to be the main contributors to the aroma of extruded potato snacks. Several compounds were concluded to be developed during extrusion cooking, such as ethanol, 3-methylbutanal, (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one with geranium flavor, and unknown ones with the flavor of boiled potato, cumin, candy, or parsley root. Compounds such as methanethiol, 2,3-pentanedione, limonene, 2-acetylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone, 2-methyl-3,5-diethylpyrazine, 5-methyl-2,3-diethylpyrazine, and (E)-beta-damascenone were probably developed during air-drying of the potato extrudate.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2006

Quantification of flavor-related compounds in the unburned contents of bidi and clove cigarettes.

Bidi cigarettes, small hand-rolled cigarettes produced primarily in India, are sold in the United States in a wide variety of candy-like flavors (e.g. dewberry, chocolate, clove) and are popular with adolescents. Many flavored bidis contain high concentrations of compounds such as eugenol, anethole, methyleugenol, pulegone, and estragole; several of these compounds have known toxic or carcinogenic properties. Clove cigarettes, or kreteks, are another highly flavored tobacco product with high levels of eugenol due to clove buds present in the tobacco filler. In this study, compounds in the burnable portion-the filler and wrapper material actually consumed during the smoking of bidis, kreteks, and U.S. cigarettes-were analyzed. Flavor-related compounds were solvent extracted from the burnable portion of each cigarette with methanol. An aliquot of the methanol extract was heated, and the sample headspace was sampled with a solid-phase microextraction fiber and introduced into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer for analysis in selected-ion monitoring mode. High levels of eugenol were detected in five clove-flavored bidi brands ranging from 78.6 to 7130 microg/cigarette (microg/cig), whereas diphenyl ether (128-3550 microg/cig) and methyl anthranilate (154-2360 microg/cig) were found in one grape-flavored bidi brand. A nontobacco herbal bidi brand contained the greatest variety of compounds, including anethole (489-665 microg/cig), eugenol (1670-2470 microg/cig), methyleugenol (27.7-36.6 microg/cig), safrole (32.4-34.4 microg/cig), myristicin (170-247 microg/cig), and elemicin (101-109 microg/cig). Filler from kreteks was found to contain high levels of eugenol, anethole, and coumarin. Flavored bidis and clove cigarettes contain a number of compounds that are present at levels far exceeding those reported in U.S. cigarette tobacco. Research is underway to determine the levels of these compounds delivered in smoke. It is not known what effect inhalation of these compounds has on smokers.

Filtration↗
PubMed2006

Concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonamides in Canadian total diet study composite food samples collected between 1992 and 2004.

Canadian Total Diet Study composite samples collected from 1992 to 2004 (n = 151) were analyzed for a series of perfluorooctanesulfonamides that are likely breakdown products or manufacturing residuals associated with perfluorooctylsulfonyl phosphate esters. These esters have been incorporated into coatings for paper and paperboard used in food packaging. N-Ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide (N-EtPFOSA), perfluorooctanesulfonamide, N,N-diethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide, N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamide, and N,N-dimethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide were extracted using solvent extraction and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Perfluorooctanesulfonamides were detected in the picograms per gram to low nanograms per gram of wet weight range in all food groups tested-baked goods and candy, dairy, eggs, fast food, fish, meat, and foods to be prepared in packaging. The highest concentrations of total perfluorooctanesulfonamides were observed in fast food composites (from less than the method detection limit to 27300 pg/g of wet weight). Concentrations of N-EtPFOSA appeared to decrease over the sampling period (1992-2004) in French fries and other fast food composites; no such trend was apparent in freshwater fish, marine fish, and shellfish composites. A basic estimate of dietary exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonamides suggests that Canadians (>12 years old) are exposed to approximately 73 ng/person/day from these foods.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Determination of maltitol, isomaltitol, and lactitol by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.

Disaccharide alditols (DAs) such as maltitol, isomaltitol, and lactitol are increasingly being employed in food industry by virtue of their low hydroscopicity, high stability, and good bulking properties. Still, these compounds are reduced-calorie sweeteners, so they are successfully employed in many dietetic foods, like candies, chocolates, baked products, ice creams, and beverages. Here we describe the determination of maltitol, isomaltitol, and lactitol, along with other common carbohydrates, in some foodstuffs such as toffees, biscuits, creams, sponge cakes, chocolates, roasted malt, and chicory leaves. Separations were accomplished by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection using 40 mM NaOH + 1 mM Ba(CH(3)COO)(2) as the mobile phase. The optimal detection potential (E(DET) = +0.10 V) was established in voltammetric experiments carried out in batch and flowing stream solutions. Under optimized conditions there was no need for both postcolumn addition of strong bases to the eluent and, even more important, column regeneration between runs. A pellicular column with a relatively low ion-exchange capacity was adopted, which allows a rapid separation of sorbitol, isomaltitol, lactitol, maltitol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose. The presence in the alkaline mobile phase of barium ions improved selectivity and reproducibility besides shorter analysis times as well. Limits of detection were on the order of 10-20 pmol injected. The contents of DAs and other free sugars in some dietetic foods were evaluated by calibration graphs.

Anion Exchange Resins↗
PubMed1996

Excipient interaction with cetylpyridinium chloride activity in tablet based lozenges.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effect of tablet excipients on the activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and the relative interaction between excipients and CPC. METHODS: An analytical assay was developed to evaluate the interaction between CPC and the excipients. In vivo activity was investigated using six volunteers by determining the reduction in colony forming units recoverable from the oropharynx after sucking each proprietary lozenge separately on different days. In vitro determinations investigated the relative antimicrobial activity of aqueous solutions of the lozenges and, the effect of pH and tablet base excipients on that activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans. RESULTS: Both in vivo and in vitro results showed that the tablet based lozenges had markedly reduced antimicrobial activities compared with previous results with a candy based lozenge (in vivo and in vitro) or the same concentration of aqueous CPC (in vitro). Magnesium stearate suspensions in CPC 250 micrograms/ml indicated that magnesium stearate adsorbed CPC and at 0.4% lozenge weight and above significantly reduced the antimicrobial activity of CPC 250 micrograms/ml. CONCLUSIONS: The reduced activity of CPC in tablet based lozenges resulted from a decreased availability of CPC in solution due to an adsorption of CPC on magnesium stearate. To avoid this reduction in activity tablet based lozenges containing CPC 250 micrograms/ml, or similar concentrations, plus magnesium stearate should contain not more than 0.3% w/w lozenge weight of the lubricant.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Gene therapy of severe combined immunodeficiencies.

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are attractive candi dates for a gene therapy approach because many of these disorders convey a poor prognosis while a number of the genes mutated in these conditions have been identified. Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) should, in theory, lead to a cure of the disease. There are, however, a number of limitations mostly related to the failure of clinically available vectors to enable transgene integration into HSC. Nevertheless PID due to a gene defect leading to failure of cell development could be amenable to gene therapy given the selective advantage conferred to transgene expression in progenitor cells. Terminally differentiated cells are, however, long lived, as is the case for T lymphocytes. This concept led to the first gene therapy trials for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency several years ago. Results were in part disappointing mostly because of the concomitant substitutive treatment by polyethylene glycol-ADA. However, recent application to X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (gamma(c) deficiency) turned out to be efficient at least on a relatively short term basis (i.e. one year so far). These results demonstrate that this concept is valid and can be the basis for the treatment of other forms of severe T-cell immunodeficiencies. Obviously, development of vectors (lentiviruses) able to efficiently target HSC could in the future considerably enlarge the field of PID treatable by gene transfer.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Korean children's concepts of adult and peer authority and moral reasoning.

This study examined Korean children's judgments about authority commands regarding moral events bearing on property rights (dealing with lost property), distributive justice (sharing candy), and public welfare (disposing of trash). Sixty children from the 1st, 3rd, and 5th grades were presented with story variations in which an individual intervened, giving a command to children, or in which 2 different persons gave opposing commands. At all ages, children judged that a principal, a teacher, a class president, and a child who held no position of authority have legitimacy and should be obeyed when giving directives considered morally right. Children also accorded greater legitimacy to persons giving commands consistent with moral demands (a teacher, a class president, or a child with no position of authority) over a principal's command contrary to the moral evaluation. Justifications for their choices were based on rights, sharing, and welfare. The findings showed that Korean children do not take a unilateral orientation to adult authorities or unquestioningly accept authority directives.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

On facts and conceptual systems: young children's integration of their understandings of germs and contagion.

Five studies argue against claims that preschoolers understand a biological germ theory of illness. In Studies 1-3, participants were read stories in which characters develop symptoms (e.g., a bellyache) caused by germs, poisons, or events (e.g., eating too much candy) and were asked whether another character could catch the symptoms from the first. Few children made judgments in terms of germs as part of an underlying causal process linking the origin of a symptom to its subsequent transmission. Some children may have reasoned simply that certain kinds of symptoms are likely to be contagious. Studies 4 and 5 undermined the claim that preschoolers understand germs to be uniquely biological causal agents. Young children did not attribute properties to germs as they did for animate beings or for plants. It is suggested that children undergo conceptual reorganization in constructing a Western adult understanding of germs.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1987

Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving.

Four experiments indicated that positive affect, induced by means of seeing a few minutes of a comedy film or by means of receiving a small bag of candy, improved performance on two tasks that are generally regarded as requiring creative ingenuity: Duncker's (1945) candle task and M. T. Mednick, S. A. Mednick, and E. V. Mednick's (1964) Remote Associates Test. One condition in which negative affect was induced and two in which subjects engaged in physical exercise (intended to represent affectless arousal) failed to produce comparable improvements in creative performance. The influence of positive affect on creativity was discussed in terms of a broader theory of the impact of positive affect on cognitive organization.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Responses to quantity: perceptual versus cognitive mechanisms in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Two chimpanzees were trained to select among 2 different amounts of candy (1-6 items). The task was designed so that selection of either array by the active (selector) chimpanzee resulted in that array being given to the passive (observer) animal, with the remaining (nonselected) array going to the selector. Neither animal was able to select consistently the smaller array, which would reap the larger reward. Rather, both animals preferentially selected the larger array, thereby receiving the smaller number of reinforcers. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the food arrays, however, the selector animal evidenced more optimal performance, immediately selecting the smaller numeral and thus receiving the larger reward. These findings suggest that a basic predisposition to respond to the perceptual-motivational features of incentive stimuli can interfere with task performance and that this interference can be overridden when abstract symbols serve as choice stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the preoptic area of maternally behaving virgin and postpartum rats.

This study uses Fos immunocytochemistry to show that the medial preoptic area and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are activated in maternally behaving female rats. In Experiment 1, virgin female rats that showed maternal behavior toward pups had more cells in these regions that expressed Fos-like immunoreactivity than did virgin females that were not maternally responsive. In Experiment 2, postpartum rats that were exposed to pups and showed maternal behavior had more Fos-labeled cells in these regions than did postpartum rats exposed to candy. Evidence also indicated that functional modifications in the medial amygdala were related to the changes in Fos expression observed in the preoptic area and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1995

Comprehension of cause-effect relations in a tool-using task by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Five chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were tested to assess their understanding of causality in a tool task. The task consisted of a transparent tube with a trap-hole drilled in its middle. A reward was randomly placed on either side of the hole. Depending on which side the chimpanzee inserted the stick into, the candy was either pushed out of the tube or into the trap. In Experiment 1, the success rate of 2 chimpanzees rose highly above chance, but that of the other subjects did not. Results show that the 2 successful chimpanzees selected the correct side for insertion beforehand. Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that their success was due to a distance-based associative rule, and the results favor an alternative hypothesis that relates success to an understanding of the causal relation between the tool-using action and its outcome.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Solvent control of crack dynamics in a reversible hydrogel.

The resistance to fracture of reversible biopolymer hydrogels is an important control factor of the textural characteristics of food gels (such as gummy candies and aspic preparations). It is also critical for their use in tissue engineering, for which mechanical protection of encapsulated components is needed. Its dependence on loading rate and, recently, on the density and strength of crosslinks has been investigated. But, so far, no attention has been paid to solvent or to environment effects. Here we report a systematic study of crack dynamics in gels of gelatin in water/glycerol mixtures. We show in this model system that increasing solvent viscosity slows down cracks; moreover soaking with solvent markedly increases gel fragility; finally tuning the viscosity by adding a miscible liquid affects crack propagation through diffusive invasion of the crack tip vicinity. The results highlight the fact that fracture occurs by viscoplastic chain pull-out. This mechanism, as well as the related phenomenology, should be common to all reversibly crosslinked (physical) gels.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Olive oil and the Mediterranean diet: beyond the rhetoric.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of food, nutrient and energy intakes with olive oil consumption in Spain. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study by face-to-face interview. SETTING: Population-based random sample derived from the Catalan Nutrition Survey. SUBJECTS: In total, 1600 individuals between 18 and 60 y of age. INTERVENTION: Two 24-h recalls were administered to measure food and nutrient intakes. Food consumption and nutrient intakes were analyzed comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of olive oil consumption. RESULTS: Those with the highest consumption of olive oil (greater than 13.5% of total calories, fourth quartile) consumed less cereal, baked goods, whole milk, sausages, candy, fruit juice and soft drinks, but more fish, eggs, vegetables and added fats, as compared to those with the lowest olive oil consumption (less than 6.8% of total calories, first quartile). The group with the greatest olive oil consumption also demonstrated high total fat intake, although saturated fats showed a lower percentage of total energy intake. Vitamin intake was more adequate in those with the highest consumption of olive oil. CONCLUSION: Olive oil is a key contributor to the healthy aspects attributed to the Mediterranean diet, and as such, nutritional objectives in Mediterranean countries should address reducing saturated fats, without modifying quantities of olive oil.

Adolescent↗