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PubMed1996

The efficiency of different cue types for reducing spatial-frequency uncertainty.

Detection experiments reveal that performance is decreased when the signal's spatial frequency varies unpredictably across trials compared with conditions where it is held constant. However, this effect can more or less be compensated by presenting cues shortly before each trial. To investigate the efficiency of different sensory and symbolic cue types a signal-detection experiment with spatial-frequency uncertainty was carried out. The inter-stimulus interval between cue and signal as well as for the sensory cue types, the spatial overlap between cue and signal, was varied. The results reveal appreciable efficiency differences. While some cues were only of little help, others reduced uncertainty almost entirely. However, the efficiency of cues which were identical to the signals was severely restricted by forward-masking effects when they were presented at the same position as the signal.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Monocular dot-density cues in random-dot stereograms.

In the original random-dot stereograms (RDSs) invented by Julesz, binocular disparity could only take on values that were integral multiples of dot width. The other common method for constructing RDSs (the projection method) relaxes this restriction. However, the projection method can introduce dot-density cues into the monocular images. When polar projection is employed, density variation is introduced as an expression of perspective cues; when parallel projection is employed, there are no perspective cues, but density variation is nonetheless introduced whenever disparity varies as a function of horizontal position. de Vries, Kappers, and Koenderink [(1994) Vision Research, 34, 2409-2423] proposed to minimize the density cues by selecting half of the random dots from a uniform random distribution in the right-eye image, projecting them onto the cyclopean surface, and then projecting them back to the left eye image and vice versa. In this paper the precise nature of the density cues introduced by the projection method, and by de Vries et al.'s modification of that method, are derived. It is also shown that the projection method and its modification have very similar density cues near the medial sagittal plane when polar projection is employed, and that they have identical density cues over the entire random-dot field when parallel projection is employed.

Cues↗
PubMed1991

The effects of smoking-related sensory cues on psychological stress.

Previous studies have shown that the sensory cues of cigarette smoking are important for smoking satisfaction and craving reduction. Sensory cues in the absence of pharmacological doses of nicotine have been found to be moderately satisfying and to reduce craving. The current study was conducted to determine if administration of the sensory cues of cigarette smoking with minimal nicotine would also provide relief from mild anxiety associated with anticipation of a difficult anagram test. This test has previously been shown to be sensitive to the anxiety relieving effects of cigarette smoking. Compared to the placebo control condition, the sensory condition caused a significant alleviation of the stress as measured by components of the Spielberger scale for anxiety. The addition of cigarette smoke containing 0.5 mg of nicotine to the sensory cues caused a slight though nonsignificant enhancement of the stress alleviation. These results demonstrate that sensory cues of smoking can provide similar effects as nicotine containing cigarettes with regard to stress alleviation. Previous studies had shown that sensory cues are important for the consumptive aspects of smoking (i.e., smoking satisfaction and craving reduction). The current study shows that sensory cues are important for other effects of smoking as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

What is presented, and what prevented, in cue exposure and response prevention with alcohol dependent subjects?

The following questions, pertaining to cue reactivity in alcoholics, are discussed: (a) What cues are relevant to alcoholics' drinking? Previous research has been concerned with the obvious: bottles, glasses, pub/bar environments, and other visual cues. Presumably more potent cues, that is, smell, taste and internal effects, subtle stimuli like social climate, shifts in conversations, also influence drinking. The effects of mood states on alcoholics' urges and behavior are rarely integrated into experimental studies. (b) What is the CR? Given that drinking is a very complex social behavior, "the drug effect" becomes problematic to disentangle from the effects of other factors, such as bio-medical states, social setting and learning history. This is further complicated by the fact that drugs affect physiological and cognitive systems differently at different dose levels and with rising and falling Blood Alcohol Levels. Moreover, it has been found that alcohol cues may elicit responses that are in the same and in the opposite direction to the drug response. (c) If such responses are reliably tied to alcohol cues (as opposed to novelty of the experimental situation), the impact of the conditioned responses on craving for alcohol and relapse becomes an issue. (d) Another question relates to the analogy between fear in phobias and craving in substance abuse since, unlike phobics, substance abusers do not fear the substance they are responding to. (e) A further issue is the effectiveness of extinction procedures, as opposed to changes in efficacy expectations, as a therapeutic mechanism for the cue exposure paradigm. Examples of recent research at the Hjellestad Clinic are presented.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1990

Cue exposure and relapse prevention in the treatment of addictive behaviors.

Cue exposure techniques have been increasingly applied in the treatment of addictive behaviors. The role of cue exposure in a comprehensive approach to relapse prevention is considered from several theoretical perspectives. Issues discussed include the optimal definition of both cue and response variables in cue exposure, the relation between exposure to drug-taking cues and elicitation of outcome expectancies, and the combination of extinction-based cue exposure methods and skill training in relapse prevention programs. Whether cue exposure effects are mediated by extinction of appetitive craving responses and/or by the modification of efficacy and outcome expectancies is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differences between responders and nonresponders to cocaine cues in the laboratory.

Previous research has shown that a majority of drug-dependent subjects respond to drug cues in the laboratory with increased craving; however, approximately one-third are not cue responsive. The current study examined differences between responders and nonresponders to cocaine cues in a sample of 69 cocaine-dependent methadone patients. Subjects completed questionnaires assessing selected dimensions of addiction and participated in a cue-reactivity protocol that assessed both cocaine craving and cocaine aversion in response to cues. Four groups of subjects were identified on the basis of their cue responses: (a) increased craving plus decreased aversion; (b) increasing craving only; (c) decreased aversion only; (d) no increase in craving and no decrease in aversion ("nonresponders"). No group differences were found in severity of cocaine dependence, depression, or on any demographic variable, with the exception of parental status. Group differences were found on measures of cocaine expectancies and self-efficacy. There is a discussion of the bearing of these findings upon explanations offered in the literature for nonreactivity to drug cues.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

PTSD symptom severity as a predictor of cue-elicited drug craving in victims of violent crime.

This study examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity as a predictor of cue-elicited craving among alcohol- and cocaine-dependent individuals with a history of at least one physical and/or sexual assault. Approximately half of the sample had current PTSD. Severity of PTSD symptoms was measured via the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) total severity score. Subjects listened to four trials of a brief narrative imagery script followed by the presentation of an in vivo cue. The script presentation consisted of a description of either the subject's worst traumatic event or a neutral scene. The in vivo cues consisted of the presentation of either the subject's preferred drug or neutral cues. Craving was measured in response to both the script and in vivo cues. Results indicated a high degree of correlation between self-report craving and (a) PTSD symptom severity, (b) type of substance use disorder (SUD) [alcohol dependence (AD) vs. cocaine dependence (CD)], and (c) sex and race of participant. A series of stepwise multiple regressions indicated that PTSD severity was significantly predictive of trauma cue-elicited craving and drug cue-elicited craving. The results are discussed in the context of current research, theory, and clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of an auditory cue on chewing cycle kinematics.

OBJECTIVES: This study analysed the systematic and random effects of a rhythmic auditory cue on chewing cycle kinematics. METHODS: The chin movements of 25 subjects (19-35 years of age) with normal class I occlusion were recorded at 100Hz (Optotrak) Northern Digital) during two natural gum chewing (2.5 g) sequences to determine the chewing rate of each subject. Another sequence was recorded with the subjects chewing at their natural rate following an audible cue. Multilevel modeling procedures were used to evaluate differences between natural chewing with and without an audible cue. RESULTS: Differences were found between experimental conditions for excursions, velocities and cycle shape. When chewing with the audible cue velocities were slower and there was less excursion of the chin marker, with the exception of initial lateral movements toward the balancing side. No differences in between-subject variability were found when chewing with or without an audible cue. Within-subject variability was 44% smaller for total cycle duration and 53% smaller for total 3D excursion when chewing with the auditory cue. CONCLUSIONS: Chewing at one's normal rate while following an auditory cue produces more consistency in chewing cycle kinematics. This method may be applicable, with some limitations, to reduce within-subject variability in chewing cycle kinematics.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Transient drug-primed but persistent cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine-seeking behavior in mice.

It is essential to develop animal models to study the role of genetic factors in the relapse of drug-seeking behavior in genetically engineered mutant mice. This paper reports a typical model of drug-primed and cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine (METH)-seeking behavior in mice. C57BL/6J mice were trained to self-administer METH (0.1mg/kg/infusion) by poking their nose into an active hole under a fixed ratio schedule in daily 3-h sessions. After acquiring stable METH self-administration behavior, the mice were subjected to extinction training in the absence of both METH and METH-associated cues. Once the active nose-poking responses were extinguished, drug-primed and cue-induced reinstatement were investigated according to a within-subjects design. A priming injection of METH reliably reinstated the extinguished drug-seeking behavior in the absence of both METH and METH-associated cues. Interestingly, the drug-primed METH-seeking behavior disappeared within 2 months after withdrawal from METH, while cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished METH-seeking behavior lasted for at least 5 months after the withdrawal. A correlation study revealed that drug-primed, but not cue-induced, reinstatement behavior was positively correlated with the total amount of METH taken by individuals during METH self-administration. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the present reinstatement procedure for mouse model of relapse is useful and reliable, and different neural mechanisms may be involved in drug-primed and cue-induced METH-seeking behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens activation to smoking-related pictorial cues in smokers and nonsmokers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

BACKGROUND: Converging evidence from several theories of the development of incentive-sensitization to smoking-related environmental stimuli suggests that the ventral striatum plays an important role in the processing of smoking-related cue reactivity. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy right-handed volunteers (14 smokers and 12 nonsmoking controls) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which neutral and smoking-related images were presented. Region of interest analyses were performed within the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (VS/NAc) for the contrast between smoking-related (SR) and nonsmoking related neutral (N) cues. RESULTS: Group activation for SR versus N cues was observed in smokers but not in nonsmokers in medial orbitofrontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior fusiform gyrus using whole-brain corrected Z thresholds and in the ventral VS/NAc using uncorrected Z-statistics (smokers Z = 3.2). Region of interest analysis of signal change within ventral VS/NAc demonstrated significantly greater activation to SR versus N cues in smokers than controls. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first demonstration of greater VS/NAc activation in addicted smokers than nonsmokers presented with smoking-related cues using fMRI. Smokers, but not controls, demonstrated activation to SR versus N cues in a distributed reward signaling network consistent with cue reactivity studies of other drugs of abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cue reactivity in nicotine and tobacco dependence: a "multiple-action" model of nicotine as a primary reinforcement and as an enhancer of the effects of smoking-associated stimuli.

The present paper proposes a model for the identification and the validation of brain processes and mechanisms underlying smokers' cue reactivity. Smoking behaviour is maintained by the reinforcing properties of nicotine, but it was also proposed that nicotine enhances the conditioned value of smoking and nicotine-associated stimuli. In fact, it is widely reported that the exposure of smokers to smoking/nicotine-associated stimuli induces cue reactivity, which is a vast array of physiological, psychological and behavioural responses. Imaging studies are revealing neuroanatomical correlates of cue reactivity in brain areas involved in motivational, emotional, cognitive processes and in their integration. Behavioural studies in laboratory animal models have shown analogies between the effects of nicotine-associated stimuli and cue reactivity effects in smokers. Lesion and mapping studies with nicotine reported brain activation patterns in cortico-limbic areas similarly to those obtained with imaging studies in humans. Although only limited studies have been done with nicotine-associated stimuli in animals, the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying other drugs of abuse-associated cue effect may help to propose potential common molecular mechanisms for nicotine cues. These findings suggest that smoking/nicotine-associated stimuli are processed at two levels: (i), bottom-up, automatic processing in a parallel fashion through ascendant pathways, to activate attentional functions; (ii), top-down, in a serial fashion from cortical areas, to modulate sensory inputs and motor control. It appears that nicotine increase information processing at both levels so as to establish and to amplify the conditioned value of smoking cues.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Role of the calcarine cortex (V1) in perception of visual cues for saccades.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the initial level at which the pathways for cue perception, saccades and antisaccades diverge. METHODS: Two procedures: single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) over posterior occiput and backward masking were used. A visual cue directed saccades to the left or right, either a pro-saccade (to the side of the cue but beyond it) or an antisaccade, i.e., contraversive saccade. No visual target was presented. RESULTS: Latencies of the two types of saccades did not differ. Focal sTMS applied unilaterally over V1 suppressed both perception of a cue flashed 80-90ms earlier contralaterally (but not ipsilaterally) and the appropriate saccade. Masking at a delay of 100ms abolished the appropriate saccade and cue perception. CONCLUSIONS: V1 is essential for the perception of a flashed cue and for executing appropriate pro- and contraversive saccades. Masking may occur beyond V1, where the pathways for perception and for saccades at least to the next visual processing level start separating. SIGNIFICANCE: VI is needed for rapid, accurate perceptual and motor responses to the crudest (left versus right) cues. It is unlikely that the "where" system can have a major direct input bypassing V1.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

Selective processing of cannabis cues in regular cannabis users.

Recent studies indicate that the regular use of certain drugs, such as tobacco and alcohol, is associated with biases in the processing of drug-related cues, as those cues grab attention, elicit approach and are perceived as pleasant. This study investigated whether regular cannabis users exhibit comparable cognitive biases for cannabis-related pictorial cues. Twenty-three regular cannabis users and 23 non-user controls completed a series of tasks including a visual probe task with concurrent eye movement monitoring (to measure attentional bias), a stimulus-response compatibility task (to measure implicit approach bias) and a valence rating task (to measure the perceived pleasantness of cannabis cues). Results indicated that, relative to non-users, regular cannabis users had biases to maintain their gaze on cannabis cues, to make faster approach responses towards cannabis cues, and to rate cannabis cues as pleasant. Results are generally consistent with previous findings from tobacco smokers and heavy drinkers, and the implications for incentive-motivational theories of addiction are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cues for the identification of pain in nursing home residents.

The aim of this section of a larger study was to identify the range of cues from which pain was inferred for a sample of residents with various levels of cognitive impairment in 15 UK nursing homes. Sixty-five nursing home staff and 36 informal carers of the 113 residents were interviewed. There was extensive use of body movements, facial expressions, and verbal and vocal cues and a considerable degree of interpretation of cues was used. There was little difference between the types of cue used by formal and informal carers, although informal carers tended to identify more of all types. There were differences in cues identified according to level of cognitive impairment, in particular, the interpretation of body movements. A simple model of the interaction between cognitive deficit, cue type and level of cue interpretation was proposed.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Combining depth cues: effects upon accuracy and speed of performance in a depth-ordering task.

Two experiments investigated how the number of available depth cues affected the speed and accuracy of depth-ordering judgements. A series of textured tiles was presented on a computer monitor, with relative depths defined by combinations of contrast, blur and interposition. Subjects were required to move a mouse pointer inside each tile in turn, starting with the tile that appeared nearest, clicking on each. Accuracy of depth-ordering was much higher than chance in all conditions, though performance using the interposition cue alone was worse than in all other conditions. The only difference in reaction time in different cue conditions was in the time elapsed before the first-click. Subjects responded substantially faster when three depth cues were present (0.84 s) than when only one depth cue was present (1.41 s). The improvement in reaction time with cue numerosity is consistent with probability summation between cues extracted by independent processes.

Cues↗
PubMed1998

Individual differences in the use of depth cues: implications for computer- and video-based tasks.

This paper reports an experimental study of individual differences in the performance of computer-stimulated and 'real world' versions of an interactive depth perception task. The availability of depth cues (disparity, accommodation, luminance, and texture) was manipulated. Results indicate that ability to perceive depth using binocular cues is not associated with ability to perceive depth using monocular cues. Further, ability to integrate cues was a strong correlate of depth perception when multiple cues were available, and appeared more important in this respect than ability to use individual depth cues. Correlations between psychometric measures of fluid intelligence/spatial ability and depth perception were generally weak, but consistent with the broader pattern of results, suggesting that individual differences in depth perception should currently be regarded as 'cue specific'. Hypothesized facilitative effects of paradoxical monocular stereopsis were not found.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Flicker and the efficiency of cues for capturing attention.

In this paper, we present new experimental results which speak of the topic of temporal properties of processes underlying the selection of spatial location. We used the double motion induction paradigm to assess the strength of the selective effects. Prior exposure of an area to flicker, decreased the effectiveness of a cueing spot presented later at that location. This effect lasted for at least 1.5 s. In further experiments, it was found that both static and flickering cues, with time, lose their effectiveness to facilitate processing. While the static cueing decays quickly to very low effectiveness, flicker cueing decays to a level of effectiveness which can be maintained for a long time. Thus with time two flickering cues presented with a temporal offset become equivalent to each other, but remain more effective than a static cue. We conclude that mechanisms coding temporal change determine cue effectiveness for capturing attention. Simple exponential decay functions with different temporal constants and different lower asymptotes can describe these effects.

Attention↗
PubMed1996

Haloperidol antagonism of cue-elicited cocaine craving.

BACKGROUND: Studies of cocaine-dependent subjects have shown that re-exposure to environmental cues previously associated with cocaine use produces a strong conditioned response characterised by autonomic hyperarousal and increases in subjective measures of cocaine craving. METHODS: To evaluate the role of dopamine release by such cues, 20 cocaine-dependent inpatients were randomised in a single-dose, crossover, placebo-controlled design, to haloperidol (4 mg by mouth) and placebo. Plasma homovanillic acid (HVA, a dopamine metabolite), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol were assayed before and after cue exposure. Craving and anxiety were measured before and after cues with visual analogue scales for desire to use cocaine now and for mood changes. FINDINGS: Cocaine cues significantly increased anxiety, ACTH, cortisol, and HVA. Increases in anxiety and craving resulting from cue exposure were significantly antagonised by pretreatment with haloperidol. INTERPRETATION: It has long been hypothesised that increases in extracellular concentrations of dopamine mediate the acute reinforcing effects of cocaine. Our data suggest that dopamine release may also mediate some of the conditioned responses to cocaine cues.

Adolescent↗