Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “COTTON”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The importance of thin layer chromatography and UV microspectrophotometry in the analysis of reactive dyes released from wool and cotton fibers.

Samples of reactively-dyed wool and cotton were obtained from a range of dye manufacturers, dye distributors and the Forensic Science Service (FSS) Fibre Data Collection. The wool fibers were red in color and had previously been compared using comparison microscopy (CM), visible range microspectrophotometry (VS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The cotton fibers were blue and black in color and had not been previously compared. Red, blue and black fibers were chosen because they are often encountered in casework. The usage of reactive dyes to color fibers has increased over the last 10-15 years and these are often seen in casework. Before techniques were available that allowed reactively-dyed fibers to be compared using TLC only CM and microspectrophotometry were routinely carried out. Many laboratories, who had a microspectrophotometer, only had a visible range instrument. It was therefore important to see which techniques provide additional information, that gives greater individuality to fibers, to that obtained from CM. The color was released from the wool and cotton fibres using alkaline hydrolysis and a cellulase enzyme respectively. Many of the red wool samples were differentiated from each other using CM. More differentiation was found using VS and even more when ultraviolet range microspectrophotometry (UV) or TLC was used. Two samples could only be differentiated using TLC because CM, VS and UV failed to separate them. The black cotton samples were predominately differentiated using CM but VS allowed for further differentiation. With the samples used in this project UV and TLC failed to separate the samples further. The blue cotton samples benefited from the use of CM, VS and either UV or TLC to reduce the number of matching pairs. All techniques aided differentiation although with this set TLC and UV proved to be complementary techniques. Results demonstrate that TLC and UV both yield important information over and above that obtained from CM and VS. Although in some parts of the project TLC and UV are complementary if the concentration of the dye in the fiber is not sufficient for TLC or the scientist doesn't wish to 'destroy' the fiber UV would be of more use than TLC.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Okra-leaf accessions of the upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): genetic variability in agronomic and fibre traits.

Okra-leaf types of the upland cotton have the potential to be competitive to the normal-leaf types in yield and fibre quality, in addition to its potential resistance to insect pests and drought. Okra-leaf cotton accessions, collected at Cotton Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan, were evaluated in respect of genetic variance and relative performance in half- and full-sib crosses (combining ability) for 2 years. Variation due to parents x years interaction was significant for lint percentage, seed weight and earliness index, resulting in moderately low but significant genetic variance across environments (years) for these traits. Interaction of environment with general combining ability was significant for seed yield, seed weight, and earliness index. General combining ability variation, contributed by females and males together, accounted for 71% of the total variation available for seed cotton yield, 60% of that for seed weight and height to node ratio each, and 75% of that for earliness index. Specific combining ability variation accounted for 85% and 51% of the total variation available for lint percentage and staple length, respectively. The contribution of female parents to general combining ability variation was higher than that of male parents for seed cotton yield, seed weight, height to node ratio, and earliness index. Okra-leaf accessions HR-VO-MS and HR107-NH were predicted to produce progenies having high yield, HR109-RT high lint percentage, while HR100-Okra, Gambo-Okra and HR-VO-1 were predicted to impart early crop maturity to their progenies by reason of their good general combining ability for these traits. The results also provided evidence that genes controlling high yield in HR-VO-MS and HR107-NH were different from those controlling high yield in HR109-RT. The set of genes controlling the high earliness index in HR100-Okra and that in HR-VO-MS also appeared to differ in expression.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

A randomized clinical trial comparing the Cytobrush and cotton swab for Papanicolaou smears.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether use of the Cytobrush/spatula or the cotton swab/spatula is better in obtaining satisfactory Papanicolaou smears as defined by the Bethesda System. METHODS: This 1-year randomized trial was performed at the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Women's Hospital colposcopy clinic. Participants were all nonpregnant patients referred to the colposcopy clinic for abnormal Papanicolaou smears. The main outcome measurement was the effectiveness in obtaining satisfactory Papanicolaou smears as defined by the Bethesda System. Data were analyzed using the Pearson chi 2 test. RESULTS: The sampling methods had similar abilities to obtain a satisfactory smear (Cytobrush/spatula 63%, cotton swab/spatula 57%; P = .23). Less-than-optimal smears accounted for 28% of the Cytobrush group and 38% of the cotton-swab group. The Cytobrush was superior in its ability to obtain endocervical cells (Cytobrush 80%, cotton swab 60%; P less than .01). Both sampling methods had similar rates of correlation with histologic diagnosis. No complications were associated with either technique. CONCLUSIONS: The Cytobrush/spatula is superior to the cotton swab/spatula in obtaining endocervical cells. There appears to be no difference in each method's ability to obtain satisfactory smears. Application of the Bethesda System results in a significant number of less-than-optimal smears using either technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A comparative environmental and medical study of dust exposure in jute and cotton mills in Burma.

Jute is extensively cultivated and processed in Burma, as well as "lower-grade" cotton. This study was conducted there to compare dust exposure in jute and cotton mills, to study the acute and chronic effects of dust exposure on workers, and to establish exposure-response relationship. A sample of 799 male and female workers in two jute mills and two cotton textile mills, as well as a control group of 153 matching subjects, was examined, and dust exposure in the work environment was evaluated. Very high dust concentrations existed in the early stages of jute processing and sorting, which were reduced when jute fibers got cleaner, as in drawing and spinning, and were related to the grade of the processed fiber. Much lower concentrations of dust existed in the cotton mills, but exceeded the TLV (ACGIH) only in opening and cleaning and in carding operations. However, byssinosis occurred only in workers exposed to cotton dust, particularly among males, and its prevalence was related to the level and duration of dust exposure. Chronic bronchitis, cough and wheezing occurred at higher rates among all workers than in the control, while irritation to nose and throat, eyes and skin prevailed only among jute workers. A significant reduction in FVC, FEV1.0 and PEF (before and during shift) was observed in workers compared to control subjects, and was related to workers' exposure and age; however, this reduction was not related to symptoms of different respiratory conditions. "Cheroots" smoking was found to be an important potentiating factor in the occurrence of non-specific respiratory diseases and reduction in FEV1.0, particularly among jute workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Fatal Caryospora bigenetica (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infections in cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus.

Four groups of cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus, were shown to be suitable secondary hosts for the viperid coccidium, Caryospora bigenetica, following oral inoculation of a mixture of oocysts and sporocysts. Swelling of the face, ears, and scrota and hemorrhagic ears were the predominant clinical signs and some cotton rats died in 3 of 4 experiments. Developmental stages of C. bigenetica were found in connective tissue components of the ear, nose, cheeks, anal skin, scrotum, and penile sheath of all cotton rats in which these tissues were examined. Additionally, developmental stages of C. bigenetica were found in connective tissue components of the following tissues examined from some cotton rats: tongue, lung, testicle, epididymis, rectum, base of the tail, footpad, and bone marrow. The present study shows that C. bigenetica can be pathogenic for cotton rats and demonstrates many new anatomic sites for developmental stages of this parasite in the secondary host.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Pulmonary function study of retired cotton textile workers and the relationship to cigarette smoking.

A group of 173 retired cotton textile workers from one cotton mill in Shanghai was surveyed. A modified British Medical Research Council (BMRC) questionnaire was administered, and lung function tests were performed using an LR-80 flow-volume machine made in China. All workers had worked in the preparatory and spinning departments for more than 25 years. A group of 373 healthy age-matched individuals with similar social, economic, and educational backgrounds but with no history of dust or any toxic agent exposure was selected as the control group. Pulmonary function parameters from the forced expiratory effort were recorded. Prediction equations were derived from 157 controls who had never smoked and had no history of respiratory or cardiovascular disorders. The ratios of observed to predicted values in the male and female cotton textile workers and controls were examined using two-way analysis of variance and Student's t test. There was no significant difference between the cotton textile workers and the controls in lung function parameters, whereas cigarette smoking had a distinct impact on all the parameters except forced vital capacity. The effects of cotton dust exposure and cigarette smoking appeared to be additive. It is suggested that the effect of cigarette smoking on the respiratory tract may be located mainly in the small airways.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Decreased risk of lung cancer in the cotton textile industry of Shanghai.

The relationship between lung cancer risk and work in the cotton textile industry was investigated in a large population-based case-control study in urban Shanghai, where the industry is a major employer of men and women. Personal interviews obtained occupational, smoking, and other information from 1405 newly diagnosed lung cancer cases and 1495 controls. A significantly low risk of lung cancer was associated with cotton textile employment [odds ratio (OR) = 0.7,95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-0.9]. In men, the decreased risk was observed among both smokers (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5-1.1) and nonsmokers (OR = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1-1.0). In women, the risk was also decreased regardless of smoking status (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.4-1.6 among smokers; OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.6-1.2 among nonsmokers). In both sexes, the reductions in risk tended to be greater for lung cancer cell types other than adenocarcinoma. Low risks were found regardless of occupations within the cotton textile industry; the OR for workers in textile processing who potentially had greater dust exposure was 0.8 (95% CI = 0.6-1.2), whereas the OR for those in other industry jobs was 0.7 (95% CI = 0.4-1.0). There was little difference in risk according to self-reported exposure to textile dust, and no clear trend with duration of employment or dust exposure. Reasons for the reduced risk of lung cancer in cotton textile workers without a dose response are unclear, although several methodological explanations were considered. The findings, however, appear consistent with prior epidemiological studies and are interesting in light of speculation about tumor-inhibitory factors, such as bacterial endotoxins, that are found in dusts from cotton and other fiber crops.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Macrophage migration inhibition test of peritoneal exudate cells of Litomosoides carinii-infected cotton rats by direct method in agar plate.

The macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT) was successfully made in agar plates using peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) of cotton rats, Sigmodon hispidus, during infection with Litomosoides carinii. It was found that 1% Bacto agar plate containing heat-inactivated serum was most suitable for the migration of PEC of the cotton rat induced by liquid paraffin injection. Ten percent normal cotton rat serum mixed in agar plate was best for PEC migration as compared with the various concentrations of horse, fetal and newborn calf sera. Migration areas of PEC from normal cotton rats increased with the number of cells per well and 2 X 10(6) cells/well was optimal. With concentrations of greater than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml of adult L. carinii antigen, significant migration inhibition of PEC from infected animals was observed from 18 hours after incubation at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2 gas phase, as compared with the migration of PEC from non-infected animals. Comparative analyses of the different aspects of infection showed that there was no correlation between the degree of migration inhibition and the duration of infection or the number of live worms recovered from the pleural cavity. Cell-mediated immunity against L. carinii as indicated by MIT still existed in 18 months after infection, although adult worms had died and were absorbed in the pleural cavity of the cotton rat.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fine particles of cotton dust influence histamine release.

Cotton dust particle distribution in respiratory airways was measured to determine if specific size particles of the heterogeneous dust are concentrated as a function of airway diameter. Previously reported work indicated that the fine particles are responsible for the decrement in pulmonary function which occurs subsequent to cotton dust inhalation. After recovery, particles were sized and counted microscopically. Significant increases in fine particles (5-7 mu) were found in all airways of exposed animals as compared with controls. These particles become more concentrated as the airway diameter decreased. Histamine determinations were made in mice lungs after the animals were exposed to cotton dust for various periods of time to see if such treatment could be correlated with elevations in the concentrations of this biogenic amine. Lung histamine increased as exposure time to cotton dust increased. It is concluded that the lung histamine release occurring after cotton dust inhalation is related to some property of the fine particles of the heterogeneous dust.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Induction of aneurysms in the rat by a stenosing cotton ligature around the inter-renal aorta.

Aortic aneurysms have been induced in the rat by combining the chemotactic property of cotton for inflammatory cells and the resulting granuloma formation with the mechanical and haemodynamic stress of aortic coarctation. A stenosing cotton ligature was placed around the aorta, between the renal arteries, in male Wistar rats under standardized conditions. Three months later, 7 out of 12 rats (58%) had developed saccular aneurysms of the inter-renal aorta. The aneurysmal wall consisted of a collagenous shell with a few newly formed elastic fibrils on its luminal side. Detailed histological studies of the inter-renal aorta at different times after placing stenosing or non-stenosing cotton or nylon ligatures between the renal arteries, together with studies using anti-hypertensive therapy (cilazapril) and immunohistochemical studies using an anti-macrophage antibody (ED1) were performed to try to establish cellular events involved in this aneurysmal remodelling. We conclude that in this model aneurysm formation requires (i) deep mechanical injury to the aortic wall, (ii) the presence of hypertension upstream to the stenosis and (iii) an inflammatory response to the cotton ligature. The early inflammatory reaction was less in the case of nylon and although macrophages were present in both cases the most striking difference was the greater incidence of PMNs in the case of cotton.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

COMPARISON OF THE ELUTION AND ADSORPTION OF PICORNAVIRUSES BY COTTON AND CALCIUM ALGINATE WOOL SWABS.

The recovery of picornaviruses by cotton and calcium alginate wool swabs was studied by use of prototype strains of poliovirus 1, echovirus 1, coxsackievirus A9, and rhinovirus 16/60. No significant differences in recovery of viruses by the two types of swabs could be demonstrated. It is suggested that use of cotton swabs in the virus laboratory be continued, since wool swabs may favor the recovery of undesirable bacterial contaminants. Adsorption of viruses by cotton and wool swabs was similar from virus-buffer mixtures at pH 4.0, 7.0, and 8.0 at 24 and 37 C. Elution of virus from cotton and wool swabs was also studied. There was no significant difference in the amount of virus eluted at pH 5.5, 7.1, or 8.4.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

History and results of the two inter-laboratory round robin endotoxin assay studies on cotton dust.

BACKGROUND: In the US cotton industry, airborne cotton dust levels are regulated, and other countries are moving to specify safety limits for airborne endotoxins. There is concern about potential respiratory health hazards associated with agricultural and other organic dusts. In laboratories, ranking which samples have high and low levels of endotoxin is usually in good agreement between laboratories. When different laboratories assay identical samples, the levels differ. The objective of this research was to evaluate the intra- and inter-laboratory variability for 13 laboratories measuring endotoxin in cotton dust. METHOD: Two inter-laboratory round robin endotoxin assay studies were conducted using cotton dust. In the first round robin, each laboratory used their normal in-house assay method and then used a common extraction protocol. In the second round robin, a common extraction protocol and endotoxin assay kit was used. RESULTS: The intra-laboratory results had small variations but inter-laboratory results had very high variations. The inter-laboratory results using a common extraction protocol showed reduced differences. Using the same extraction protocol and endotoxin assay kit, the intra-laboratory variation was small and inter-laboratory variation was reduced but not enough for inter-laboratory agreement. Most of the laboratories were able to discern between the high and low endotoxin concentration dusts. CONCLUSIONS: Standardization has reduced the differences in results between laboratories and possibly further standardization may bring closer inter-laboratory agreement.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2002

QTL analysis of genotype x environment interactions affecting cotton fiber quality.

Cotton is unusual among major crops in that large acreages are grown under both irrigated and rainfed conditions, making genotype x environment interactions of even greater importance than usual in designing crop-improvement strategies. We describe the impact of well-watered versus water-limited growth conditions on the genetic control of fiber quality, a complex suite of traits that collectively determine the utility of cotton. Fiber length, length uniformity, elongation, strength, fineness, and color (yellowness) were influenced by 6, 7, 9, 21, 25 and 11 QTLs (respectively) that could be detected in one or more treatments. The genetic control of cotton fiber quality was markedly affected both by general differences between growing seasons ("years") and by specific differences in water management regimes. Seventeen QTLs were detected only in the water-limited treatment while only two were specific to the well-watered treatment, suggesting that improvement of fiber quality under water stress may be even more complicated than improvement of this already complex trait under well-watered conditions. In crops such as cotton with widespread use of both irrigated and rainfed production systems, the need to manipulate larger numbers of genes to confer adequate quality under both sets of conditions will reduce the expected rate of genetic gain. These difficulties may be partly ameliorated by efficiencies gained through identification and use of diagnostic DNA markers, including those identified herein.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Genetic mapping and comparative analysis of seven mutants related to seed fiber development in cotton.

Mapping of genes that play major roles in cotton fiber development is an important step toward their cloning and manipulation, and provides a test of their relationships (if any) to agriculturally-important QTLs. Seven previously identified fiber mutants, four dominant (Li (1), Li (2), N (1) and Fbl) and three recessive (n (2), sma-4(h (a)), and sma-4(fz)), were genetically mapped in six F(2) populations comprising 124 or more plants each. For those mutants previously assigned to chromosomes by using aneuploids or by linkage to other morphological markers, all map locations were concordant except n (2), which mapped to the homoeolog of the chromosome previously reported. Three mutations with primary effects on fuzz fibers (N (1), Fbl, n (2)) mapped near the likelihood peaks for QTLs that affected lint fiber productivity in the same populations, perhaps suggesting pleiotropic effects on both fiber types. However, only Li (1) mapped within the likelihood interval for 191 previously detected lint fiber QTLs discovered in non-mutant crosses, suggesting that these mutations may occur in genes that played early roles in cotton fiber evolution, and for which new allelic variants are quickly eliminated from improved germplasm. A close positional association between sma-4(h ( a )), two leaf and stem-borne trichome mutants (t (1) , t (2)), and a gene previously implicated in fiber development, sucrose synthase, raises questions about the possibility that these genes may be functionally related. Increasing knowledge of the correspondence of the cotton and Arabidopsis genomes provides several avenues by which genetic dissection of cotton fiber development may be accelerated.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2005

Cotton liners to mediate glove comfort for greenhouse applicators.

Greenhouse applicators' acceptance of cotton knit gloves worn as liners under nitrile chemical-resistant gloves (CRG) for pesticide application was investigated through a wear study in Iowa and New York. Comfort was assessed by questionnaires and interviews with 10 applicators. Contamination levels of four pesticides on CRG and liners at thumb, forefinger, palm, and cuff locations were determined by chemical analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography. Applicators reported feeling more comfortable with cotton liners under their CRG than without and that cotton liners were easy to manage. Contamination was significantly greater on nitrile CRG than on cotton liners underneath, but a few liner specimens had measurable contamination. No significant contamination differences were found between right- and left-hand gloves. Contamination varied significantly by hand location, with cuffs least, and by pesticide, with chlorpyrifos most. These results support the Environmental Protection Agency's recommendation that liners should be disposable, but further work on liners and their laundering feasibility seems indicated.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Identification and quantification of glycerolipids in cotton fibers: reconciliation with metabolic pathway predictions from DNA databases.

The lipid profiles of cotton fiber cells were determined from total lipid extracts of elongating and maturing cotton fiber cells to see whether the membrane lipid composition changed during the phases of rapid cell elongation or secondary cell wall thickening. Total FA content was highest or increased during elongation and was lower or decreased thereafter, likely reflecting the assembly of the expanding cell membranes during elongation and the shift to membrane maintenance (and increase in secondary cell wall content) in maturing fibers. Analysis of lipid extracts by electrospray ionization and tandem MS (ESI-MS/MS) revealed that in elongating fiber cells (7-10 d post-anthesis), the polar lipids-PC, PE, PI, PA, phosphatidylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol-were most abundant. These same glycerolipids were found in similar proportions in maturing fiber cells (21 dpa). Detailed molecular species profiles were determined by ESI-MS/MS for all glycerolipid classes, and ESI-MS/MS results were consistent with lipid profiles determined by HPLC and ELSD. The predominant molecular species of PC, PE, PI, and PA was 34:3 (16:0, 18:3), but 36:6 (18:3,18:3) also was prevalent. Total FA analysis of cotton lipids confirmed that indeed linolenic (18:3) and palmitic (16:0) acids were the most abundant FA in these cell types. Bioinformatics data were mined from cotton fiber expressed sequence tag databases in an attempt to reconcile expression of lipid metabolic enzymes with lipid metabolite data. Together, these data form a foundation for future studies of the functional contribution of lipid metabolism to the development of this unusual and economically important cell type.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of GhRac1 GTPase expressed in developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers.

Cytoskeleton assembly plays an important role in determining cotton fiber cell length and morphology and is developmentally regulated. As in other plant cells, it is not clear how cytoskeletal assembly in fibers is regulated. Recently, several Rac/Rop GTPases in Arabidopsis were shown to regulate isotropic and polar cell growth of root hairs and pollen tubes by controlling assembly of the cytoskeleton. GhRac1, isolated from cottonseeds, is a member of the Rac/Rop GTPase family and is abundantly expressed in rapidly growing cotton tissues. GhRac1 shows the greatest sequence similarity to the group IV subfamily of Arabidopsis Rac/Rop genes. Overexpression of GhRac1 in E. coli led to the production of a functional GTPase as shown by in vitro enzyme activity assay. In contrast to other Rac/Rop GTPases found in cotton fiber, GhRac1 is highly expressed during the elongation stage of fiber development with expression decreasing dramatically when the rate of fiber elongation declines. The association of highest GhRac1 expression during stages of maximal cotton fiber elongation suggests that GhRac1 GTPase may be a potential regulator of fiber elongation by controlling cytoskeletal assembly.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

In vitro inhibition of human neutrophil elastase by oleic acid albumin formulations from derivatized cotton wound dressings.

Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is elevated in chronic wounds. Oleic acid albumin formulations that inhibit HNE may be applicable to treatment modalities for chronic wounds. Oleic acid/albumin formulations with mole ratios of 100:1, 50:1, and 25:1 (oleic acid to albumin) were prepared and found to have dose response inhibition properties against HNE. The IC50 values for inhibition of HNE with oleic acid/albumin formulations were 0.029-0.049 microM. Oleic acid/albumin (BSA) formulations were bound to positively and negatively charged cotton wound dressings and assessed for elastase inhibition using a fiber bound formulation in an assay designed to mimic HNE inhibition in the wound. Cotton derivatized with both carboxylate and amine functional groups were combined with oleic acid/albumin formulations at a maximum loading of 0.030 mg oleic acid + 0.14 mg BSA/mg fiber. The IC50 values for inhibition of HNE with oleic acid/albumin formulations bound to derivatized cotton were 0.26-0.42 microM. Release of the oleic acid/albumin formulation from the fiber was measured by measuring oleic acid levels with quantitative GC analysis. Approximately, 35-50% of the fiber bound formulation was released into solution within the first 15 min of incubation. Albumin was found to enhance the rate of elastase hydrolysis of the substrate within a concentration range of 0.3-50 g/L. The acceleration of HNE substrate hydrolysis by albumin required increased concentration of inhibitor in the formulation to obtain complete inhibition of HNE. Oleic acid formulations prepared with albumin enable transport, solubility and promote dose response inhibition of HNE from derivatized cotton fibers under aqueous conditions mimicking the chronic wound.

Animals↗