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PubMedDate not supplied

[Progressive decrease of the causes that maintain ventricular fibrillation after experimental coronary occlusion].

Progressive diminution of the causes that maintain ventricular fibrillation after coronary occlusion. Extracorporeal circulation was performed on a group of normal dogs in which a ligature was placed on the left anterior descending coronary artery, immediately beneath the bifurcation of the left coronary artery. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation was of 15 dogs out of 20 (table 1). In a control group without extracorporeal circulation ventricular fibrillation appeared in 24 dogs out of 30 (table 2). These results demonstrate that extracorporeal circulation performed with the idea of improving coronary circulation does not prevent ventricular fibrillation in coronary occlusion. In those dogs with the cross circulation, attempts to defibrillate the ventricles with an electric a.c. defibrillator (three electrical shocks applied directly on the myocardium every 4 or 5 minutes) were uniformly unsuccessful until a period ranging from 12 to 80 minutes elapsed after the onset of ventricular fibrillation. After these periods all fibrillating dogs were defibrillated and recovered either normal or idioventricular rhythm. It is assumed that a "fibrillator substance" liberated by the injury in the initial state of infarction is washed out of the myocardium, or a zone of increased excitability and conduction disturbance is progressively eliminated so that the chances of originating circus movements are diminished.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Behavioral sleep in the Asian elephant in captivity.

Sleeping behavior was investigated during 294 nights for female Asian elephants (circus: n = 7; zoo: n = 5; including an infant). The animals were recorded continuously on time-lapse video tapes for 7-16 days consecutively. Seasonal changes in sleep behavior were studied by comparing summer (16-day) and winter (13-15-day) recordings; and sleep development was assessed by recording a mother and her infant for three consecutive nights per month for 15 months (age 5-19 months). Sleep occurred in a recumbent (RS) and in a standing position (standing sleep: SS). Although signs of paradoxical sleep (PS) were often evident, the exact onset and end of a PS episode could not be determined. Sleep onset occurred after 2100 hours, and sleep increased progressively reaching a maximum between 0100 and 0400 hours. Total sleep time (TST) in the adults comprised 4.0-6.5 hours per night (including 13.8-130.9 minutes of SS) and did not differ between the two groups. Seasonal differences were present in TST and in the distribution of sleep within the night; more sleep occurred in the winter. The duration of RS episodes in the adults was 72.0 minutes, a value far below the sleep-cycle length of 124 minutes that others have reported for elephants. TST in the infant decreased during the course of the 15-month recording period from 8.1 hours to 5.1 hours. SS occurred for the first time at the age of 9 months.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2005.

Multiple venues encourage or permit the public to come in contact with animals, resulting in millions of human-animal contacts each year. These settings include county or state fairs, petting zoos, animal swap meets, pet stores, zoologic institutions, circuses, carnivals, farm tours, livestock-birthing exhibits, educational exhibits at schools, and wildlife photo opportunities. Although multiple benefits of human-animal contact exist, infectious diseases, rabies exposures, injuries, and other human health problems associated with these settings are of concern. Rabid or potentially rabid animals in public settings can result in extensive public health investigation and action. Infectious disease outbreaks reported during the previous decade have been attributed to multiple organisms, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Coxiella burnetti, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and ringworm. Such incidents have substantial medical, public health, legal, and economic effects. This report provides standardized recommendations for public health officials, veterinarians, animal venue operators, animal exhibitors, visitors to animal venues and exhibits, and others concerned with disease-control and with minimizing risks associated with animals in public settings. The recommendation to wash hands is the single most important prevention step for reducing the risk for disease transmission. Other critical recommendations are that venues include transition areas between animal areas and nonanimal areas (where food is sold) and that animals are properly cared for and managed in public settings. In addition, this report recommends educating venue operators, staff, exhibitors, and visitors regarding the risk for disease transmission where animal contact is possible.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

Global perspectives on animal welfare: Asia, the Far East, and Oceania.

In Asia and the Far East, livestock undergo major suffering due to malnutrition, overloading, and ill-treatment. At slaughter animals are handled roughly and watch other animals being killed; stunning is not practised. Cruelty to other animals such as elephants, horses, donkeys, bears, dogs, and circus animals has largely been prevented through the efforts of animal welfare organisations. Governments have taken initiatives to establish Animal Welfare Boards and enact laws for the prevention of cruelty to animals, but their efforts are far too limited to be of any significance and financial constraints and lack of personnel inhibit the implementation of the laws that do exist. In New Zealand and Australia, legislation and strong consultation procedures at governmental and community level strive to regulate and improve the welfare of animals in all spheres, but in other Oceanic countries there is a need for both an update in, or establishment of, legislation covering animal welfare. Limited progress has been made due to the status of the Veterinary Services and a lack of resources. Although some public and educational awareness programmes are carried out, increasing exposure to international media and attitudes of visiting tourists suggest that further awareness work needs to be undertaken. To address the problems of animal welfare in developing countries, it would be inappropriate to adopt the international standards that are implemented in the developed countries. Each developing country should evolve its own standards based on its own individual priorities.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1991

Diagnostic approach to cardiac arrhythmias.

The diagnostic approach to cardiac arrhythmias should be logical and starts with the clinical history, which provides two types of information: (a) the presence of symptoms, and (b) the clinical context, including the presence of an underlying heart disease. Clinical history and examination are helpful in the choice of pertinent invasive or noninvasive tests. The tolerance of the arrhythmia is not helpful in determining the type of arrhythmia because ventricular tachycardia, for example, may be well tolerated or even asymptomatic. The electrocardiogram (ECG) in sinus rhythm may be suggestive of the origin or etiology of arrhythmia as the presence, for example, of the Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. An essential step in the diagnostic approach to arrhythmia is the ECG documentation. Ambulatory Holter monitoring, radiotelemetry, intermittent recorders, exercise testing, and electrophysiological testing will help in this endeavor. The latter is particularly useful in paroxysmal circus movement tachycardias. Once the tachycardia is recorded, a number of clues, including the regularity of the RR interval and the width of the QRS complex, may facilitate the diagnosis. In tachycardias with wide QRS complexes, preexcitation has to be excluded. The first step is then to look for atrioventricular dissociation, which is diagnostic of ventricular tachycardia. Other diagnostic clues (QRS duration, axis deviation, QRS morphology) may be useful. In case of difficulty because of preexisting bundle branch block or aberrancy, esophageal, right atrial, or His bundle recordings are indicated. If the tachycardia is not well tolerated, prompt termination with electrical DC shock should be performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Nonpharmacological therapy for refractory arrhythmias.

Because the great majority of clinically relevant arrhythmias are based on the principle of reentry, the understanding of the basic principle of this mechanism leads to alternative nonpharmacological therapy for such arrhythmias. The reentry circuit might be interrupted definitively by surgical or catheter ablative procedures, such as DC-energy shock delivery or radiofrequency coagulation, which will both lead to complete prevention of the tachycardia. On the other hand, electrical stimulation may influence the circus movement by wavefront collision and thus interrupt the tachycardia after it started. Antitachycardia pacemakers work on this principle. One major impact of antiarrhythmic treatment is the prevention of sudden death. The implantable defibrillator is currently the only treatment that really proves to be reliable in aborting sudden death. It is therefore the "gold standard" of antiarrhythmic treatment in life-threatening arrhythmias.

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents↗
PubMed1991

Fatal and near-fatal animal bite injuries.

Fatal and near-fatal maulings of humans by pit bulls have recently become a topic of major public concern, resulting in the passage of laws in some jurisdictions that make the owner of a pit bull criminally liable for manslaughter if his or her pet causes a human death. The authors recently investigated two cases in which children were fatally injured by pet dogs. In the first case, a 17-day-old girl suffered fatal abdominal injuries when attacked by a pregnant Siberian husky. A 2-year-old girl expired from neck wounds inflicted by a pit bull or a rottweiler or both. Because no expert would testify as to which dog caused the fatal injury, the owner of the animals was not charged under a statute which specified criminality only if a pit bull caused the fatal injury. We also examined a 12-year-old boy who attempted to pet a circus tiger; the animal grabbed his arm with its claws and bit off the arm at the shoulder. The arm could not be reattached, but the child survived. These cases and the differentiation of animal bites from other injuries will be presented.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Late potentials as risk parameters after heart infarct].

Sustained ventricular tachycardias and sudden death can pose a threat to post-infarction patients. Patients at risk cannot be identified with adequate reliability with Holter monitoring or programmed ventricular stimulation. Late potentials arise as a result of delayed excitation in the marginal region of an infarct and reflect structural myocardial changes that represent the precondition for circus movement. Special methods have been developed to detect these potentials, which on the surface of the body are very small (1-10 microV). These potentials can be found in 70-80% of post-infarction patients with sustained ventricular tachycardias or fibrillation, but are rarely seen in MI patients with no arrhythmia. Late potential analysis represents a promising method of assessing the arrhythmogenic risk of post-infarction patients.

Electrocardiography↗
PubMed1991

[Treatments for elephants: a challenge fo the zoo veterinarian].

The existence of the elephant is heavily threatened. It is of great importance--for saving our largest land mammal on earth--to research into biology of the elephant quickly and thoroughly. Keeping elephants in Zoos and circus should be improved, breeding efforts must be enhanced and veterinary treatment has to be intensified. This is imperative for all zoo veterinarians.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequent arrhythmias in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].

The real knowledge of the natural history in preexcitation syndrome is not possible, Circus movement reciprocal atrioventricular tachycardia is seen en 60% of the patients. Mostly of them are orthodromic. In this group, A-H increases in duration. H-V become normal and the delta wave disappears in the electrophysiologic study during the tachycardia. In the antidromic group, A-delta decreases and H deflexion cannot be recognized. Pre-excitation with atrial flutter is a rare but very dangerous situation when atrial impulses are conducted by the anomalous bundle, because the very high ventricular rate with 250 mseg R-R intervals. The same happens in patients with atrial fibrillation, observed in 5% of the patients with WPW syndrome; this arrhythmia may provoke multiform ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. Sudden death occurs in 0.1% of asymptomatic patients with WPW in 1% in those with reciprocal tachycardias and in 5.6% of the patients with atrial fibrillation and R-R intervals of 250 mseg of less.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1990

Diagnosis and treatment of patients with accessory pathways.

Of the accessory pathways, partially or totally bypassing the atrio-ventricular conduction system, the bundle of Kent is the most common type. The electrocardiographic (ECG) expression of preexcitation depends upon the contribution of the activation fronts over the AV node and the accessory pathway. From the polarity of the delta wave in the surface ECG and from the behavior during electrophysiologic study, the location of the accessory pathway can be derived. The presence of an accessory pathway may induce circus movement tachycardia and, in case of atrial fibrillation, high ventricular rates possibly leading to sudden death. Noninvasive techniques are able to identify the patient at high risk. Treatment modalities are pharmacologic or surgical, whereas ablation techniques are still under investigation.

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Anatomic and endoscopic studies of the anterior ethmoid].

Introduction of present-day sinonasal endoscopy and progress in endonasal surgery under endoscopic guidance of endoscopy provide for anatomical exploration of the anterior part of the ethmoid bone, which is the crosspoint of the facial sinus draining paths. We propose to present here a simple and logical scheme of the topographical anatomy of the ethmoid bone. Classification of the ethmoidal cells allows to define the structures, whereby appropriate nomenclature may be adopted and certain confusions avoided. Thus, each cell within particular cell groups acquires a specific designation based on its draining paths and location in relation to basal lamellae. Endoscopic analysis also deserves being described in some length, since the panoramic view afforded by currently used optics modifies the image ans requires that the observer develop an "endoscopic eye". We draw attention to the endoscopic anatomical fine points in the crucial area of the bullar "circus". These landmarks come in as necessary guides in surgical practice.

Endoscopy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Different sensitivities of two mechanisms of excitation waves in heart tissue to anti-arrhythmia agents--blockers of fast sodium currents].

In experiments with rabbit ventricular tissue sensitivity of two kinds of spiral wave sources of excitation to fast sodium current inhibition was compared. These spiral wave sources were circulation in a ring around an obstacle and circulation in tissue without an obstacle (reverberator). It was observed that after application of antiarrhythmic drugs lidocaine or mexiletine there was a prominent growth of cycle length of reverberator during first few seconds of circulation and a little change of cycle length for the circus movement around obstacle. It is proposed that different sensitivity of both kinds of spiral wave sources to antiarrhythmic drugs can be used for their distinguishing in clinical practice.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Antegrade conduction over a concealed accessory pathway after His bundle catheter ablation.

The existence of unidirectional retrograde preexcitation or concealed bypass fibers and their role in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia have been known for a long time. However, the exact anatomic and physiological nature of this retrograde limb remains unclear. We report here on a patient who had a concealed accessory pathway (AP) with circus movement tachycardia. After His bundle catheter ablation the AP had the property to conduct in the antegrade direction. The absence of antegrade conduction over the AP before ablation is likely due to its decremental properties of conduction and to repetitive retrograde concealed conduction from the normal pathway.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Electrophysiological testing of multiple antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia after chronic oral administration].

Serial electrophysiological testing of multiple antiarrhythmic drugs was performed in 98 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (WPW syndrome 32, concealed WPW syndrome 46, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia 20). Of 32 patients with WPW syndrome, twelve patients had atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. Serial supraventricular tachycardia induction was attempted after chronic oral administration of verapamil (120-320 mg/day, 86 pts), diltiazem (180 mg/day, 10 pts), disopyramide (300-600 mg/day, 27 pts), propafenone (300-600 mg/day, 25 pts), flecainide (100-300 mg/day, 7 pts), SUN 1165 (150-300 mg/day, 10 pts), and combination therapy (18 pts) by using six polar electrode left in the heart in almost all patients. In 96 of 98 patients, one or more drugs prevented induction of SVT. Combination therapy alone was effective in 14 pts. The site of action of verapamil and diltiazem was antegrade and retrograde normal pathway AV conduction in circus movement. The site of action of disopyramide, propafenone, flecainide, SUN 1165 was antegrade and retrograde accessory pathway conduction and retrograde normal pathway conduction. Eighty two pts were successfully followed for 17.7 +/- 9.6 months. In 68 of these 82 pts, PSVT did not recur. Therefore, serial electrophysiological testing proved useful for the selection of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drugs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Heavy water (D2O)-induced shape changes, movements and F-actin redistribution in human neutrophil granulocytes.

Heavy water (D2O) induces characteristic shape changes and a distinct type of movement in human neutrophil granulocytes. In contrast to front-tail polarity as evoked by chemotactic peptides and microtubule-disassembling agents, D2O-based media produce non-polar neutrophils with many small or long surface projections. This phenotype is similar to that elicited by both phorbol myristate acetate and diacylglycerols, but the surface projections are smaller and more densely placed and are often associated with a single large projection. D2O-induced non-polar cells with surface projections perform continuous shape changes without front-tail polarity and without the unidirectional movement and cytoplasmic streaming seen in cells with front-tail polarity. Some of the cells show circus movements of a large projection indicating circular polarity. In neutrophils suspended in D2O, F-actin is shifted to the cell periphery, mainly into the surface projections of activated cells. The D2O-induced effects are reversed in H2O-based medium. D2O is dominant over the chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), colchicine and taxol in that the combined action of D2O with any of these agents results in the D2O-induced phenotype. In contrast, cytochalasin B alone and in combination with fMLP induces a considerable decrease of non-polar cells and an increase of spherical cells similar to non-stimulated cells in H2O-based medium. Earlier studies indicated that D2O acts on microtubules. Our results suggest that D2O may act on the microfilament system. Neutrophils suspended in D2O-based medium may represent a useful model to study the relationship between shapes, movements, and particular functions of these cells.

Actins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of anti-arrhythmic drugs].

An historical outline of antiarrhythmic therapy is presented. At its beginning treatment was based on empirical data and later on electrophysiologic studies; now it is supported on direct knowledge of ionic currents flowing through the cell membrane during different phases of cellular potentials. It has been possible to reach the present stage of knowledge by starting with clinical observations which permitted the introduction of quinidine in therapy, to the choice of specific agents based upon their effects on ionic movements and the mechanisms maintaining active arrhythmias. These mechanisms can be divided into three groups: circus movement, reentry and discharges of ectopic foci. On these bases, it is justified the use of drugs which prolong the refractory period of myocardial fibers in the first group, of those which enlarge the local block in the second and of those which flatten prepotential or depress systolic depolarization in the third.

Acidosis↗