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PubMed2001

[From Problemata Aristotelis to the handbooks of Döderlein. The old book collection of the Rikshospitalet, a center of knowledge and a research tool].

The collection of old medical and scientific books from the National Hospital in Oslo is a valuable library for education and research. Most of the books are from the collections of the obstetric, paediatric and dermatological departments. The oldest date from the mid-sixteenth century, but the collection also reflects systematic purchases of medical literature after 1800. This library offers an exceptional opportunity in Norway for studying the development of medical knowledge and practice over two centuries.

Dermatology↗
PubMed2003

Some notes on an early nineteenth century manuscript medical receipt book.

There are 97 remedies listed, including 11 veterinary ones. These numbers include several that are duplicates. The commonest types of medicament are salves or ointments, of which there are ten, but these ten do not include ointments for specific complaints such as haemorrhoids or scurvy. The most frequently found cures are for the itch (10), rheumatism (5), gravel (4), pain (4), and piles (3), all the others having only one or two entries. They were intended to treat 39 human complaints and 9 animal ones. In addition there were formulae for killing lice, making rat poison, and preparing damson wine! The number of different medicaments that were used in the recipes was relatively small, but more than were to be found in the smaller sizes of domestic medicine cabinet. In 1820 Reece's Traveller's Dispensary that was flat and would fit in the pocket of a carriage, only contained ten drugs plus court plaster, lint, scales and weights with a book of directions and cost L3.10s.0d. (L3.50). The Lady's Dispensary which contained twenty medicines, including two pills, with some dispensing equipment and a book of directions cost L5.10s.0d. (L5.50). In all, he listed twenty different cabinets and a sea medicine chest ranging in price from L3.10s.0d. to L32.10s.0d. They included ones suitable for the family, country clergymen, and travellers on the continent and in the tropics. In 1862 Savory and Moore stocked a range of sixty-seven different medicine chests and cases in rosewood, mahogany, walnut, boxwood and leather that were fitted with 'modern appliances and conveniences adapted for the requirements of families, clergymen, officers, owners of yachts, and travellers.' Unfortunately no prices are quoted. I think that we can safely assume that the treatment received at the hands of Evan Jones was likely to be rather rough and ready when compared to the ministrations of a physician, surgeon, clergyman or local 'Lady Bountiful', but, nevertheless, must have been of great value to those who could not afford professional treatment.

Dispensatories as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of the population size, contribution of foreign breeds, inbreeding and degree of relationships of the entire Hanoverian scenthound population registered in the stud book of the kennel club Hirschmann e.V].

The entire dog population of Hanoveranian Scenthounds registered since the foundation of the kennel club Hirschmann in the year 1894 was analysed for the development of the inbreeding and relationship coefficient and the contribution of Hanoveranian Scenthound population of foreign countries. The analyses were performed using all available pedigree information. In the history, the breeding of the Hanoveranian Scenthound was difficult because of the low number of breeding dogs which was additionally reduced during World War I and II. The mean coefficient of inbreeding of the entire German population was 6.35%. From 1950 to 1990, the mean coefficient of inbreeding increased from 8.3% to 9.7%. In the birth years from 1990 to 2002, the mean coefficient of inbreeding decreased slightly to 9.2%. The rates of inbreeding decreased since 1950. For the last 8 generations the increase of the coefficients of inbreeding per generation was 0.71%. The mean degree of relationship of the entire population was 7.17%, whereby values higher than 75% were found. Gene contributions of 8 other European stud books for the Hanoveranian Scenthound could be found in the German population. Hereby, the Austrian Hanoveranian Scenthounds had the largest impact on the German population with 24.4%. The proportion of genes from the German stud book amounted to 67%.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Philip Barrough, Elizabethan physician with the first English book on medicine.

Philip Barrough was an Elizabethan surgeon and physician who, in 1587, published the first book on medicine in the English language. In addition to a comprehensive presentation of the overall knowledge of medicine of the time, Barrough devoted several chapters to the diagnosis and management of the diseases of the teeth and diseases of the mouth and oropharynx. Very little is known about the life of Barrough, such as the dates of his birth and death and where he practiced medicine. It is curious that despite his major contribution to medicine, and the fact that his book went into seven editions, his name is not even mentioned in the major histories of medicine, such as those of Garrison, Castiglioni, Major, and Mettler. This paper attempts to place Barrough in his proper place in the history of medicine, and to emphasize his overall knowledge of medicine as well as his concern about diseases of the mouth and teeth.

Authorship↗
PubMed2005

Patient experiences with photo books in monthly skin self-examinations.

Patients with multiple nevi are at greater risk for developing melanoma but may be unable to assess their skin accurately without an effective tool. At Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the standard of practice has been to use a patient educational brochure teaching high-risk patients mole mapping, a procedure of recording moles by drawing them. The photo print book offers patients an improved way of peforming skin self-examination (SSE) in comparison to drawing. The purpose of this study was to determine patient experiences through patient interview and to learn ways to increase patient compliance and understanding of monthly SSE performance using a photo book.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Main errors in the discharge report and in the registry book of a hospital].

BACKGROUND: The registration book for admission and discharge of patients was the basis of a survey of hospital morbidity and the main source of information concerning the diseases attended in the hospitals in Spain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of this information from the data of a hospital with a computerized patient registration system. METHODS: The sample collected from the registration book in 1985 by the National Institute of Statistics studied three types of errors: the main error being selection of diagnosis, coding and transcription of the principal diagnosis, and comparison of data contained in the patient discharge form. RESULTS: In the 896 releases studied an error oscillating between 1 and 2% was found in transcription. The principal diagnosis had been erroneously selected in 26% of the reports with more than one diagnosis. Important coding errors were found in 11%. Transfer between different hospital wards or death were variables found to increase the probability of error. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital registers should be submitted to quality control processes in which the physicians facilitating the data should participate.

Death Certificates↗
PubMed2006

[The library of Santa Maria Nuova hospital in Florence. Historical settings and book acquisitions from the foundation to transfer to the Superior Study Institute (1679-1893)].

The library of Santa Maria Nuova hospital in Florence. Historical settings and book acquisitions from the foundation to transfer to the superior study institute (1679-1893)--This study encompasses the development time span for the scientific and structural foundation of Santa Maria Nuova Library in Florence, beginning since 1679--year of its establishment--until 1893, year of its translation to the Istituto di Studi Superiori. The complete title transcription of the over thousand books which in a three year period only (1783/1786) created the foundation for the scientific-medical Library, is instrumental in pointing out the rules that the hospital and its School played inside the scientific debate in the contemporary European environment. So compounded, this paper aims at giving medicine historians valuable documents for an in-depth critical study.

History, 17th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in popular parenting books and the need for parental critical thinking.

Parents continually struggle to find better ways to make decisions regarding their children, and many use popular parenting books. The purpose of this article is to discuss the critical thinking skills needed by parents and practitioners who work with parents to make informed parenting decisions influenced by popular media. It also addresses strategies on sleeping, cosleeping, feeding and toilet training in popular parenting books, and the corresponding empirical evidence found in the scientific literature.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed1990

[Drug information in recent 5 volumes of the Year Book of Dentistry].

The Year Book of Dentistry appears annually, providing a review of dental articles. We surveyed the abstracts of the recent 5 volumes of the Year Book of Dentistry, from 1985 to 1989. Two hundred and eighty articles were abstracted in each volume, divided into about 13 categories. The proportion of abstracts concerned with drugs and drug therapies (here termed drug information) was almost 20% in all volumes. Most of the drug information appeared under the heading "Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology" (63%). The original articles for the abstracts were from many journals, but 70% of the drug information articles were from JADA, Oral Surgery, and 10 other journals. The classification of the drugs in the drug information were: drugs for dental treatment, antibacterials, antiinflammatories, hemostatics, anesthetics, and others. Oral manifestations of systemic diseases or side effects of drugs used for these diseases were also abstracted. There were numerous articles of systemic diseases, due to dental treatments, including infective, hematologic diseases.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1990

[Log book registration of farms for slaughtering pigs in the Integrated Quality Control Project. I. Use of drugs and vaccines].

Log book recording was done for twelve months on approximately 100 pig finishing farms in an Integrated Quality Control (IQC) project. This recording was designed to gain a better understanding of the extent and nature of the medication and vaccination on these farms. Vaccination against Aujeszky's disease was done on the majority of farms. This vaccination mainly consisted in a single, frequently intramuscular, injection. Vaccinations against swine influenza and infections due to Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae were merely sporadic. The animals were dewormed in 58 per cent of the finishing periods, whereas they were given preventive treatment for sarcoptic mange in 23 per cent of the finishing periods. Not a single pig was treated with antibiotics and/or chemotherapeutic agents in 12.5 per cent of the finishing periods. The majority of finishing periods in which treatment was not carried out, were those having closed pig herds. To the extent that the farms were supplied with piglets by more breeders, there were fewer finishing periods during which treatment was omitted. The great majority of cases in which individual therapy was given, were treated for respiratory disorders. On 27 per cent of the farms, more than 10 per cent of the animals per finishing period were treated for respiratory disorders. Group medication was much less frequent: intestinal disorders did not have to be treated on 31 per cent of the farms, and 16 per cent did not require treatment for respiratory disorders. In the great majority of cases in which group treatment was required, this was given during the first sixty days of the finishing period. In view of the fact that there are marked differences in the degree to which pigs have to be medicated on the farms, recording the use of veterinary drugs on farms, could fulfil the function of a signal. On the basis of these signals, measures may be suggested in herd management programmes to ensure an effective and minimum use of veterinary drugs. Using a log book will also enable the pig farmer to estimate whether groups of animals may be sent to the slaughter-house without involving risks to public health.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1989

Preparation book for hospitalized pediatric patients: content and design.

In the past 25 years, research has indicated the need for increased education and emotional support for pediatric patients in order to lessen their stress during hospitalization. A preparatory coloring book can help meet this need by providing factual information and by allowing emotional expression. A review of the literature identifies the major fears that should be addressed and gives guidelines for effectively producing such a book.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The record book of a general nursing station--a reflection of daily interventions?].

There were analyzed report books of three nursing stations to win starting points for a milieu therapeutical reform. The methodical inventory included the analysis of the contents as well as rules of functional-communicating linguistic description. The qualitative analysis showed that most texts should be classified as texts of the class 'inform'. The members of the staff fall back upon the emotional report in problematical daily situations. The quantitative analysis of the dates showed the tendency for describing live at the nursing stations in the report books with routine notes. In cases the text included a statement there was dominating the medical-careful contents. Social stiking behavior of the inhabitants is more documented as an observation of there global rights and duties or individual and/or social useful activities. An improvement of this situation is possible if the state of affairs is not only told but based too and if the consequences are fixed. The script-approach by SCHANK and ABELSON should be tested for it's usefulness to improve the reports. Isolate requirements must be embed in a general conscions processing of social informations.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1978

Pediatrics in an eighteenth century remedy book.

A manuscript home remedy book of several hundred pages in German, with entries from 1631 to 1861, was found in the Washington University School of Medicine Library some years ago. Two sections on diseases of children, from the early seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries, have been translated and compared with both printed and manuscript pediatric works. People cited and geographicl places mentioned are discussed. The final conclusion reached is that the text is closer in tone and philosophy to the stream of manuscripts going back to classical times than it is to the printed book of its time. An appendix lists treatment of the wet-nurse in place of the child, and treatments for debility or wasting and pain in the abdomen, and traces these through classical and later manuscript sources.

Child↗
PubMed1978

The effect of open- vs. closed-book testing on performance on a multiple-choice examination in pediatrics.

A study was undertaken to test the effect of open- vs. closed-book testing conditions on performance on a graduate-level, multiple-choice examination in pediatrics. A group of practicing pediatricians and a group of medical students took the examination. For the practice group, no significant difference between mean scores was observed, and the correlation between scores under the two testing conditions was high. In the student group, however, the mean score was significantly higher under open-book conditions and the correlation between scores under the two testing conditions was positive but low. The mean score obtained by practitioners was significantly higher than the mean score obtained by students under both testing conditions. The effects of time limit and level of motivation were not explored in the present study.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

Books for health care managers.

The selection of books reviewed here is a potpourri with something to interest almost everyone in the health care professions. The books cover computing in health care, an historical analysis of health care statistics, industrial ownership of hospitals, the formation of state health policies, hospice care and nursing homes; and there is a text on management and one on obstetrics/gynecology and the law.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1994

[Psychotherapy in transition--from confession to profession. A controversy over a remarkable book by Klaus Grawe, Ruth Donati and Friederike Bernauer].

Grawe, Donati and Bernauer conducted together with 16 female and male coworkers the first comprehensive meta-analysis of all the psychotherapeutic studies that were available. They examined and evaluated each of a total of 897 studies according to 1000 individual parameters. Even before publication, everyone concerned took sides, turning the book into a political affair: behavioural therapists versus female psychoanalysts, psychologists versus female physicians, female scientists versus followers of a "school". Be that as it may, the book by Grawe, Bernauer and Donati yields important results which nobody can deny without harming the very methods it citicises.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

What constitutes general surgical training? Evidence from the log books of trainees in one district general hospital.

It is accepted wisdom that surgical expertise in the UK is achieved by virtue of long service, and perhaps not enough genuine training. The average age at appointment to consultant posts in general surgery has risen from 37.0 years in 1978 to 38.0 in 1992. This message has reached the politicians who run the Health Service: at the Association of Surgeons in Training Annual General Meeting in September 1991 Mrs Virginia Bottomley said 'A complaint often made to me is that trainees, particularly surgical trainees, in the UK are over-experienced but under-trained'. Training posts acquire a reputation (good or bad) based on word of mouth, pass rate in examinations, and success in placing trainees into higher grades. Little is known about the relationship between training and operative experience. Log books have been introduced as a compulsory requirement for the Clinical Surgery in General and Intercollegiate Specialty Examinations. This report aims to define the operative experience of trainees at a District General Hospital by analysis of data obtained from their log books. This information has been used to calculate trainee workload in terms of intermediate equivalents (IE) and service equivalent value (SEV).

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1996

Promoting sun awareness: evaluation of an educational children's book.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of early childhood education as a means of increasing awareness and knowledge about the sun and related skin disease(s). METHODS: A children's book promoting sun awareness and protection was developed. The next was incorporated into the health education curriculum of two third-grade classrooms (n = 82). The students completed a questionnaire before, immediately after, and 6 weeks after reading the text. Student sun awareness knowledge was compared using descriptive statistics and paired T-tests. RESULTS: Behaviors and attitudes that resulted in over-exposure to the sun's ultraviolet light were common among third-graders. Primary test areas included the sun's effect on skin, effective sunscreens, skin type, and skin cancer. Test scores showed a marked improvement (40% compared with baseline) in knowledge of sun protection at both posttests. Parents represented the greatest source of information for children (28 of 82) before this study, while doctors and teachers each accounted for only 1 of 82. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures in childhood have the potential to significantly reduce the incidence of sunrelated skin diseases; however, education to date has been directed primarily at presents. This study demonstrated that an educational book for elementary school students can be an effective tool to increase sun awareness and knowledge. The multifaceted approach to prevention recommended here is similar to that of the highly successful dental care campaign, consisting of direct education of children by physicians, teachers, parents, and the media.

Child↗