Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Bombs”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Blast injuries from Madrid terrorist bombing attacks on March 11, 2004.

Blast injuries after terrorist attacks are seen with increasing frequency worldwide. Thousands of victims were attended in the hospitals of Madrid, Spain, on March 11, 2004 after the bombing attacks against the commuter trains. Thirty-six patients were attended in our institution. Seventeen of them suffered from severe or life-threatening injuries, and 19 had mild injuries. The most common lesions were thoracic trauma and blast lung injury, acoustic trauma, and orbital and paranasal sinus fractures. Other findings were hepatic and splenic lacerations, and vertebral and limb fractures. Emergency radiology had an important role in the correct management of the victims. Prompt radiological diagnoses of these complex lesions are crucial to efficient treatment. Therefore, radiologists have to become familiar with the injury patterns and specific lesions caused by blast wave.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The Victoria bomb: a report from the Westminster Hospital.

On 18 February 1991 a bomb exploded on Victoria station, London. A total of 51 people were injured including one fatally. Of the most seriously wounded, 30 were treated at The Westminster Hospital. The majority of injuries were to the lower limbs, but serious wounds were also sustained to the chest, abdomen, forearm, orbit and cranium. Almost all injuries were caused by shrapnel. The low incidence of infection was attributed to thorough early surgical débridement. The administration of antibiotics was varied and uncoordinated, reflecting a lack of a common policy. The exhaustion of common external fixators necessitated the use of equipment unfamiliar to the surgeons and underlined the need for the rapid transfer of equipment between hospitals at the time of major incidents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Increased somatic cell mutant frequency in atomic bomb survivors.

Frequencies of mutant T-cells in peripheral blood, which are deficient in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity, were determined for atomic bomb survivors by direct clonal assay using a previously reported method (Hakoda et al., 1987). Results from 30 exposed survivors (more than 1 rad exposed) and 17 age- and sex-matched controls (less than 1 rad exposed) were analyzed. The mean mutant frequency (Mf) in the exposed (5.2 X 10(-6); range 0.8-14.4 X 10(-6)) was significantly higher than in controls (3.4 X 10(-6); range 1.3-9.3 X 10(-6)), which was not attributable to a difference in non-mutant cell-cloning efficiencies between the 2 groups, which were virtually identical. An initial analysis of the data did not reveal a significant correlation between individual Mfs and individual radiation dose estimates when the latter were defined by the original, tentative estimates (T65D), even though there was a significant positive correlation of Mfs with individual frequency of lymphocytes bearing chromosome aberrations. However, reanalysis using the newer revised individual dose estimates (DS86) for 27 exposed survivors and 17 controls did reveal a significant but shallow positive correlation between T-cell Mf values and individual exposure doses. These results indicate that HPRT mutation in vivo in human T-cells could be detected in these survivors 40 years after the presumed mutational event.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

In vivo mutant T cell frequency in atomic bomb survivors carrying outlying values of chromosome aberration frequencies.

Frequencies of HPRT- mutant T cells were determined by means of a direct clonal assay in atomic bomb survivors who showed outlying values of chromosome aberration frequencies. The studied survivors consisted of 2 groups: those whose aberration frequency was near the higher end of the distribution (high-aberration group) and those whose aberration frequency was near the lower end of the distribution (low-aberration group). The mean radiation doses (T65D) of the high-aberration group (13 people) and low-aberration group (17 people) were 248 and 273 rad, respectively. The mean mutant frequency (Mf) of the high-aberration group was 6.7 X 10(-6), which was significantly higher than that of the low-aberration group (3.7 X 10(-6)) or that of 17 controls (3.4 X 10(-6)). When all the samples were combined, the correlation between Mf and radiation dose was not significant using either dose estimation system, T65D or DS86. However, the correlation coefficient was higher when DS86 doses were used. Mf correlated significantly with increasing aberration frequencies. The tendency that Mf correlates better with chromosome aberration frequency than with estimated radiation dose was stronger in this study than in a previous study where the samples were selected randomly.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1996

Spontaneous immortalization of cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from a high-dose atomic bomb survivor.

Two immortal fibroblastic cell strains (substrains) were established by culturing healthy skin cells obtained from a high-dose atomic bomb survivor (female, age 76 years, 5.14 Gy) for more than 4 years. Designated FM-U and FM-M, the two substrains share the same marker chromosome, t(5q-;6p+), but are karyotypically different, possessing hypodiploid chromosome numbers (39-43) in the former and hypertriploid (69-76) in the latter. Thus far, the two strains have passed through 117 and 156 subcultures or more than 230 and 310 cumulative population doublings, respectively, each passage requiring 4-6 days in the former and 3-4 days in the latter. In the process of immortalization, sequential rearrangement among various chromosomes presumably due to telomeric and interstitial telomeric fusions took place following the telomere shortening, particularly in the senescence and postsenescence phase cells. Of particular interest is the fact that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the p53 gene was demonstrated in these immortalized cell populations. In addition, the allelic patterns of the LOH of p53 differed. Further evidence indicative of infinite proliferation was demonstrated in both strains, such as the telomere elongation and the significantly low frequency of cells possessing dicentric chromosomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Trends in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors.

Mass screening for diabetes mellitus has been conducted on 64,000- 113,000 atomic bomb survivors resident in Hiroshima City since 1961. The trends in the number of diabetes mellitus patients from 1971 to 1992 based on the results of this mass screening and on death certificates are described. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has shown an increase with age, but it peaked in the 8th decade and declined after the 9th decade. From 1971 to 1992 a 2.7-fold increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was observed in males and a 3.2-fold increase in females. By age, in males the increase was high in those of less than 49 years of age, and in females the increase was predominant in those of 80 years of age and over. In males the prevalence of diabetes mellitus estimates by death certificates was in good agreement with that observed by mass screening, but in females the prevalence observed by death certificates gave a higher value. During a period of two decades, a 2.1-fold increase was observed in males and a 2.0-fold increase in females.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Post-traumatic responses to aerial bombing.

A refugee population exposed to aerial bombing was assessed for psychosocial sequelae within two months. Forty-three members over 15 years were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Seventy-four percent had experienced an immediate but transient stress reaction. Subsequently, PTSD, anxiety, depressive and somatic symptoms were common. Forty-four percent met the DSM III diagnostic criteria for PTSD. In addition, social withdrawal, irritability and hostility, interpersonal relationship problems and functional disability were found. Although a variety of psychosocial symptoms were seen, it is suggested that part of this response be considered as manifestation of a healthy, normal attempt to cope with a severely traumatizing experience. The effects of collective trauma and social methods of treatment are also described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Clinical aspects of ball-bearing bomb injuries.

This paper reports the effects on 22 victims of a bomb containing ball-bearings. Of five patients requiring admission to hospital three had sustained injuries due specifically to ball-bearings. The mechanism of the weapon, and the nature of the injuries are described. The particular type of wounds sustained, their presentation and management are discussed.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1990

Burns caused by the terrorist bombing of the department store Hipercor in Barcelona. Part I.

A retrospective study was made of the treatment of 20 of the 66 casualties resulting from the terrorist bombing of the department store Hipercor in Barcelona in June 1987. The additional pressure of the work imposed on several units in the Hospital including the Burn Centre, the Sterilization, Radiodiagnosis, Pharmacy and Medical Units, and nursing staff, and the Intensive Care unit is described. The types and volumes of fluid therapy administered are also reported. The results of the study indicated: (1) the need for a disaster plan; (2) that burn centres should be integrated in large hospitals able to provide assistance from several units, and (3) the management of burns should involve debridement and wound coverage as soon as possible.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Telomere loss: mitotic clock or genetic time bomb?

The Holy Grail of gerontologists investigating cellular senescence is the mechanism responsible for the finite proliferative capacity of somatic cells. In 1973, Olovnikov proposed that cells lose a small amount of DNA following each round of replication due to the inability of DNA polymerase to fully replicate chromosome ends (telomeres) and that eventually a critical deletion causes cell death. Recent observations showing that telomeres of human somatic cells act as a mitotic clock, shortening with age both in vitro and in vivo in a replication dependent manner, support this theory's premise. In addition, since telomeres stabilize chromosome ends against recombination, their loss could explain the increased frequency of dicentric chromosomes observed in late passage (senescent) fibroblasts and provide a checkpoint for regulated cell cycle exit. Sperm telomeres are longer than somatic telomeres and are maintained with age, suggesting that germ line cells may express telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme known to maintain telomere length in immortal unicellular eukaryotes. As predicted, telomerase activity has been found in immortal, transformed human cells and tumour cell lines, but not in normal somatic cells. Telomerase activation may be a late, obligate event in immortalization since many transformed cells and tumour tissues have critically short telomeres. Thus, telomere length and telomerase activity appear to be markers of the replicative history and proliferative potential of cells; the intriguing possibility remains that telomere loss is a genetic time bomb and hence causally involved in cell senescence and immortalization.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Aneuploidy in somatic cells of in utero exposed A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima.

Cytogenetic data on cultured lymphocytes of the in utero exposed A-bomb survivors in the RERF Adult Health Study cohort have been analyzed using the G-banding technique to determine the frequency of aneuploid cells. The data consist of blood samples collected between 1985 and 1987 from 264 Hiroshima individuals for whom DS86 maternal uterine dose estimates are available: 124 proximally exposed (74 males and 50 females) with an estimated dose of 0.005 Sv or more, and 140 distally exposed (76 males and 64 females) with a dose estimate of 0 Sv, assuming the neutron relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 10. A main feature of aneuploidy was that aneuploid frequency in autosomes depended generally on chromosome length; aneuploidies were significantly more frequent in shorter chromosomes than in longer chromosomes. The frequency of aneuploidies also depended on type, with chromosome loss approximately five times more frequent than chromosome gain. However, chromosome 21, as well as the sex chromosomes, were notable in that aneuploidy was much more frequent for these chromosomes than would be predicted from a simple relationship with length. X chromosome aneuploidies were significantly more frequent in females than in males. There was no dependence of aneuploid frequencies on dose when measured 40 years after the exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

From carpet bombing to cruise missiles: the 'second-order' mechanisms used by transcription factors to ensure specific DNA binding in vivo.

Transcription factors generally have only modest specificity for their target sites, yet must find them in a sea of non-specific DNA. Some transcription factors are expressed at very high levels, to ensure that, despite losses to non-specific binding, the promoter is still occupied (the carpet-bombing strategy). Others increase their binding specificity by collaborating with other factors in a variety of ways.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Deep underground measurements of 60Co in steel exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb explosion.

When using gamma-ray spectrometry performed deep underground, it is possible to measure 60Co activities down to 0.1 mBq in steel samples of some 100 g without any pre-concentration. It is thus still possible to measure 60Co induced by neutrons from the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima in pieces of steel collected at distances up to about 1200 m slant range. The results of non-destructive measurements of eight steel samples are compared with the 1986 Dose Re-Evaluation (DS86) model calculations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Maintaining physical therapy standards in an emergency situation: solutions after the Bali bombing disaster.

In a mass casualty event, treatment is traditionally provided in a 'best for the most' fashion. This paper examines the challenges encountered by physical therapists while providing rehabilitation to 28 survivors who suffered burns after the terrorist bombing in Bali, Indonesia. Individual patient input was achieved with routine outcome measures and workload statistics. Workforce expansion, maintenance of treatment quality, and other practical initiatives used in order to achieve this goal are discussed.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMed2006

Fecal energy losses in enterally fed intensive care patients: an explorative study using bomb calorimetry.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Early enteral nutrition and tailored supply of nutrients have become standard in most of the intensive care units (ICU). So far little attention has been given to losses of energy in the stools. The purpose of this explorative study was to evaluate the energy losses of patients with loose stools, necessitating the use of a feces-collector device in a tertiary academic ICU. METHODS: In a group of 13 fully enterally fed and mechanically ventilated patients with loose stools, the daily energy loss in feces was determined, using bomb calorimetry. Malabsorption was defined as an absorption capacity of 85% or less. Energy expenditure was determined with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: Six out of 13 (46%) patients fulfilled the criterion of malabsorption. The mean total energetic absorption capacity was 84.6+/-13.3%. The mean capacity of absorption of fat was 89.7+/-16.3%. The caloric value of energy loss had a mean of 301+/-259 kcal/day. Fecal fat loss proved not to be a good indicator of total fecal energy loss. A total of 4/13 patients (31%) had a net negative energy balance of over 500 kcal/day. A daily feces production of 250 g or more was a good predictor of malabsorption. Energy loss could accurately be predicted by using a factor 4.87 for the combined energetic value of protein and carbohydrates, if dry weight and fecal fat content are known. CONCLUSIONS: In this clinical study on ICU patients with loose stools, malabsorption proved to be a frequently occurring and so far unrecognized problem, contributing strongly to negative energy balances in 1/3 of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The radiological management of bomb blast injury.

A need to understand the nature and patterns of bomb blast injury, particularly in confined spaces, has come to the fore with the current worldwide threat from terrorism. The purpose of this review article is to familiarize the radiologist with the imaging they might expect to see in a mass casualty terrorist event, illustrated by examples from two of the main institutions receiving patients from the London Underground tube blasts of 7 July 2005. We present examples of injuries that are typical in blast victims, as well as highlighting some blast sequelae that might also be found in other causes of multiple trauma. This should enable the radiologist to seek out typical injuries, including those that may not be initially clinically apparent. Terror-related injuries are often more severe than those seen in other trauma cases, and multi-system trauma at distant anatomical sites should be anticipated. We highlight the value of using a standardized imaging protocol to find clinically undetected traumatic effects and include a discussion on management of multiple human and non-human flying fragments. This review also discusses the role of radiology in the management and planning for a mass casualty terrorist incident and the optimal deployment of radiographic services during such an event.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dropping the bomb: the experience of being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

This qualitative descriptive study examined the advice people with Parkinson's disease have for someone newly diagnosed. Qualitative content analysis of interview data from 11 persons with Parkinson's resulted in 1 major theme: "Dropping the Bomb." This theme signified sorting through the rubble and picking up the pieces of lives shattered by the diagnosis. Four subthemes emerged: Guarded Anticipation, Becoming Informed, Disease Dynamics, and Negotiating with Mr. Parkinson. In planning and implementing interventions, nurses might ease the impact of the diagnosis and the context of the disease if they contextualize their interventions within the preferences of the persons living with it.

Activities of Daily Living↗