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PubMed1999

Body fat distribution with long-term dietary restriction in adult male rhesus macaques.

Dietary restriction (DR) is the only intervention that has been shown to increase average and median life span in laboratory rodents. The effect of long-term, moderate DR on body composition and fat distribution was evaluated in male rhesus monkeys. Thirty animals (8-14 years of age)fed either 30% less than baseline intake (R, n = 15) or allowed to eat to satiety (C, n = 15), have been assessed semiannually using somatometrics and dual-energy alpha-ray absorptiometry (DXA)for 7.5 years. R subjects have reduced body weight (p <.0001), total body fat (p < .0001), and percentage body fat located in the abdominal region (p < .05). In addition, there has been a sustained reduction in plasma leptin concentrations (p <.001). These findings suggest reduced risk for common morbidities, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, that are associated with advancing age and increased levels of bodyfat, especially in the visceral depot.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

Effects of exercise and stress on body fat distribution in male cynomolgus monkeys.

The effects of exercise and stress on regional and whole body adiposity were examined in an established animal model of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis, the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). A total of 79 adult male monkeys were assigned to four experimental groups after baseline stabilization and training: (i) exercise, stress, (n = 20); (ii) exercise, no stress (n = 20); (iii) sedentary, stress (n = 20); and (iv) sedentary, no stress (n = 19). The monkeys consumed an ad libitum diet containing 188 mg cholesterol per day with 43% of calories as saturated fat. Anthropometric measurements of regional and whole body adiposity were collected throughout the study. A subset (n = 40) of animals representing all four groups underwent computerized tomography (CT) scans at the end of the study to determine amounts of total abdominal, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Results indicate that, in general, stress interacted with exercise to affect anthropometric measurements of regional adiposity. In contrast, stress had independent and significant effects on the amount and distribution of abdominal fat as measured using CT. Stressed monkeys in both the exercise and sedentary groups had more intra-abdominal fat (and thus greater intra-abdominal-:subcutaneous abdominal fat ratios) than their nonstressed counterparts. There were no significant interactions between exercise and stress or exercise effects on abdominal fat distribution as measured by CT. These results support the belief that an arousal syndrome caused by chronic stress, and resulting in increased activity along the hypothalamo-adrenal axis, may play a role in the preferential deposition of fat in the abdomen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Relation of body fat distribution to serum lipids and lipoproteins in elderly women.

Fat distribution measured by dual photon absorptiometry, serum lipids and lipoproteins were determined in 95 elderly women with mild osteoporosis. Increasing obesity, determined anthropometrically as body mass index (BMI) = body weight/(height)2, was associated with a more central fat distribution (P less than 0.001) Central fat distribution correlated positively and independently of BMI and body weight to serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides and the ratio LDL-C/HDL-C (P less than 0.05), whereas the correlation between central fat distribution and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was negative (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the increased risk of cardiovascular disease observed in subjects with central fat distribution might be partly mediated through changes in the lipoprotein profile.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1990

Body fat distribution in healthy young and older men.

Central and/or intraabdominal (IA) fat is an independent predictor of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities in young and middle-aged subjects. The elderly are "fatter" at any given relative weight and often have similar metabolic abnormalities. In this study we compare body composition, circumferences, and specific fat depots areas in a population of healthy young and older men. Although the two groups were similar in body mass index and percent body fat, their distribution of adiposity was different. The young subjects had 16% and 10% larger thigh (p = .0001) and arm (p less than .01) circumferences respectively, while the ratio of waist-to-hip circumference was greater in the older subjects (0.93 +/- 0.04 vs 0.97 +/- 0.04, p = less than .01). The most striking differences between the groups were noted on computed tomography, with a twofold greater IA fat area (72.6 +/- 38.2 vs 143.6 +/- 56.2 cm2, p less than .0001), and a twofold lesser thigh subcutaneous fat area (156.3 +/- 69.3 vs 82.4 +/- 29.7 cm2, p less than .001) in the older subjects. We conclude there is an age-related central and intraabdominal redistribution of adipose mass, even in healthy older subjects. Since these changes occur in the absence of clinical disease, the associations between metabolic abnormalities and a central and or IA distribution of adiposity in the elderly must be investigated further.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adults and less favorable cardiovascular risk factor status in children and adolescents. In adults, fat distribution has been shown to be related to lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, blood pressure levels, and left ventricular mass. These relationships have not been extensively studied in young subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a cross-sectional study of 127 children and adolescents 9 to 17 years of age. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure total and regional fat mass. The dependent variables were fasting lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and left ventricular mass. There were significant (P<0.05) univariate correlations between fat distribution and log triglycerides (r=0.27), log HDL cholesterol (r=-0.23), systolic blood pressure (r=0.26), and left ventricular mass (r=0.37). Multiple regression analysis showed that the significant independent correlates for triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were age and fat distribution; for systolic blood pressure, height and fat distribution; and for left ventricular mass, height, race, sex, and fat distribution. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that fat distribution is a more important independent correlate of cardiovascular risk factors than percent body fat in children and adolescents. Greater deposition of central fat (an android fat pattern) is associated with less favorable plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, blood pressure, and left ventricular mass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Automated quantification of body fat distribution on volumetric computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a computerized method to automatically quantify visceral and subcutaneous fat distribution within the abdomen and pelvis on volumetric computed tomographic (CT) images. METHODS: Given the slices of interest, the algorithm automatically delineates a contour that separates the visceral fat from the subcutaneous fat on each slice. Explicitly, starting with extraction of the body perimeter, radii at a fixed angle increment are drawn from the perimeter to the center of the body. Along each radius, intensity profile is analyzed to determine the point on the subcutaneous fat layer that is closest to the body center (inner point). All inner points are then connected to form an inner contour, and a specific smoothing algorithm is subsequently applied to correct suboptimal results. Pixels having HU values between -190 and -30 are considered fat pixels. This procedure is repeated on each of the slices of interest. The visceral and subcutaneous fat volumes computed automatically were compared with those after the radiologist's adjustments. Ratios of volumetric visceral fat-to-total fat and visceral fat-to-subcutaneous fat were compared on average and with single-slice measurements obtained at L4 and L5 vertebral body levels. RESULTS: Subcutaneous and visceral fat were automatically segmented using this algorithm on 419 axial CT slices in 9 CT scans (patients) within the abdomen and pelvis. The overall average percentage difference between the automated segmentation and the segmentation edited by the radiologist were 1.54% for the visceral fat and 0.65% for the subcutaneous fat. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results have shown that total compartmental fat, including visceral and subcutaneous fat, can be automatically and accurately segmented on volumetric CT.

Abdominal Fat↗
PubMed1999

Altered body fat distribution after recovery of weight in patients with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the changes in regional body composition such as bone mineral content, lean body mass, and fat mass in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain. METHODS: Body composition was measured before and after weight gain by dual photon absorptiometry in 21 female patients who met the DSM-III-R criteria. RESULTS: Soft mass of the pelvis, trunk, and upper and lower extremities in patients with anorexia nervosa was remarkably reduced to less than 70% of standard body weight. After restoring normal weight, soft mass of the pelvis and trunk increased remarkably and reached the levels of controls, but the soft mass in the upper and lower extremities remained below the control level. As a result, patients with anorexia nervosa demonstrated central obesity after weight recovery. DISCUSSION: We briefly discussed the cause of the altered fat distribution, such as central obesity, in patients with anorexia nervosa after weight recovery.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Imprinting of female offspring with testosterone results in insulin resistance and changes in body fat distribution at adult age in rats.

In women, a relative hyperandrogenicity is statistically associated with insulin resistance and centralization of body fat, which are predictors for the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of androgenization of newborn female rats on insulin sensitivity at adult age. To mimic the neonatal androgen peak normally observed in male rats, female pups were administered one high dose of testosterone (T) subcutaneously within 3 h after birth. They were then given back to their mothers and followed to adult age. At the end of the week 9, tail samples were taken, showing no differences in fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, insulin, or free fatty acids between T-treated rats and controls. Plasma concentrations of T and progesterone were significantly lower in the T-treated rats, whereas no differences were found in the levels of corticosterone, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor I, or ACTH. After 10 wk, insulin sensitivity was studied with hyperglycemic and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (5 mU insulin/kg/min) clamp techniques. The T-treated rats showed insulin resistance with both techniques, which was overcome with time and increasing insulin concentrations during the clamp measurements. The T-treated rats were also heavier and had increased relative weights of skeletal muscles and the spleen. Parametrial, retroperitoneal, and inguinal adipose tissues decreased in weight while mesenteric adipose tissue tended to increase, resulting in an approximately 30-50% larger mesenteric than other adipose tissues. It is concluded that neonatal T imprinting of female rats is followed by insulin resistance, changes in adipose tissue distribution, and an enlarged lean mass, without elevation of circulating T. Similar changes are seen in adult female rats or women receiving T.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Is epidural lipomatosis associated with abnormality of body fat distribution? A case report.

CASE REPORT: To report a case of epidural lipomatosis in a patient with abnormal adipose tissue distribution, glucose intolerance and mixed hyperlipidemia. A 63-year-old male patient presented with low back pain radiating to the left calf on standing and walking (walking distance <100 m). He weighed 97.5 kg, was 1.73 m tall (BMI 32.6 kg/m2) and had a waist circumference of 113 cm. He had a glucose intolerance after a 75-g glucose oral load test. CT-Myelography revealed voluminous epidural lipomatosis around L4-L5 and L5-S1. Low calorie diet and reduction in alcohol intake achieved a weight loss of 17.5 kg in 7 months (80 kg, BMI 25.8 kg/m2, waist circumference 94 cm) and dramatic improvement in low back pain, walking distance (>500 m) and reduction of lipomatosis on CT-scan. Our case suggests a relationship between central obesity phenotype and epidural lipomatosis. Specific insulin resistance treatment might be proposed for these patients if this hypothesis is confirmed in further studies.

Body Fat Distribution↗
PubMed1994

Substrate utilization during prolonged exercise in obese women differing in body fat distribution.

The present investigation compared the pattern of substrate utilization during prolonged walking in obese women with upper (UB) and lower (LB) body fat patterns and the effect of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on that response. Twenty healthy, premenopausal, obese volunteers (% fat > or = 30%) were characterized by waist-to-hip (WHR) circumference ratios into two distinct groups (UB: WHR > or = 0.85, LB: WHR < or = 0.75). The groups (n = 10 each) were similar for BMI, age, % fat, and maximal aerobic power (VO2max). Subjects participated in two 60-min walk bouts at 55-60% VO2max. The trials (placebo (C) and 80 mg propranolol (PR)) were performed in random order, 110 min after ingestion, with 2-4 days between tests. Open-circuit spirometry was employed to calculate the VO2, VCO2 and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at 10 min intervals. A significant (P < 0.0001) decline in RER with time was evident in both trials. However, no group differences existed in RER values during either the C trial (RER range = 0.81-0.88) or the PR trial (RER range = 0.86-0.91). The PR trial induced a 23% reduction in the amount of calories utilized as fat compared to C in both WHR groups. Both groups of women showed equal capabilities for performing prolonged exercise with typical and appropriate metabolic shift in fuel mobilization from carbohydrate to fat. Despite the well-defined differences in metabolic activity of adipose cells shown in vitro, this study indicates that women with significantly different regions of adipose tissue stores have similar physiological potentials for substrate use during exercise.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

[Body fat distribution in a Swiss population: the AIR94 Study. Epidemiology and consequences for clinical practice].

Several recent studies reported a prevalence rate of overweight (25 < BMI < 30 kg/m2) of 4-30% as a function of age and gender. It is well known that the fat distribution pattern represents a major modifier of health risks associated with obesity. For clinical purposes the measurement of the waist to hip ratio represents one of the most valid tools for the assessment of the fat distribution pattern. During the air show AIR94 in Buochs (Nidwalden, Switzerland) 1568 visitors participated voluntarily in a study where several cardiovascular risk factors and behaviours were assessed with the help of a questionnaire, besides others the W/H ratio was measured. This study represents the first epidemiological study of the fat distribution pattern in a large population group in Switzerland. The mean (+/- SD) age of the whole population was 50.3 +/- 16.2 years, the mean body mass index (BMI) 25.5 +/- 3.7 kg/m2, the mean W/H ratio 0.89 +/- 0.09. The BMI and the W/H ratio for the different age decades was calculated. In women the normal value of 0.8 for the W/H ratio is bypassed in the 4th decade of age; the normal value of 0.95 for men is surpassed in the 6th decade of life. These findings are of great public health importance since they illustrate nicely the importance to control body weight and the fat distribution pattern early in life. The major modifiable risk factors for the abdominal accumulation of fat are the excess of calories (especially in form of fat), physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol consumption, stress and probably weight cycling. The control of these risk factors is strongly needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Interrelationship between estimates of adiposity and body fat distribution with metabolic and hemostatic parameters in obese children.

Adiposity in childhood is often associated with metabolic abnormalities and accompanied by a dysregulation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. We studied the interrelationship of metabolic and hemostatic parameters and explored their relationship with measures of adiposity and fat distribution in obese children. In 34 obese boys (mean age, 11.7 years) and 57 obese girls (12.1 years), blood samples were determined for insulin, glucose, triglycerides, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and tissue-type plasminogen activator-antigen (tPA-Ag). Body composition was assessed by means of impedance. Waist (Wc) and hip circumference were measured. The thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue-layers (SAT-layers) was measured at 15 different body sites (from 1-neck to 15-calf) by means of the optical device, Lipometer. Overall subcutaneous fatness (SAT) was calculated and SAT-distribution was estimated by means of factor analysis. Significant correlations were found between different measures of adiposity and Wc with metabolic parameters. Fibrinogen was mainly associated with upper body subcutaneous fatness (factor 1) in boys. In girls, hemostatic parameters were associated with nearly all measures of adiposity and also with factor 1 and SAT. Regression analysis showed that factor 1 together with PAI-1 (both P <.0001) contribute to fibrinogen (adjusted [adj], R(2) =.30). PAI-1 together with trigylcerides (both P <.0001) and age (P <.04) were main determinants for tPA-Ag (adj, R(2) =.41). tPA-Ag (P <.0001) together with glucose (P <.001, negative slope), fibrinogen (P <.001, negative slope), and percentage fat mass (%FM) (P <.01) contributed to PAI-1 (adj, R(2) =.54). These results favor the concept of an interrelationship between metabolic and hemostatic parameters resulting from increased adiposity, perhaps influenced by pubertal development of children. Although upper body subcutaneous fatness was found to be a main correlate of metabolic and hemostatic parameters, it remains to be investigated whether this type of subcutaneous fat distribution is involved in the expression of metabolic and hemostatic risk factors and participates in the dysregulation of the hemostatic system in the state of childhood obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Regional body fat distribution in relation to pubertal stage: a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry study of New Zealand girls and young women.

A cross-sectional study of 140 healthy, non-obese women and growing girls aged 8-27 y was undertaken to examine changes in total-body and regional fat and fat-free lean tissue mass by Tanner stage of pubertal development with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Absolute fat mass and absolute fat-free lean tissue mass were higher at successive Tanner stages (1 through 5) but the proportional increase was greater for fat: total fat mass (kg) was about threefold higher in Tanner stage 5 than in stage 1 (P < 0.001), whereas lean tissue mass (kg) in Tanner stage 5 was about double that in stage 1 (P < 0.001). Furthermore, although the regional distribution of lean tissue mass in the trunk and legs remained fairly constant at different pubertal stages, the regional distribution of fat was altered significantly, becoming more central and less peripheral. Trunk fat (as a percentage of total body fat) was significantly higher at stage 5 than at stage 1 (P < 0.001). In the whole population, body mass index was positively correlated with trunk fat (r = 0.662, P < 0.0001) and negatively with leg fat (r = -0.457, P < 0.0001). We conclude that girls accumulate a higher proportion of their total adult fat mass than of their total adult lean tissue mass during puberty, and that regional fat patterns become more android and less gynoid with maturity.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1991

Weight loss and body fat distribution: a feasibility study using computed tomography.

Computerized tomography (CT) was used to assess the effect of a loss of body weight (18.8 kg) on the size of five fat depots in 11 obese postmenopausal women: the abdominal subcutaneous and visceral depots, the pelvic subcutaneous and intrapelvic depots, and the thigh subcutaneous depot. The mean decrease in total body fat was 34 percent, with comparable decreases in total abdominal fat (33 percent) and total pelvic fat (32 percent). In the abdomen, visceral fat was reduced by 35 percent and subcutaneous fat by 33 percent. In the pelvic region, intrapelvic fat decreased by 51 percent and subcutaneous fat by 25 percent. The decrease in the size of the abdominal visceral fat depot was highly correlated with fat loss during treatment (r = 0.68). By contrast, the decrease in the size of the subcutaneous abdominal fat depot correlated less highly with fat loss. These preliminary findings suggest that obese postmenopausal women with large visceral fat depots will decrease the size of their visceral fat depots by weight reduction. This is good news since the adverse health effects of obesity are believed to be associated with visceral fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Quantitation and localization of regional body fat distribution--a comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and somatometry.

UNLABELLED: The emerging concept that various fat compartments are metabolically active and play separate and decisive roles in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes and stroke, has given obesity research a new direction. Of particular interest is the relative amount of intra-abdominal fat thought to be responsible for the metabolic complications. We studied the precise fat distribution and its correlations with the metabolic parameters in 44 non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis). Intra-abdominal, subcutaneous, and total abdominal fat (IAF, SAF, TAF) were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and somatometry. Quantitative computer analyses of abdominal MRI scans revealed predominant IAF distribution. Box plot analysis of IAF and SAF revealed wide diversity in the amounts of fat, especially in monkeys with body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2. Primates with similar BMI in each quartile revealed an extensive heterogeneity in IAF as well as SAF. Numerous significant correlations within site-specific somatometric measurements as well as within the MRI determinants of abdominal fat were seen. However, only body weight correlated with IAF and skinfolds could predict SAF. After adjusting for body weight, partial correlation analysis showed a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between total cholesterol and IAF. CONCLUSION: MRI revealed considerable heterogeneity of IAF, SAF and TAF in cohort of primates believed to be homogeneous by somatometric definition. Male cynomolgus monkeys appear to be a valuable model for a systematic evaluation of fat. Individuals with identical body weight and height may show a diverse pattern of fat distribution.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1991

Body fat distribution in relation to physical activity and smoking habits in 38-year-old European men. The European Fat Distribution Study.

The authors studied 512 European men all born in 1950 from six different towns in the period October 1988 to May 1989. Anthropometric measurements were taken, including weight, height, and circumferences (waist, hip, thigh). Educational level, activity scores and information on smoking habits were obtained from a questionnaire. Higher educational level was associated with lower body mass index, waist/hip ratio, and waist/thigh ratio. The sports activity score was negatively related to waist/hip ratio (beta +/- standard error of the mean (SEM): -0.009 +/- 0.003) and waist/thigh ratio (-0.041 +/- 0.007), and this could be attributed to a negative relation with waist circumference and a positive relation to thigh circumference. Smoking habits were not related to body mass index but heavy smokers had larger waist circumferences (difference +/- SEM: 1.4 +/- 0.5 cm) as well as higher waist/hip ratios (difference +/- SEM: 0.014 +/- 0.005) and waist/thigh ratios (0.043 +/- 0.013) compared with men who never smoked. These associations between activity scores and smoking habits and fat distribution remained after adjustment for each other and for body mass index and educational level. The authors conclude that physical activity and smoking are independently related to indicators of fat distribution and may be potential confounders in the relations between fat distribution, risk factors, and disease.

Adipose Tissue↗