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PubMed1999

A dedication in memoriam of Dr. Richard Skalak.

Richard Skalak (1923-1997) played a leadership role in the formative decades of the discipline of biomedical engineering through his technical contributions in biomechanics, his educational influence on students, and his service to many developing societies and journals. But always, the distinguishing marks of his involvement with any activity or person were his generosity, respect and tolerance for others, integrity, and curiosity. These very qualities are what first brought him as a traditional engineering trained in engineering mechanics into the young field of biomedical engineering in the 1960s, and they are what led him to new approaches to cellular and molecular engineering, tissue engineering, and orthopedic biomechanics. His technical papers and lectures on blood cell mechanics, pulmonary circulation, dental implants, and tissue growth were models of clarity and often pointed the way to new areas of exploration, while his personal writings offer advice on life, academic organizations, and the pursuit of significant work. He would be deeply appreciative that this first volume of the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering is dedicated to his memory.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cellular engineering.

Cellular engineering applies the principles and methods of engineering to the problems of cell and molecular biology of both a basic and applied nature. As biomedical engineering has shifted from the organ and tissue level to the cellular and sub-cellular level, cellular engineering has emerged as a new area. A cornerstone of much of this activity is cell culture technology, i.e., the ability to grow living cells in the artificial environment of a laboratory. Cellular engineering includes the role of engineering in both basic cell biology research and in the making of products which use living cells, e.g., tissue engineering and bioprocess engineering. The former involves the use of living cells in the development of biological substitutes for the restoration or replacement of function, and the latter the use of living cells to manufacture a biochemical product, e.g., through the use of recombinant DNA technology. In fact, as biomedical engineering has expanded to include the cellular level, and bioprocess engineering has shifted in interest from microbial organisms to include mammalian cells, there are intellectual issues in which an interest is shared by these two formerly separate areas of engineering activity. Cellular engineering thus transcends the field of biomedical engineering.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2005

Harnessing wound healing and regeneration for tissue engineering.

Biomedical science has made major advances in understanding how cells grow into functioning tissue and the signalling mechanisms used to achieve this are slowly being dissected. Tissue engineering is the application of that knowledge to the building or repairing of organs, including skin, the largest organ in the body. Generally, engineered tissue is a combination of living cells and a supporting matrix. Besides serving as burn coverings, engineered skin substitutes can help patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Today, most of these ulcers are treated with an approach that includes antibiotics, glucose control, special shoes and frequent cleaning and bandaging. The results of such treatments are often disappointing and ineffectual, and scarring remains a major problem, mechanically, cosmetically and psychologically. Within our group we are attempting to address this by investigating novel approaches to skin tissue engineering. We are identifying novel therapeutic manipulations to improve the degree of integration between a tissue engineered dermal construct and the host by both molecular manipulation of growth factors but also by understanding and harnessing mechanisms of regenerative biology. For the purpose of this summary, we will concentrate primarily on the latter of these two approaches in that we have identified a novel mouse mutant that completely and perfectly regenerates skin and cartilaginous components following ear injury. This experimental animal will allow us to characterize not only novel genes involved in the regeneration process but also to utilize cells from such animals in artificial skin equivalents to assess their behaviour compared with normal cells. This approach should allow us to create a tissue-engineered substitute, which more closely resembles the normal regional microanatomy and physiology of the skin, allowing better integration to the host with minimal or no scarring.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A design framework to model retinas.

Neuro-engineering is providing biomedical engineers with technology to interface the nervous system, which is useful to create prosthetic devices to palliate sensorial or motor disabilities. Motivated by the success of cochlear implants for deaf patients, we are now facing the challenge of creating a prosthetic visual system for the blind. An artificial retina whose response to stimuli can be matched to biological ones is required. To make easier the task of modeling, tuning and testing these retinal models, we have created a software tool that allows flexible and parametric definition and testing of retina-like models. The program can be fed with a variety of video or image sources, and the results can be easily compared to biological recordings of retinal ganglionar activity in response to the same stimuli. This tool can be useful, not only for this prosthetic purpose, but for any other research involving bio-inspired image processing with a neuromorphic output.

Artificial Organs↗
PubMed2005

Bio-fluids educational issues: an emerging field aims to define its next generation.

There are numerous processes in the body under healthy and pathologic conditions in which bio-fluid mechanics play a central role. The delivery of various substances to and from tissues is accomplished through a combination of complex active and passive mass transfer processes. Bio-fluid mechanics also play a central role in locomotion, from water-bound amoeba and fish to the soaring of birds. Educating undergraduate and graduate students in such wide-ranging fluid mechanical phenomena has proved challenging within the typical context of a biomedical engineering program. The diversity of biomedical engineering topics entails increased biological sciences curricular content, possibly limiting the opportunities to provide a fundamental knowledge base in fluid mechanics which may be expected in the more traditional engineering disciplines. The lack of textbooks in the area, while problematic in the past, is being alleviated with some recent texts and several new ones are due to appear soon. Today's bio-fluids educators are presented with the challenge of providing sufficient fundamental knowledge in bio-fluid mechanics within one- or two-semester courses. The richness of this topic has led to a variety of approaches to course development. This article outlines some of the current approaches and presents some strategies that we hope would help in constructing effective bio-fluids courses.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

[Nano-engineering for biomedical applications].

Recently, medical applications of nanotechnology have received much attention. Among them, advances in polymer chemistry have significantly contributed to this field. Here, we review nano-engineering of functional polymers for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, which have been carried out mainly by our group. Functional polymer-coated nanoparticles can be used for quick detection of biomarkers and DNA separation. Multiarray of hepatocyte spheroids on a microfabricated polymer-brush surface can maintain the hepatocyte viability and liver-specific functions, offering a new high-throughput screening method of pharmacologically and toxicologically active compounds for drug discovery. Polymeric micelles are promising drug carriers, of which the critical parameters such as the size, drug loading and release can be controlled by engineering the constituent block copolymers. Thus, polymeric nano-device will be the leading technology in this field.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A computerized purchase order management system.

Order processing and parts issuing are within the scope of an inventory management system and, as such, it was logical to incorporate the Purchase Order Management Menu into the biomedical engineering inventory management system. The Purchase Order Management function was implemented using the services of a biomedical engineering technician who is a staff member. Software development time (two months) was the only resource that was necessary to incorporate this function into the inventory system. This function, implemented on a PC, provided locally functions that had not been available on the mainframe-based hospital purchasing system. These functions directly addressed the needs of the users, who in this case are the staff members of the department of biomedical engineering at University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1993

Who, what, where, when, why and how: technology assessment in a hospital setting.

Biomedical engineers have long seen that they have a role in the fields of equipment planning and technology assessment. This role has not been universally understood. Through sustained efforts we have shown that we can contribute to and should be involved in equipment planning. Efforts are now under way to demonstrate the need for and the role that biomedical engineering can play in technology assessment and ultimately in strategic planning. The paper examines the Canadian healthcare scene within the context of the Province of British Columbia, and more specifically the opportunities and challenges in the fields of technology management presented to an in-house biomedical engineering group at a hospital society in Greater Vancouver.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2001

[3D visualization and information interaction in biomedical applications].

3D visualization and virtual reality are important trend in the development of modern science and technology, and as well in the studies on biomedical engineering. This paper presents a computer procedure developed for 3D visualization in biomedical applications. The biomedical models are constructed in slice sequences based on polygon cells and information interaction is realized on the basis of OpenGL selection mode in particular consideration of the specialties in this field such as irregularity in geometry and complexity in material etc. The software developed has functions of 3D model construction and visualization, real-time modeling transformation, information interaction and so on. It could serve as useful platform for 3D visualization in biomedical engineering research.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2006

[Application of the combined use of uniform experimental design and orthogonal experimental design in biomedicial engineering].

A new optimized experimental designing method in biomedical engineering study is provided in this paper. The characteristic of the uniform design and orthogonal design was compared. Then, a new experimental design was proposed, which was the combined use of the two experimental designs. Discussed the theoretical basis, using method and its advantages. Furthermore, we proved the validity through our experiment. This method has the specificity of uniform design, fewer times of experiment and suit for experiment with multi-factors and multi-levels. This makes full use of the advantages of orhtogonal design which is widely used and can be analyzed by simple intuitionist analysis, avoids the disadvantages of uniform design in which data can only be processed by computer software. It can be widely used in the research and development of biomedicine engineering.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

1997 survey of salaries & responsibilities for hospital biomedical clinical engineering & technology personnel.

The Journal of Clinical Engineering conducted its twelfth annual survey of the salaries paid to biomedical/clinical engineering and technology personnel in U.S. hospitals. This paper reports the salary and work responsibility data obtained from 276 professionals in relationship to: region of the U.S.; teaching versus nonteaching facilities; years of experience; education; certification; union membership; and gender. Data are included on wage increases and job responsibilities as of 12/31/96, and are compared with data as of 12/31/95. The average BMET I has 2.9 years of experience and earns $26,126 +/- $5,800 (nationwide mean +/- standard deviation). The average BMET II has 8.29 years of experience and ears $34,687 +/- $6,300. The average BMET III has 12.7 years of experience and earns $40,960 +/- $6,900. The average BMET Specialist has 16.7 years of experience and earns $46,131 +/- $9,100. The average BMET Supervisor has 15.0 years of experience and ears $44,248 +/- 47,700. The average Clinical Engineer has 13.6 years of experience and earns $44,839 +/- $10,000. CE Supervisors have an average of 21.6 years of experience and an average salary of $59,789 +/- $13,100. The overall group or department Director or Manager has 17.5 years of experience and earns $55,325 +/- $16,200 on average.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Pierre M. Galletti: a personal reflection.

Pierre Galletti, my friend and colleague, passed away on March 8, 1997, having left his mark on the emerging field of biomedical engineering. He was a pioneering researcher, making his impact in such fields as heart-lung bypass, artificial organs, and tissue engineering. He was a dedicated teacher and a mentor to many. He not only provided leadership in the establishment of the medical school at Brown University, but also helped start Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta. He was an entrepreneur and an individual who realized that ultimately basic science only impacts patient care when new technology is made available to the public. He served the bioengineering community in many ways, later in life becoming active in public policy, and as the second president of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, more than anyone focused this organization on its public policy role. He was the consummate biomedical engineer, a person of great vision, a man for all seasons.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering: history, status, and potential impact.

This paper describes the history, current status, and objectives and potential impact of the new National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). Three of the authors (Hendee, Chien, and Maynard) have been involved over several years in the effort to raise the identity of biomedical imaging and bioengineering at the National Institutes of Health. The fourth author (Dean) is the Acting Director of the newly formed NIBIB. These individuals have an extensive collective knowledge of the events that led to formation of the NIBIB, and are intimately involved in shaping its objectives and implementation strategy. This special report provides a historical record of activities leading to establishment of the NIBIB, and an accounting of present and potential advances in biomedical engineering and imaging that will be facilitated and enhanced by NIBIB. The National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering represents a "coming of age" of biomedical engineering and imaging, and offers great potential to expand the research frontiers of these disciplines to unparalleled heights.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1966

Some thoughts on interdisciplinary science.

The development of the "new biology" is largely a story of developments in interdisciplinary science. This paper considers a few of these of special interest to the author and active at the University of Rochester; namely, dental research, biophysics, radiation biology, health physics, biomedical engineering, and space biology. Rochester pioneered advanced academic training in radiation biology, a field which, despite some earlier tendencies to become associated with techniques rather than scientific problems, is now clearly a substantive discipline. Using biophysics as an example, the paper points to the futility of trying to define in detail the exact nature of each new "interdisciplinary discipline," yet it also decries the coining of new names without due cause. Health physics and its related field, radiological health, are described as centered on problems of radiation protection and as professional in their overtones. The interrelationships between engineering and bioscience are seen most clearly in biomedical engineering and the growing programs in space biology which require complete cooperation and mutual understanding between engineers and bioscientists for their ultimate success. After presenting some implications for medical libraries, the paper closes with a plea that the developers of new interdisciplinary fields and their powerful tools maintain historical perspective, simplicity of approach, and respect for nature's infinite resourcefulness.

Education, Dental, Graduate↗