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PubMed1982

Bath osmolality: effect on water permeability of epithelial tissue.

When hyperosmotic gradients from 100 to 500 mosM are used to produce a water flux, the water permeability of live and potassium cyanide (KCN)-poisoned frog skin decreases with increasing osmotic gradients. In addition, as the total bath osmolality (corium + epithelial) increases there is a reduction in tissue water. Examination of the tissue cellular and extracellular compartments shows that cell shrinkage caused by the increasing hyperosmolality of the bathing medium correlates with the decrease in osmotic permeability. When the bath osmolality is held constant and cell volume decreases, there is a decrease in the water permeability. High potassium in the external bathing medium causes cell swelling that is associated with an increase in water permeability. These data support the hypothesis that a number of conditions known to affect the water permeability of frog skin do so partly or wholly as a result of a change in the cell volume, which either directly or indirectly alters the osmotic permeability of a rate limiting barrier, possibly the cell membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Inotropic responsiveness of atrial myocardium bathed in Tris- or bicarbonate-buffered solutions.

Atrial muscle of guinea pigs was used to study the inotropic influences of substituting a tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane-buffered solution aerated with 100% O2 for a bicarbonate-buffered solution aerated with 95% O2-5% CO2 under otherwise equivalent in vitro conditions. Basal values of isometric contractile tension and its first derivative (dT/dt) were smaller and time to peak tension and time to 90% relaxation were longer in Tris- than in bicarbonate-bathed muscles. Both groups responded similarly to changes in stimulation frequently (0.1--2.2 Hz) and Ca2+ concentration (1.0--7.0 mM); however, maximal inotropic responses to these variables were smaller in the Tris-bathed atria. The negative inotropic effects of D600 and gentamicin were greater in the Tris group. Tris-bathed atria developed pulsus alternans when exposed to Mn2+ or a reduced Ca2+ concentration, whereas pulsus alternans did not occur in the bicarbonate group. A transient increase in contractility occurred in bicarbonate-bathed atria after treatment with 0.125 mM Mn2+, but only a negative response occurred in the Tris group. Thus important, and seemingly Ca2+-dependent, differences exist between the inotropic influences of Tris and bicarbonate solutions that may affect the utility of Tris-buffered (and/or bicarbonate deprived) heart muscle for studying certain inotropic interventions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Decrease in heart rates by artificial CO2 hot spring bathing is inhibited by beta1-adrenoceptor blockade in anesthetized rats.

To investigate the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) hot spring baths on physiological functions, head-out immersion of urethane-anesthetized, fursheared male Wistar rats was performed. Animals were immersed in water (30 or 35 degrees C) with high-CO2 content ( approximately 1,000 parts/million; CO2-water). CO2-water for bathing was made by using an artificial spa maker with normal tap water and high-pressure CO2 from a gas cylinder. When a human foot was immersed for 10 min in the CO2-water at 35 degrees C, the immersed skin reddened, whereas skin color did not change in normal tap water at the same temperature. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), underwater skin tissue blood flow, and temperatures of the colon and immersed skin were continuously measured while animals were immersed in a bathtub of water for approximately 30 min at room temperature (26 degrees C). Immersed skin vascular resistance, computed from blood pressure and tissue blood flow, was significantly lower in the CO2-water bath than in tap water at 30 degrees C, but no differences were apparent at 35 degrees C. HR of rats in CO2-water was significantly slower than in tap water at 35 degrees C. Decreased HR in CO2-water was inhibited by infusion of atenolol (beta1-adrenoceptor blocker), but it was unaffected by atropine (muscarinic cholinoceptor blocker). Theses results suggest that bradycardia in CO2 hot spring bathing is caused by inhibition of the cardiac sympathetic innervation. This CO2-water maker should prove a useful device for acquiring physiological evidence of balneotherapy.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2002

Effect of sulfur baths on antioxidative defense systems, peroxide concentrations and lipid levels in patients with degenerative osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Due to possible antiinflammatory effects, sulfur baths are widely used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Previously it was demonstrated that drinking cures with sulfur can improve the antioxidative defense system and lower the peroxide levels of patients with chronic degenerative osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: This study therefore sought to investigate the effect of 3-week therapy with sulfur baths on antioxidative defense systems, peroxide concentrations, and lipid levels in patients with degenerative osteoarthritis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After randomization one group of patients (n = 19) received sulfur baths during their stay at a health resort (sulfur group), whereas the other age-matched patient group served as controls (n = 19, control group), only receiving spa therapy. Total cholesterol levels, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and the antioxidative status, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and peroxide concentration, as an oxidative stress parameter, were evaluated at the begin and end of therapy. RESULTS: A 17.2% decline in peroxide concentrations (p = 0.10, n.s.) and significant lower SOD activities (p < 0.001) were detected in the sulfur group at the end of the therapy. Until the end of therapy total cholesterol levels changed differentially (p = 0.007) in the sulfur group (from 229.11 +/- 34.47 mg/dl to 217.46 +/- 40.45 mg/dl) and in the control group (from 197.63 +/- 34.66 mg/dl to 207.95 +/- 33.02 mg/dl). A similar significant group difference was found for LDL (p = 0.017), with a 5.9% reduction in the sulfur group and a 6.1% increase in the control group. Triglyceride concentrations were nonsignificantly reduced in both groups after 3 weeks at the health resort (sulfur group 11.2%, control group 20.2%). HDL values only minimally changed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here suggest that a sulfur bath therapy could cause a reduction in oxidative stress, alterations of SOD activities, and a tendency towards improvement of lipid levels.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1992

A multitissue organ bath evaluated using new rabbit papillary muscle isolation methods.

A multitissue organ bath was developed to study four isolated muscle preparations simultaneously under identical conditions. The multitissue bath was evaluated by determining the dose-response curves to dobutamine in isolated rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles. Several new procedures were developed to diminish the contracture shortening that often accompanies papillary muscle excision in this species. The excised heart was dissected in a hypothermic (22 degrees C) 'relaxing solution' containing 180 mM NaCl and 5.6 mM glucose, and a 'transfer clip' maintained constant, reproducible resting tension on the isolated muscle after its excision. Rabbit papillary muscles (n = 13) isolated with these procedures and studied in the multitissue bath were stimulated at a frequency of 20/min at 30 degrees C in a modified Krebs solution containing 2.5 mM Ca2+. Mean developed tension was 3.3 +/- 0.5 g/mm2. The dose-response curve for dobutamine demonstrated a maximal increase of dT/dt, an index of contractility, at 10(-4) M (173.6 +/- 35%, p less than 0.01). The multitissue bath may be useful for simultaneous comparison of chronotropic and inotropic effects of interventions on right atrial and ventricular preparations, respectively, or for comparison of intervention effects on selected vascular strips.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

An intraindividual study of the characteristics of erythema induced by bath and oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy and narrowband ultraviolet B.

We compared the characteristics of psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) erythema in skin photosensitized by bath or oral methoxsalen in 20 subjects. Erythema was assessed visually and with a reflectance instrument at 24 h intervals for 7 days. In addition, narrowband ultraviolet B (TL-01 UVB) erythema was examined in 19 of these subjects at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and in another nine subjects at 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 h. Both bath and oral PUVA exhibited broad erythemal peaks beyond 72 h. For topical PUVA the lowest minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) occurred at 120 and 144 h (P = 0.01 and 0.03 compared with 72 h). Oral PUVA erythema peaked earlier at 96 h: the MPD was significantly lower at 96, 120 and 144 h compared with 72 h (P = 0.001, 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). At 120 h, bath PUVA had a significantly steeper slope compared with oral PUVA. The TL-01 UVB minimal erythema dose was significantly lower at 12 h compared with 24 h (P = 0.019). The majority of subjects were at maximal erythema at 12 h (22 of 28) and 15 h (eight of nine). Our results suggest that peak erythema for bath PUVA, oral PUVA and TL-01 UVB occurs at 120, 96 and 12-15 h, respectively.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Psoriasis treatment: bathing in a thermal lagoon combined with UVB, versus UVB treatment only.

We have compared bathing in a thermal lagoon in Iceland, combined with UVB treatment, to UVB treatment only in an open comparative study. Twenty-three psoriasis patients bathed 3 times daily and were treated with UVB 5 times a week for 4 weeks. The control group was only treated with UVB 5 times a week for 4 weeks. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PSAI) was used to estimate the severity of the disease. The mean PASI score in the bathing group decreased from 20.8 to 2.8 (p < 0.01). In the control UVB group, the PASI score decreased from 16. 7 to 6.9. The percentage difference between the groups was significant after 1, 2, 2 and 4 weeks. Bathing in the lagoon combined with UVB was found to be a very effective treatment and better than UVB treatment in our control group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Questionnaire-based risk assessment for amoebic gill disease (AGD) and evaluation of freshwater bathing efficacy of reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.

Factors causing amoebic gill disease (AGD), the main disease affecting the salmonid industry in Tasmania, are largely unknown. Managers of 57 sites, from 4 countries, in both the Southern and Northern Hemisphere were questioned regarding the 2000 smolt year-class Atlantic salmon. Questions included site characteristics, fish population characteristics, husbandry and management programs, through to freshwater bathing characteristics. Possible risk factors for AGD outbreaks that were identified in this study using farm managers' opinions were mixed sex stocks (Tasmania), downstream positioning from other salmonid farming sites (pooled), tidal sites (Tasmania), depth of site (pooled), rate of salinity change in halocline and depth of halocline (pooled, Tasmania), phytoplankton blooms (pooled, Tasmania), antifouling paints (Tasmania, overseas) and automated feeding (pooled, overseas). The information from farm managers suggested that freshwater bathing is less effective with smaller bathing cages and lower levels of saturated oxygen in the bathing water. Risk factors could not always be determined due to the complex interactions between the biological and chemical environment, host and pathogenic factors, coupled with low sample numbers.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

The Swedish version of the Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index. Reliability and validity.

The aim of the study was to investigate the reliability and the validity of the Swedish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI). A total of 113 patients were assessed with the BASFI, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score (BAS-G). The median BASFI scores on two occasions within 24 hours were 3.6 versus 3.7 (p>0.05). The patients found the BASFI items relevant. The median self-reported and physiotherapist-observed BASFI scores were 3.4 and 2.8 respectively (p>0.05). The correlation coefficient between the BASFI and the BASMI was r(s)=0.55, between the BASFI and the BASDAI r(s)=0.68, and between the BASFI and the BAS-G r(s)=0.67. Significant improvements between the pre- and post-training results for both the BASFI (3.1 vs 2.0, p<0.001) and the BASMI (3.0 vs 1.0, p<0.001) were found after three weeks' inpatient rehabilitation. The results indicated that the Swedish BASFI is reliable and valid.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The Swedish version of the Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index. Reliability and validity.

The aim of the study was to investigate the reliability and the validity of the Swedish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). A total of 113 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were assessed with the BASDAI, the Swedish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score (BAS-G), and a questionnaire on their opinions of the relevance of the BASDAI. The test-retest stability investigation of the BASDAI over 24 hours did not show any difference between the two occasions (md 4.4, range 0.80-8.43 vs md 4.0, range 0-7.80, p > 0.05). The correlation coefficient between the BASDAI and the BASMI was r(s) = 0.07, between the BASDAI and the BASFI r(s) = 0.64, and between the BASDAI and the BAS-G r(s) = 0.80. Eighty percent of the patients considered the contents of the BASDAI to be relevant. The BASDAI, the BAS-G and the BASMI showed significant improvements after an intensive rehabilitation period. In conclusion the results of the present study indicate that the Swedish BASDAI is reliable and valid.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Study on the bathing habit in Qin - Han Period].

By investigating the bathing utensils and bathing style, the bathing habit in Qin - Han dynasties were discussed. It is claimed that bathing had been a daily habit in that period, being a sign of advanced civilization. Its implication on the significance is also analyzed.

Balneology↗
PubMed2002

Factors affecting colour removal from reactive dye bath by ozonation.

A reactive dye bath sample containing a mixture of dyes was ozonated and colour removal was obtained in a relatively short time of 30 min at 605 mgl-1 of ozone utilisation. The factors affecting ozonation were assessed by comparing the results of dye bath and synthetic samples. Results from dye bath and synthetic dye solution ozonation were found to be significantly different. NaCl and Na2CO3 were determined to have a slight effect only on the initial rate of ozonation. However, the effect of the chelating agent in terms of both time and ozone dose was significant and explained the differences between the results of the dye bath and dye solution ozonation.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed1976

CEA levels in fluids bathing gastrointestinal tumors.

A controlled prospective study was undertaken to determine if fluids which bathe malignancies may contain carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) earlier in the course of gastrointestinal cancer than does plasma of the same patient and may offer a better means for diagnosis. CEA titers were normal (less than 2.5 ng per ml) in the plasma of 42 healthy volunteers. Normal CEA levels were also found in the plasma and in the colonic mucus of 14, the gastric juice of 18, duodenal drainage of 10, and bile of 11 normal control subjects. The colonic mucus of 3 patients with ulcerative colitis, gastric secretions of 5 benign gastric ulcer patients, bile specimens from 11 normal control subjects and from 5 gallstone patients contained CEA at concentrations below 2.5 ng per ml. Positive CEA titers were found in the fluids bathing tumors of all 23 patients with colonic carcinoma, 9 of 17 patients with gastric carcinoma, and all 6 patients with pancreatic carcinoma. In contrast, positive CEA titers were found in the plasma of only 16 of 23 patients with colon carcinoma, 6 of 17 patients with gastric carcinoma, and 4 of 6 patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Among 46 patients with gastrointestinal malignancies, CEA was detected in significant concentrations in the plasma of 26 patients and in fluids bathing tumors of 38 patients. These results indicate a significant association of adenocarcinoma of the colon with CEA-positive colonic mucus (P less than 0.01) and suggest the usefulness of assaying CEA in fluids bathing tumors for the detection of gastrointestinal malignancies.

Bile↗
PubMed2003

Optimisation of the formulation of a bubble bath by a chemometric approach market segmentation and optimisation.

The optimisation of the formulation of a commercial bubble bath was performed by chemometric analysis of Panel Tests results. A first Panel Test was performed to choose the best essence, among four proposed to the consumers; the best essence chosen was used in the revised commercial bubble bath. Afterwards, the effect of changing the amount of four components (the amount of primary surfactant, the essence, the hydratant and the colouring agent) of the bubble bath was studied by a fractional factorial design. The segmentation of the bubble bath market was performed by a second Panel Test, in which the consumers were requested to evaluate the samples coming from the experimental design. The results were then treated by Principal Component Analysis. The market had two segments: people preferring a product with a rich formulation and people preferring a poor product. The final target, i.e. the optimisation of the formulation for each segment, was obtained by the calculation of regression models relating the subjective evaluations given by the Panel and the compositions of the samples. The regression models allowed to identify the best formulations for the two segments ofthe market.

Color↗
PubMed2003

[Survival of Bacillus anthracis spores in baths using modern technologic tannery processes].

The influence of skin tannery baths, according as wet-blue, wet-white and plant technology, on B. anthracis spores survival was investigated. As a result of this study there was explained that lime bath do not inactivated of all spores that are present in infected bath. As a result of these experiments the spores were inactivated completely not before pickle bath.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A case of bathing trunk nevus studded with neurofibroma-like papules.

There is a significant association between bathing trunk nevus and neurofibromatosis. However, not all neurofibroma-like papules detected clinically in cases with bathing trunk nevus may be a neurofibromas and histopathological confirmation is essential for definition of these lesions. We report a 21 year old white male patient with a bathing trunk nevus studded with neurofibroma-like papules of melanocytic nature. Histopathological examination of both papular and flat lesions showed diffuse melanocytes with plentiful eosinophilic cytoplasm and round nuclei in the dermis. Immunohistochemistry showed strong positivity of dermal melanocytes for S-100 protein. The clinical and histopathological findings and positivity of dermal melanocytes for S-100 protein were consistent with bathing trunk melanocytic nevus.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Establishment of the minimum clinically important difference for the bath ankylosing spondylitis indices: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) is the minimum level of change of an outcome measure that is considered to be clinically relevant. This prospective study was conducted to establish the minimum level of change in the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis (BAS) indices that is meaningful for both the patient and the clinician. METHODS: The BAS questionnaires [i.e., Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI); Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI); and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis patient Global score (BAS-G)] were administered to 125 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) at baseline and at the end of a 2-week intensive physiotherapy program. Together with the final assessment, a global validated rating scale was used to examine each domain. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the BAS change score that most accurately classified patients with respect to a clinically meaningful change. This analysis was repeated to investigate whether the estimate of change was dependent upon the patients' baseline scores. RESULTS: According to analyses of ROC curves, the MCID are 7 mm or 17.5% for BASFI: sensitivity = 0.60/specificity = 0.85; 10 mm or 22.5% for BASDAI: sensitivity = 0.65/specificity = 0.82; and 15 mm or 27.5% for BAS-G: sensitivity = 0.61/specificity = 0.74. MCID values were independent of the patients' baseline scores (p = 0.09 to 0.72) by regression analysis. CONCLUSION: This prospective study gives MCID values for BASFI, BASDAI, and BAS-G that allow translation from the BAS indices to readily understood values for both patients and clinicians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of the temperature of the dialysis bath in diabetics].

During the dialysis procedure, arterial hypotension is one of the most common problems and it has been object of many studies. In hemodialysis, changes are produced in body volume through ultrafiltration that generate an increase in the production of thermic energy, which is removed during the treatment. The hypovolemia resulting from the removal of volume activates the sympathetic system, avoiding in this way heat loss and increasing body temperature that promotes vascular vasodilatation and interferes with the compensatory constrictive response to volume fall with consequent arterial hypotension. Patients with autonomic neuropathy would be the most affected by volume depletion and they are usually the ones that show the highest frecuency of hypotension episodes, typical of patients with diabetes. It has been proved before that the use of a cold bath does not decrease the efficiency of the dialysis treatment and improves the cardiovascular stability as well, mostly in patients proned to it, such as diabetics, elderly, and patients with cardiac failure. In this study, it was observed that patients showed low basal temperatures before dialysis treatment and that the use of bath temperature of 35.5 degrees C increased the temperature post dialysis less than with the standard bath at 37 degrees C. The bath at 35.5 degrees C decreased the episodes of arterial hypotension, with an improvement in patient's welfare, and lower requirement of attention and treatment costs.

Body Temperature Regulation↗