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PubMed1995

Assessment of body image in eating disorders with the body dysmorphic disorder examination.

The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination (BDDE) has several advantages for the assessment of body image in eating disorder patients. It measures distressing self-consciousness, preoccupation with appearance, overvalued ideas about the importance of appearance to one's self-worth, and body image avoidance and checking behaviors. The BDDE is relevant for any type of appearance complaint and is not limited to weight or body shape concerns. The BDDE measures the useful targets for body image therapy. In a sample of eating disorder patients, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Exam had good internal consistency and was significantly correlated with other measures of body image. It added new information to the discrimination of women with eating disorders from clinical and nonclinical controls beyond that provided by other measures of body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Magnetic stimulation of extrastriate body area impairs visual processing of nonfacial body parts.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging indicates that observation of the human body induces a selective activation of a lateral occipitotemporal cortical area called extrastriate body area (EBA). This area is responsive to static and moving images of the human body and parts of it, but it is insensitive to faces and stimulus categories unrelated to the human body. With event-related repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, we tested the possible causal relation between neural activity in EBA and visual processing of body-related, nonfacial stimuli. Facial and noncorporeal stimuli were used as a control. Interference with neural activity in EBA induced a clear impairment, consisting of a significant increase in discriminative reaction time, in the visual processing of body parts. The effect was selective for stimulus type, because it affected responses to nonfacial body stimuli but not to noncorporeal and facial stimuli, and for locus of stimulation, because the effect from the interfering stimulation of EBA was absent during a corresponding stimulation of primary visual cortex. The results provide strong evidence that neural activity in EBA is not only correlated with but also causally involved in the visual processing of the human body and its parts, except the face.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Brain and body temperature homeostasis during sodium pentobarbital anesthesia with and without body warming in rats.

High-speed, multi-site thermorecording offers the ability to follow the dynamics of heat production and flow in an organism. This approach was used to study brain-body temperature homeostasis during the development of general anesthesia induced by sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, ip) in rats. Animals were chronically implanted with thermocouple probes in two brain areas, the abdominal cavity, and subcutaneously, and temperatures were measured during anesthesia both with and without (control) body warming. In control conditions, temperature in all sites rapidly and strongly decreased (from 36-37 degrees C to 32-33 degrees C, or 3.5-4.5 degrees C below baselines). Relative to body core, brain hypothermia was greater (by 0.3-0.4 degrees C) and skin hypothermia was less (by approximately 0.7 degrees C). If the body was kept warm with a heating pad, brain hypothermia was three-fold weaker ( approximately 1.2 degrees C), but the brain-body difference was significantly augmented (-0.6 degrees C). These results suggest that pentobarbital-induced inhibition of brain metabolic activity is a major factor behind brain hypothermia and global body hypothermia during general anesthesia. These data also indicate that body warming is unable to fully compensate for anesthesia-induced brain hypothermia and enhances the negative brain-body temperature differentials typical of anesthesia. Since temperature strongly affects various underlying parameters of neuronal activity, these findings are important for electrophysiological studies performed in anesthetized animal preparations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Influence of body iron store status and cigarette smoking on cadmium body burden of healthy Thai women and men.

The influence of cigarette smoking, body iron store status and gender on cadmium (Cd) body burden was examined in a group of 197 healthy Thais with overall mean age of 30.5 year (19-47 year). The lowest, geometric mean, and the highest urinary Cd excretion rate was 0.04, 0.46 and 3.84 microg/g creatinine, respectively. The prevalence of low iron stores (serum ferritin <20 microg/l) was 16% and 2% in women and men, respectively. All women (n = 99) were non-smokers, but they had the same Cd body burden as did men (n = 47) who on average smoked 8.7 cigarettes per day for 9 years. These women and men had 1.9-fold greater body Cd burden than did non-smoking men (t = 4, P < 0.001). In addition, the women Cd body burden was found to be inversely correlated with serum ferritin (r = -0.39, P < 0.001) and those with low iron stores showed a 3.4-fold greater Cd body burden than did women whose serum ferritin being between 101 and 200 microg/l (F = 6.2, P = 0.003, one-way ANOVA). In contrast, men's Cd body burden did not show a significant correlation with serum ferritin, but it did show a positive correlation with cumulative cigarette smoking index (r = 0.29, P = 0.02). Thus, iron status and cigarette smoking were found to be determinants of Cd body burden in young adult Thai women and men.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Postnatal maturation of neuroepithelial bodies and carotid body innervation: a quantitative investigation in the rabbit.

The intrapulmonary airways contain oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors which may be analogous to the arterial chemoreceptors: the neuroepithelial bodies (NEB). While the NEB are prominent in the neonatal lung, physiological studies indicate that the carotid bodies are still relatively inactive at birth. This points to an unequal degree of development of both during the early neonatal period. As a reflexogenic chemoreceptor function depends on a well-developed innervation, we undertook a comparative investigation of the development of the NEB and the carotid body glomus cell innervation. Two morphological aspects of the innervation of NEB and carotid body glomus cells were quantified in rabbits of different age groups. The total sectional area of intracorpuscular and intraglomerular nerve endings per NEB or glomus cell group, respectively, was measured and the area percentage of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles was determined. In the NEB, no significant difference in total sectional area of the nerve endings between the age groups was observed, while in the carotid body there was a significant increase in the adult age group. In addition, the area percentage of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles of the nerve endings did not change significantly with age in the NEB, while in the carotid body these increased and decreased, respectively, with age. These observations point to a shift from morphologically efferent nerve endings, rich in synaptic vesicles, to morphologically afferent nerve endings, rich in mitochondria. Our interpretation of these findings is that, at birth, the NEB innervation is more mature than the carotid body glomus cell innervation and that the latter matures at a later time than the former. These findings support the theory that the NEB may act as complementary chemoreceptors to the carotid body during the early postnatal period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Estimation of body fat in Caucasian and African-American girls: total-body electrical conductivity methodology versus a four-component model.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been increasing dramatically in recent years among children, particularly African-American girls. Total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) is a simple way to measure body fat with minimal risk. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the agreement between the percentage of fat mass (%FM) predicted using two TOBEC equations with %FM measured by a four-component model in 73 Caucasian and 41 African-American girls. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: %FM predicted using the TOBEC equations was compared with %FM from the four-component model based on measurements of body density, body water and bone mineral content. RESULTS: Analyses by linear regression analysis and by the Bland and Altman methods comparison procedure showed that the equation using the square root of the TOBEC zero-order Fourier coefficient and the subject's height yielded more accurate and more reproducible %FM, regardless of race, than the TOBEC linear equation, which was based on the zero-, first- and second-order Fourier coefficients. The Bland and Altman comparison further revealed that the accuracy and limits of agreement of the TOBEC linear equation were related to body fatness among the Caucasian girls. The relationship, however, disappeared when prepubescent girls and a girl with low %FM were excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The TOBEC square root equation with adjustment for body geometry and length is recommended for use in adolescent girls, as it yielded better agreement with the criterion method. However, further validation of the TOBEC instrumentation for estimating body fat in prepubescent children and children with low body fat is warranted.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2006

[Discrepancy between ideal and real body image: does it affect body-dysmorphic disorder symptoms?].

Body dysmorphic symptoms are characterized by a distressing and impairing preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance. It is assumed that a discrepancy between ideal and real body image is associated with body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. On the basis of a nationwide survey participants were analysed in terms of their body dysmorphic symptoms and specific aspects of their body image. The ideal and real body image differed significantly in both sexes and in age groups. On closer examination it was apparent that there were different factors for men and women which predicted the occurrence of body dysmorphic symptoms. The results are discussed against the background of existing body ideals and in terms of their gender specific relevance.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

alpha-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies.

Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are the defining neuropathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. They are made of abnormal filamentous assemblies of unknown composition. We show here that Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites from Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies are stained strongly by antibodies directed against amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal sequences of alpha-synuclein, showing the presence of full-length or close to full-length alpha-synuclein. The number of alpha-synuclein-stained structures exceeded that immunoreactive for ubiquitin, which is currently the most sensitive marker of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Staining for alpha-synuclein thus will replace staining for ubiquitin as the preferred method for detecting Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. We have isolated Lewy body filaments by a method used for the extraction of paired helical filaments from Alzheimer's disease brain. By immunoelectron microscopy, extracted filaments were labeled strongly by anti-alpha-synuclein antibodies. The morphologies of the 5- to 10-nm filaments and their staining characteristics suggest that extended alpha-synuclein molecules run parallel to the filament axis and that the filaments are polar structures. These findings indicate that alpha-synuclein forms the major filamentous component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1999

Effect of body composition on oxygen uptake during treadmill exercise: body builders versus weight-matched men.

Oxygen uptake (VO2) during treadmill exercise is directly related to the speed and grade, as well as the participant's body weight. To determine whether body composition also affects VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) during exercise, we studied 14 male body builders (M weight = 99 kg, SD = 7; M height = 180 cm, SD = 8; M body fat = 8%, SD = 3; M fat free mass = 91 kg, SD = 7) and 14 weight-matched men (M weight = 99 kg, SD = 9; M height = 179 cm, SD = 5; M body fat = 24%, SD = 5; M fat free mass = 73 kg, SD = 9). Percentage of body fat, t(13) = 8.185, p < .0001, and fat free mass, t(13) = 5.723, p < .0001, were significantly different between groups. VO2 was measured by respiratory gas analysis at rest and during three different submaximal workrates while walking on the treadmill without using the handrails for support. VO2 was significantly greater for the lean, highly muscular men at rest: 5.6 +/- 1 vs. 4.0 +/- 1 ml.kg-1.min-1, F(1, 26) = 21.185, p < .001; Stage 1: 1.7 mph/10%, 18.5 +/- 2 vs. 16.1 +/- 2 ml.kg-1.min-1, F(1, 26) = 6.002, p < .05; Stage 2: 2.5 mph/12%, 26.6 +/- 3 vs. 23.1 +/- 2 ml.kg-1.min-1, F(1, 26) = 7.991, p < .01; and Stage 3:3.4 mph/14%, 39.3 +/- 5 vs. 33.5 +/- 5 ml.kg-1.min-1, F(1, 26) = 7.682, p < .01, body builders versus weight-matched men, respectively. However, net VO2 (i.e., exercise VO2 - rest VO2) was not significantly different between the two groups at any of the matched exercise stages. The findings from this study indicate that VO2 during weight-bearing exercise performed at the same submaximal workrate is higher for male body builders compared to that measured in weight-matched men and that which is predicted by standard equations. These observed differences in exercise VO2 appear to be due to the higher resting VO2 in highly muscular participants.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Investigation into the relationship between body surface area and total body potassium using Monte Carlo and measurement.

The use of body surface area (BSA) as a means of indexing chemotherapy doses is widespread even though the value of this practice is uncertain. In principle, the body cell mass (BCM) more closely represents the body's metabolic size and this is investigated here as an alternative to BSA; since 98% of body potassium is intracellular the derivation of total body potassium (TBK) via the measurement of 40K in a whole body counter (WBC) will provide a useful normalizing index for metabolic size, potentially avoiding toxicity and underdosing. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital WBC has been used in this study, initially involving single geometrical phantoms and then combinations of these to simulate human body habitus. Monte Carlo N-particle (MCNP) codes were constructed to model the phantoms and simulate the measurements made in the WBC. Efficiency corrections were derived by comparing measurement and modelled data for each detector separately. A method of modelling a person in the WBC as a series of ellipsoids was developed. Twenty-four normal males and 24 females were measured for their 40K emissions. Individual MCNP codes were constructed for each volunteer and the results used in conjunction with the measurements to derive TBK, correcting for body habitus effects and detector efficiencies. An estimate of the component of error arising from sources other than counting statistics was included by analysing data from the measurement of phantoms. The total residual errors (expressed as coefficients of variation) for males and females were 10.1% and 8.5% respectively. The measurement components were determined to be 2.4% and 2.5%, implying that the biological components were 9.8% and 8.1% respectively. These results suggest that the use of BSA for indexing chemotherapy doses is likely to give rise to clinically significant under- or overdosing.

Body Surface Area↗
PubMed1989

Estimation of body composition from bioelectric impedance of body segments.

The hypothesis that body composition can be estimated accurately from measurements of the length and resistance of the body segments was tested. Weight; stature; whole-body resistance; and the resistances, lengths, and circumferences of the leg, trunk, and arm were measured for 135 white men and women aged 18-58 y. Fat-free mass (FFM) and percent body fat (%BF) were obtained from densitometry. The resistance of the whole body was determined almost entirely by the resistances of the arm and the leg. The accuracy of the prediction of FFM from arm length2/arm resistance and of %BF from weight x arm resistance/arm length2 was only marginally less than that obtained by using whole-body measurements. Thus, measurements of the resistance and length of the arm can be used in place of the whole-body methods for estimating body composition from bioelectric impedance.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cosmetic surgery patients.

This study was the first empirical investigation of body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients. Of 132 women, 100 women (response rate, 76 percent) completed two body image measures prior to surgery, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire and the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination Self-Report. Cosmetic surgery patients did not demonstrate greater dissatisfaction with their overall appearance compared with the reported normal values of the measures. However, when asked about the specific bodily feature they were considering for cosmetic surgery, they reported significantly greater dissatisfaction than a normative sample. In addition, 7 percent of the sample met diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder, a potential psychiatric contraindication to cosmetic surgery. Implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the nature of body image dissatisfaction and the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Repositioning accuracy of a commercially available double-vacuum whole body immobilization system for stereotactic body radiation therapy.

We evaluated the repositioning accuracy of a commercially available stereotactic whole body immobilization system (BodyFIX, Medical Intelligence, Schwabmuenchen, Germany) in 36 patients treated by hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy. CT data were acquired for positional control of patient and tumor before each fraction of the treatment course. Those control CT datasets were compared with the original treatment planning CT simulation and analyzed with respect to positional misalignment of bony patient anatomy, and the respective position of the treated small lung or liver lesions. We assessed the stereotactic coordinates of distinct bony anatomical landmarks in the original CT and each control dataset. In addition, the target isocenter was recorded in the planning CT simulation dataset. An iterative optimization algorithm was implemented, utilizing a root mean square scoring function to determine the best-fit orientation of subsequent sets of anatomical landmark measurements relative to the original treatment planning CT data set. This allowed for the calculation of the x, y and z-components of translation of the patient's body and the target's center-of-mass for each control CT study, as well as rotation about the principal room axes in the respective CT data sets. In addition to absolute patient/target translation, the total magnitude vector of patient and target misalignment was calculated. A clinical assessment determined whether or not the assigned planning target volume safety margins would have provided the desired target coverage. To this end, each control CT study was co-registered with the original treatment planning study using immobilization system related fiducial markers, and the computed isodose calculation was superimposed. In 109 control setup CT scans available for comparison with their respective treatment planning CT simulation study (2-5 per patient, median 3), anatomical landmark analysis revealed a mean bony landmark translation of -0.4 +/- 3.9 (mean +/- SD), -0.1 +/- 1.6 and 0.3 +/- 3.6 mm in x, y and z-directions, respectively. Bony landmark setup deviations along one or more principal axis larger than 5 mm were observed in 32 control CT studies (29.4%). Body rotations about the x-, y- and z-axis were 0.9 +/- 0.7, 0.8 +/- 0.7 and 1.8 +/- 1.6 degrees, respectively. Assuming a rigid body relationship of target and bony anatomy, the mean computed absolute target translation was 2.9 +/- 3.3, 2.3 +/- 2.5 and 3.2 +/- 2.7 mm in x, y and z-directions, respectively. The median and mean magnitude vector of target isocenter displacement was computed to be 4.9 mm, and 5.7 +/- 3.7 mm. Clinical assessment of PTV/target volume coverage revealed 72 (66.1%), 23 (21.1%), and 14 (12.8%), of excellent (100% isodose coverage), good (>90% isodose coverage), and poor GTV/isodose alignment quality (less than 90% isodose coverage to some aspect of the GTV), respectively. Loss of target volume dose coverage was correlated with translations >5 mm along one or more axes (p<0.0001), rotations >3 degrees about the z-axis (p=0.0007) and body mass index >30 (p<0.0001). The analyzed BodyFIX whole body immobilization system performed favorably compared with other stereotactic body immobilization systems for which peer-reviewed repositioning data exist. While the measured variability in patient and target setup provided clinically acceptable setup accuracy in the vast majority of cases, larger setup deviations were occasional observed. Such deviations constitute a potential for partial target underdosing warranting, in our opinion, a pre-delivery positional assessment procedure (e.g., pre-treatment control CT scan).

Body Weights and Measures↗
PubMed2004

Diabetes is associated independently of body composition with BMD and bone volume in older white and black men and women: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study.

UNLABELLED: The association between type 2 diabetes, BMD, and bone volume was examined to determine the effect of lean and fat mass and fasting insulin in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, which included white and black well-functioning men and women 70-79 years of age (N = 2979). Diabetes predicted higher hip, whole body, and volumetric spine BMD, and lower spine bone volume, independent of body composition and fasting insulin. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine if the association between type 2 diabetes and higher BMD observed in older white women is seen in elderly white men and blacks and to evaluate if higher BMD in diabetic individuals is accounted for by lean mass, fat mass, or fasting insulin differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, which included white and black well-functioning men and women 70-79 years of age (N = 2979), 19% of participants had diabetes at baseline. Of those with diabetes, 57% were men, and 62% were black. Multivariate linear regression models examined independent effects of diabetes, lean mass, fat mass, visceral fat, and fasting insulin on BMD and bone volume while adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Fasting insulin, visceral fat, and volumetric spine BMD, assessed by CT, and lean mass, fat mass, and total hip and whole body BMD, assessed by DXA, were higher (p < or = 0.05 for all) for those with diabetes. Hip BMD was higher in white men (0.99 +/- 0.14 versus 0.93 +/- 0.14 g/cm2, p < 0.001), black men (1.06 +/- 0.17 versus 1.00 +/- 0.15 g/cm2, p < 0.001), white women (0.83 +/- 0.13 versus 0.76 +/- 0.13 g/cm2, p < 0.001), and black women (0.90 +/- 0.15 versus 0.85 +/- 0.15 g/cm2, p < 0.001) with diabetes compared with those without diabetes, although the relationship was attenuated by body composition. In multiple regression models, diabetes was an independent predictor of higher hip, whole body, and volumetric spine BMD in all participants (p < or = 0.001), but lower spine volume (p = 0.01) and higher hip BMD for each race-gender group (p < or = 0.01). Type 2 diabetes was associated with a 4-5% higher total hip BMD in all race-gender groups of elderly adults, independent of body composition and fasting insulin levels.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Reproducibility of pediatric whole body bone and body composition measures by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using the GE Lunar Prodigy.

The use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in pediatrics is increasing. It is safe, readily available, and easily performed, but there is little information on reproducibility. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility of whole body DXA scans in children. Total and regional bone mineral density, bone mineral content, nonbone, lean fat mass, and percent fat were measured twice by whole body DXA (GE Lunar Prodigy) in 49 subjects (5 to 17 yr). Within each subject, between subjects, and reading standard deviations for each body component were evaluated as well as intraclass correlations (IC) and coefficients of variation (CV). Total body measurements had better IC and CV than regional results from the whole body scan, with legs and arms better than trunk and spine. IC values were >or=0.989 for total body, >or=0.976 for legs and arms, and >or=0.875 for trunk and spine. CV values ranged 0.18 to 1.97% for total body, and 0.96 to 6.91% for regional measures. These values confirm that body composition and bone mass by DXA are highly reproducible among pediatric subjects. The results of this study can be used by clinicians and researchers for interpretation of longitudinal observations and for power calculations.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1979

An exploration of perception of body boundary, personal space, and body size in elderly persons.

A study of 108 elderly persons using the Body Distortion Questionnaire and the personal space simulation technique test did not support hypotheses that elderly persons with a large personal space will have a larger distortion of body boundary, a larger perception of large body size, a smaller perception of small body size, a larger distortion of body size, and a larger body distortion than elderly persons with a small personal space. The analyses with one-tail t tests showed elderly persons with a small personal space have a larger perception of large body size and a larger distortion of body size than elderly persons with a large personal space. When the extremes of personal space were used the results were the same. Males have a larger personal space and greater distortion of skin perceptions than females.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

[Structure of inclusion bodies and electron microscopic virus detection in naturally occurring inclusion body hepatitis in chickens].

Electron microscopy was used to examine the liver of chickens with spontaneous inclusion body hepatitis. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies only were established from two flocks, mainly amphophilic from one flock, and primarily basophilic from another two flocks. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were predominant in broiler chickens with dystrophic fatty degeneration of the liver, while basophile inclusion bodies were recorded primarily from parental or laying-hen chickens with reduced metabolic stress of the liver and more focal necrosis. The eosinophilic inclusion bodies consitsed of a filamentous matrix, with virus particles not safely detectable. The amphophilic inclusion bodies contained parvovirus particles, most likely adenoassociated virus, while the basophilic inclusion bodies inclused parvoviruses or adenoviruses (in flock NO. IV) or adenoviruses only (in flock No. V) in an amorphous chromatin matrix. The presence of parvoviruses in field material was taken to suggest a possible role of those pathogens in inclusion body hepatitis.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1989

Body mass index as a measure of body fatness in the elderly.

Body composition was assessed in a group of 35 apparently health elderly males and 37 elderly females, aged 60-83 years, by means of anthropometry and densitometry. Mean body mass index (BMI) of the males was 25.0 +/- 2.2 kg/m2 and of the females 25.9 +/- 3.2 kg/m2, which indicates normal weight to only minor overweight. Body fat as assessed by densitometry was 31 per cent in men and 44 per cent in women, a rather high value, especially when compared to the rather low BMI. Body fat percentage as calculated from the sum of four skinfolds (bicipitalis, tricipitalis, subscapularis and supra-iliacalis) using regression equations from the literature was 27.9 +/- 2.5 per cent and 38.7 +/- 3.2 per cent for men and women respectively. These values are probably an underestimation of the body fat, due to a higher proportion of internal fat in elderly subjects, which is not measured by skinfolds. Body fat percentage as determined by the BMI has an estimation error of about 4 per cent when derived from sex- and age-specific regression equations. The body fat percentage as predicted from skinfold thicknesses had a comparable error of estimate. These prediction errors in the body fat percentage in the elderly are comparable with the prediction errors found in young and middle-aged subjects as reported in the literature.

Adipose Tissue↗