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PubMed1999

Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae in cats in Germany.

Bartonella henselae and B. quintana infections in man are associated with various clinical manifestations including cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis and bacteraemia. While cats are the natural reservoir for B. henselae, the source of B. quintana is unclear. In this study, the sera of 713 cats from Germany were examined for the presence of antibodies against B. henselae, B. quintana or Afipia felis by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Bartonella-specific antibody titres of > or =50 were found in 15.0% of the cats. There was substantial cross-reactivity among the various Bartonella antigens, although single sera showed high titres against B. henselae but not against B. quintana and vice versa. Antibodies against A. felis were not detected in any of these cats. Statistical analysis indicated that there is no correlation between Bartonella infections and the sex, age or breed of the cat or its hunting behavior. There was also no correlation between bartonella and toxoplasma infections in cats. However, whereas 16.8% of cats from northern Germany had B. quintana-specific antibodies, only 8.0% of cats from southern Germany were seropositive for B. quintana. No statistically significant difference was found for B. henselae. IFA-positive and IFA-negative sera were used for immunoblot analysis including B. henselae and B. quintana. Marked reactivity was observed with protein bands at 80, 76, 73, 65, 37, 33 and 15 kDa. The results of this study suggest that B. henselae, and possibly a B. quintana-related pathogen, but not A. felis, are common in cats in Germany, and that there are differences in the geographic distribution of bartonella infections in cats.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Infection and re-infection of domestic cats with various Bartonella species or types: B. henselae type I is protective against heterologous challenge with B. henselae type II.

Four Bartonella species have been isolated from domestic cats, of which two serotypes/genotypes of Bartonella henselae and possibly B. clarridgeiae are human pathogens, causing cat scratch disease (CSD).Our objectives were to evaluate infection and potential cross-protection during re-infection in domestic cats with various Bartonella species or types.Thirty-six cats were primarily inoculated with B. henselae type I (n=16), B. henselae type II (n=10), B. clarridgeiae (n=6) or B. koehlerae (n=4). They were challenged with B. henselae type I (n=15), B. henselae type II (n=13) or B. clarridgeiae (n=8). All 36 cats became bacteremic (1.25x10(2)-1.44x10(6)CFU/ml) and bacteremia lasted from 37 to 582 days. Duration of bacteremia for cats inoculated with B. henselae type I was shorter than for cats inoculated with either B. henselae type II (P=0.025) or B. clarridgeiae (P=0.011). After challenge, 26 cats became bacteremic. Among the nine cats primarily inoculated with B. henselae type I and challenged with B. henselae type II, six cats stayed abacteremic. The three bacteremic cats had a transient low-level bacteremia. No bacteremia was observed in three cats primarily inoculated with B. henselae type I and challenged with another strain of B. henselae type I. Bacteremia levels in the 26 cats were significantly lower than for primary inoculation (P=0.022) and its duration was shorter (P=0.012). Among the eight cats challenged with B. clarridgeiae, duration of bacteremia in the four cats primarily inoculated with B. henselae type I was shorter than in the four cats primarily inoculated with B. henselae type II (P=0.01). Bartonella clarridgeiae inoculated cats were more likely to have relapses for both primary and secondary infections. This is the first demonstration of cross-protection, evidenced by absence of bacteremia, in cats primarily infected with B. henselae type I and challenged with B. henselae type II, whereas no cross-protection was previously shown for cats primarily infected with B. henselae type II and challenged with B. henselae type I. Such results are of major importance for future feline Bartonella vaccine development.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental infection and horizontal transmission of Bartonella henselae in domestic cats.

In order to study B. henselae transmission among cats, five young cats were kept in confinement for two years, one of them being inoculated by SC route with B. henselae (10(5) UFC). Only occasional contact among cats occurred but the presence of fleas was observed in all animals throughout the period. Blood culture for isolation of bacteria, PCR-HSP and FTSZ (gender specific), and BH-PCR (species-specific), as well as indirect immunofluorescence method for anti-B. henselae antibodies were performed to confirm the infection of the inoculated cat as well as the other naive cats. Considering the inoculated animal, B. henselae was first isolated by blood culture two months after inoculation, bacteremia last for four months, the specific antibodies being detected by IFI during the entire period. All contacting animals presented with bacteremia 6 months after experimental inoculation but IFI did not detect seroconversion in these animals. All the isolates from these cats were characterized as Bartonella (HSP and FTSZ-PCR), henselae (BH-PCR). However, DNA of B. henselae could not be amplified directly from peripheral blood by the PCR protocols used. Isolation of bacteria by blood culture was the most efficient method to diagnose infection compared to PCR or IFI. The role of fleas in the epidemiology of B. henselae infection in cats is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Bartonella (Rochalimaea) antibodies, dementia, and cat ownership among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

To determine the association between recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia and serum antibodies to Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae, we performed a nested case control study within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study in Los Angeles. We measured serum IgG and IgM antibodies to B. henselae with use of enzyme immunoassay in 369 HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative participants with and without recent neuropsychological deterioration. Data on pet ownership were also collected. IgM antibodies to B. henselae were strongly associated with neuropsychological decline or dementia (OR = 6.6;95% CI = 1.4-31.9;P = .02). Those participants with IgM antibodies to B. henselae were 1.7 times more likely to develop HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or neuropsychological decline over the next 5 years. At least 4% of the new cases of HAD and neuropsychological decline were due to bartonella infection. Cat ownership was associated with the presence of IgM antibodies to B. henselae (OR = 6.4;95% CI = 1.3-30.8;p = .02) and with neuropsychological decline and dementia (OR = 2.4;95% CI = 1.2-5.1;P = .02). This finding suggests that some cases of HAD and neuropsychological decline are associated with potentially treatable B. henselae infections.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed2002

[Prevalence of Bartonella spp. seropositivity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and non infected intravenous drug abusers].

BACKGROUND: Serology is an useful tool in the diagnosis of Bartonella spp. infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seronegative patients. The value of this technique in HIV co-infected individuals is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Bartonella spp. seropositivity among intravenous drugs abusers (IDA), both HIV-infected and non-infected. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective seroepidemiological study was carried out among 241 IDA. One hundred and forty-seven of them were infected with HIV type 1. The titer of serum IgG antibodies against Bartonella spp. were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-three (14%) individuals were seropositive for Bartonella spp. Nineteen (13%) seropositive cases were found among HIV carriers and 14 (15%) among HIV uninfected people. No relationship between Bartonella spp. seropositivity and the CD4+ cell counts was found when HIV infected patients were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: We have found a similar prevalence of Bartonella spp. seropositivity in HIV-infected and non HIV-infected IDA.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae).

We assayed the ability of cat fleas to become infected with Bartonella henselae, using an artificial feeding device. Fleas fed a concentration of 1 x 10(5) cfu/ml in blood were examined using immunofluorescent antibody assay and polymerase chain reaction. Bacteria were present in the gut at 3 h, and persisted up to 9 d after infection. Qualitatively, the density of B. henselae was greater in the flea gut at 9 d, indicating that replication was occurring in the gut. B. henselae also was detected in the feces of infected fleas 9 d after infection, and produced viable colonies upon inoculation onto heart infusion agar/rabbit blood plates. Our results indicate that fleas can maintain infection with B. henselae, and may play a role in the transmission of this bacterium from infected cats to humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bartonella species as a potential cause of epistaxis in dogs.

Infection with a Bartonella species was implicated in three cases of epistaxis in dogs, based upon isolation, serology, or PCR amplification. These cases, in conjunction with previously published reports, support a potential role for Bartonella spp. as a cause of epistaxis in dogs and potentially in other animals, including humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Report of an unusual case of persistent bacteremia by Bartonella bacilliformis in a splenectomized patient.

We report a case of a 56-year-old man with a history of splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who developed persistent bacteremia in the acute phase of human bartonellosis. This patient did not develop hemolytic anemia. Only after several courses of antibiotic treatment was the infection eradicated. This is an unusual case of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection by Bartonella bacilliformis, which provides clinical evidence that the spleen is a critical effector organ of clearance of this infection as well as the effector organ of bartonellosis-associated hemolytic anemia.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1996

Serological cross-reactions between Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae, and Coxiella burnetii.

The clinical manifestations of Q fever and bartonelloses can be confused, especially in cases of infectious endocarditis. Differential diagnosis of the diseases is important because the treatments required for Q fever and bartonelloses are different. Laboratory confirmation of a suspected case of either Q fever or bartonelloses is most commonly made by antibody estimation with an indirect immunofluorescence assay. With an indirect immunofluorescence assay, 258 serum samples from patients with Q fever were tested against Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana antigens, and 77 serum samples from patients with infection by Bartonella sp. were tested against Coxiella burnetii antigen. Cross-reactivity was observed: more than 50% of the chronic Q fever patients tested had antibodies which reacted against B. henselae antigen to a significant level. This cross-reaction was confirmed by a cross-adsorption study and protein immunoblotting. However, because the levels of specific antibody titers in cases of Bartonella endocarditis are typically extremely high, low-level cross-reaction between C. burnetii antibodies and B. henselae antigen in cases of Q fever endocarditis should not lead to misdiagnosis, provided serology testing for both agents is performed.

Angiomatosis, Bacillary↗
PubMed2002

Cat scratch disease. Survey on the presence of Bartonella henselae among cats of Tuscany.

To verify the presence of Bartonella henselae-infection in cats living in Tuscany (central Italy) serological and bacteriological surveys were carried out. The blood serum samples of 427 cats, 254 living in private houses and gardens and 173 in public or private catteries, were tested for anti-B. henselae antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Among these samples, 35 were examined by IFA to detect antibodies against Bartonella quintana. Bacteriological examinations were performed on the blood samples, collected in EDTA (ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid), of 18 cats (10 seropositive to B. henselae and 8 negative). From each of the same 18 specimens DNA was extracted and used as template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primers p24E and p12B were employed in the PCR assay to amplify a 296 bp fragment of the Bartonella 16S rRNA gene. IFA detected 98 (22.95%) B. henselae-positive serum samples (40-40.82% from cats living in houses and gardens and 58-59.18% from cats of catteries) at different antibody titers (70 at 1:64 titer, 4 at 1:128, 22 at 1:256, 2 at 1:512). Among the 35 sera tested to detect antibodies against B. quintana, 9 (25.71%) resulted positive at 1:64 titer; all these samples showed higher antibody titers to B. henselae. Out of the 26 negative sera, 20 were negative to B. henselae too and 6 had antibodies against B. henselae at 1:64. Hemocultures gave negative results. PCR scored positive with DNA of 4 B. henselae-seropositive cats, two of which belonged to two children with cat scratch disease (CSD).

Animals↗