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PubMed2000

Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds.

Functional organization of the lateral temporal cortex in humans is not well understood. We recorded blood oxygenation signals from the temporal lobes of normal volunteers using functional magnetic resonance imaging during stimulation with unstructured noise, frequency-modulated (FM) tones, reversed speech, pseudowords and words. For all conditions, subjects performed a material-nonspecific detection response when a train of stimuli began or ceased. Dorsal areas surrounding Heschl's gyrus bilaterally, particularly the planum temporale and dorsolateral superior temporal gyrus, were more strongly activated by FM tones than by noise, suggesting a role in processing simple temporally encoded auditory information. Distinct from these dorsolateral areas, regions centered in the superior temporal sulcus bilaterally were more activated by speech stimuli than by FM tones. Identical results were obtained in this region using words, pseudowords and reversed speech, suggesting that the speech-tones activation difference is due to acoustic rather than linguistic factors. In contrast, previous comparisons between word and nonword speech sounds showed left-lateralized activation differences in more ventral temporal and temporoparietal regions that are likely involved in processing lexical-semantic or syntactic information associated with words. The results indicate functional subdivision of the human lateral temporal cortex and provide a preliminary framework for understanding the cortical processing of speech sounds.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Auditory processing deficits in dyslexia: task or stimulus related?

The nature of the fundamental deficit underlying reading disability is the subject of a long-standing debate. We previously found that dyslexics with additional learning difficulties (D-LDs) perform poorly in simple auditory tasks. We now tried to determine whether these deficits relate to stimulus or task complexity. We found that the degree of impairment was dependent on task rather than stimulus complexity. D-LDs could adequately detect and identify mild frequency changes in simple pure tones and minimal phonemic changes in complex speech sounds when task required only simple same-different discriminations. However, when task required the identification of the direction of frequency change or the ordinal position of a repeated tonal or speech stimulus, D-LDs' performance substantially deteriorated. This behavioral pattern suggests that D-LDs suffer from a similar type of deficits when processing speech and nonspeech sounds. In both cases, the extent of difficulties is determined by the structure of the task rather than by stimulus composition or complexity.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Encoding tasks and the processing of perceptual information in young and older adults.

This study examined the degree to which different tasks promote the encoding of the characteristics of a talker's voice in young and older adults, and whether these characteristics encoded in long-term memory facilitate spoken word identification under difficult listening conditions. During the encoding phase, participants were given extensive exposure to the voices of two talkers and performed tasks that focused their attention on either voice characteristics (explicitly or incidentally) or linguistic information. Subsequently, participants identified novel words masked by noise, half of which were spoken by one of the familiar talkers and half by an unfamiliar talker. Young adults identified with greater accuracy words spoken in a familiar voice, whereas older adults benefited from voice familiarity only under instructions that promoted attention to voice characteristics either explicitly or incidentally. Age-related declines in sensory uptake (hearing loss) accounted for most of these task-dependent voice effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Temporal and speech processing deficits in auditory neuropathy.

Auditory neuropathy affects the normal synchronous activity in the auditory nerve, without affecting the amplification function in the inner ear. Patients with auditory neuropathy often complain that they can hear sounds, but cannot understand speech. Here we report psychophysical tests indicating that these patients' poor speech recognition is due to a severe impairment in their temporal processing abilities. We also simulate this temporal processing impairment in normally hearing listeners and produce similar speech recognition deficits. This study demonstrates the importance of neural synchrony for auditory perceptions including speech recognition in humans. The results should contribute to better diagnosis and treatment of auditory neuropathy.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Developmental prosopagnosia with normal configural processing.

The configural processing hypothesis proposes that prosopagnosia results from a domain-general impairment in configural processing, and so predicted that all prosopagnosics would have impaired configural processing. In order to test this prediction, tests of face recognition and configural processing were presented to a developmental prosopagnosic. He was severely impaired in face recognition, but his normal performance on three tests of configural processing disconfirmed the configural processing hypothesis. Additional tests of low-level vision and object recognition found no evidence of impairments with material other than faces. The pattern of spared and impaired face recognition indicates that this case of developmental prosopagnosia is caused by a domain-specific inability to match novel views of faces with previously derived representations.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Perceptual auditory gap detection deficits in male BXSB mice with cerebrocortical ectopias.

Underlying impairments in rapid auditory processing may contribute to disrupted phonological processing, which in turn characterizes developmental language impairment (LI). Identification of a neurobiological feature of LI that is associated with auditory deficits would further support this model. Accordingly, we found that adult male rats with induced cortical malformations were impaired in rapid auditory processing. Since 40-60% of BXSB mice exhibit spontaneous focal cerebrocortical ectopias (as seen in dyslexics brains), we assessed auditory gap detection in adult male BXSB mice. Ectopic mice were significantly worse than non-ectopics in detecting a 5 ms silent gap, but were not significantly impaired at longer gap durations (10-100 ms). Our results confirm that focal cortical malformations are associated with impairments in rapid auditory processing.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

What is extinguished in auditory extinction?

Extinction is a frequent sequel of brain damage, whereupon patients disregard (extinguish) a contralesional stimulus, and report only the more ipsilesional stimulus, of a pair of stimuli presented simultaneously. We investigated the possibility of a dissociation between the detection and the identification of extinguished phonemes. Fourteen right hemisphere damaged patients with severe auditory extinction were examined using a paradigm that separated the localization of stimuli and the identification of their phonetic content. Patients reported the identity of left-sided phonemes, while extinguishing them at the same time, in the traditional sense of the term. This dissociation suggests that auditory extinction is more about acknowledging the existence of a stimulus in the contralesional hemispace than about the actual processing of the stimulus.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Psychophysical evidence for a general temporal processing deficit in children with dyslexia.

The hypothesis of a general (i.e. cross-modal) temporal processing deficit in dyslexia was tested by examining rapid processing in both the auditory and the visual system in the same children with dyslexia. Participants were 10- to 12-year-old dyslexic readers and age-matched normal reading controls. Psychophysical thresholds were estimated for auditory gap and visual double flash detection, using a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Significant group differences were found for the auditory and the visual test. Furthermore, temporal processing measures were significantly related to word and pseudo-word reading skills. As 70% of the dyslexic readers had significantly higher thresholds than controls for both auditory and visual temporal processing, the evidence tends to support the hypothesis of a general temporal processing deficit in children with dyslexia.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2004

Severity of focal microgyria and associated rapid auditory processing deficits.

Data from rodent models of induced microgyria suggest that bilateral damage leads to more severe rapid auditory processing deficits than unilateral damage. It is unclear whether this reflects the degree, or bilateral/unilateral nature, of damage. The current study evaluates the effects of microgyric severity by assessing rats with single- vs double-pair bilateral focal microgyric lesions, using auditory discrimination and MGN measures. Behavioral data show a significant auditory processing deficit on rapid processing tasks for microgyric as compared to control subjects, and also reveal more severe deficits for double- than for single-pair bilateral microgyrics. Greater disruptions are also seen in the MGN of double-pair compared to single-pair bilateral microgyric subjects.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

The potential value of serial cerebral SPECT scanning in the evaluation of psychiatric illness.

Cerebral SPECT imaging has the potential to make an important contribution to clinical psychiatry. Cerebral SPECT scanning, stimulated by the work with PET, is readily available and much less expensive than PET. This paper reports a case demonstrating the potential value of cerebral SPECT scanning with I-123 IMP, specifically in the serial evaluation of a schizophrenic patient with auditory hallucinations. The initial scan revealed focal areas of increased uptake in the caudate nuclei of the basal ganglia, and in the right temporal lobe. After pharmacological treatment with clinical improvement, the follow-up SPECT scan demonstrated significant improvement in the distribution of the radiopharmaceutical.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory processing limitations in low verbal children: evidence from a two-response dichotic listening task.

Evidence for auditory processing limitations based on the use of two-response consonant-vowel (CV) dichotic listening tasks is reviewed. These studies show that low verbal children obtain fewer trials on which both items are correctly identified (double correct responses). A study is reported comparing a group of good and poor readers on the dichotic CV task. These data are then analyzed in terms of a normative model which attempts to show the effects of overall performance and guessing on double correct responses. It is concluded, in terms of the model, that the poor double correct performance of the poor readers is the direct result of poor auditory processing capacity.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interpretation of the Staggered Spondee Word (SSW) test.

The Staggered Spondee Word (SSW) test is a dichotic listening test that has been frequently used in the evaluation of auditory perceptual abilities in children with language and learning problems. Interpretation of this test is based on scores obtained under noncompeting and competing portions of the test stimuli, and on response biases that include ear and order effects, reversals, the type A pattern, and the total bias score. Alternate methods of interpreting SSW results are suggested. Data obtained on 57 children referred for central auditory and language testing are presented for illustration.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) perception in normal and learning-impaired children.

Two experiments were performed using dichotic presentation of the consonant-vowel (CV) syllables [pa], [ba], [ta], [da], [ka], and [ga]. The stimuli were constructed with no temporal offsets between channels (+/-2 msec) and with temporal offsets of 30, 60, and 90 msec between channels. Data were analyzed for ear asymmetry (right ear advantage), double-correct responses (auditory capacity), and the effects of temporal offsets (the lag effect). In experiment 1, 32 normal children (mean age at entry = 6 yrs 6 mos) were evaluated once each year over a 4-yr period. Results showed no significant change in ear laterality over the 4 yrs. However, there was a significant, age-related increase in auditory capacity. None of the subject groups showed a significant lag effect. In experiment 2 results from 17 children (mean age = 9.3 yrs) enrolled in a school for learning disability who were identified as having significant auditory processing problems were compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls. Results failed to show a significant group difference for ear asymmetry, auditory capacity, or the lag effect. Case studies are presented comparing two learning-disabled children with two normal children matched for age and sex to illustrate the results for the learning-impaired population. Overall, findings indicate that the dichotic CV syllables test has limited prognostic value in identifying auditory processing dysfunction in children classified as having "learning disability."

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of chronic hypoxemia on central auditory processing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This study was designed to discover if chronic hypoxemia produced measurable deficits in subjects' ability to process complex auditory stimuli. In Part I, a group of normal middle-aged subjects and a group of middle-aged subjects with hypoxemia secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were compared with respect to their performance on a central auditory test battery. (The test battery included the Staggered Spondaic Word, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Contralateral Competing Message, Memory for Unrelated Words, Memory for Sentences, and a Competing Sentence-Binaural Separation Test). The COPD group's scores were significantly poorer than the normal group's on two of the six tests. The pattern of test scores suggested that chronic hypoxemia produced its principle deficiency at the brain stem level. Part II of this study examined the specific relationships between pulmonary function, arterial blood gas levels, and central auditory performance in this same group of COPD subjects. Statistical analyses revealed that subjects with better pulmonary function and higher arterial blood oxygen levels had better performance on tests of central auditory function.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Normal and learning disabled children's central auditory processing skills: an experimental test battery.

The performance of normal children (N = 13) and learning disabled children (N = 26) on an experimental battery of central auditory processing (CAP) tasks was examined. The battery included low-pass filtered speech (LPFS), binaural fusion (BF), time-compressed speech (TC), and dichotic monosyllables (DM) tests. The learning disabled subjects were classified as having normal (LD/N) or significantly impaired (LD/LD) auditory perceptual skills on the basis of a pretest battery of auditory language tests. The normal (N/N) subjects and nonauditory learning disabled (LD/N) subjects tended to perform alike across measures. The auditorily impaired (LD/LD) subjects tended to perform significantly poorer than their normal agemates. The results emphasized the heterogeneity of the learning disabled population. In addition, the results suggested a potentially useful "at risk" criterion when a CAP test battery is used in the assessment of auditory perceptual impairment among children.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed1989

The clinical assessment of obscure auditory dysfunction--1. Auditory and psychological factors.

We define obscure auditory dysfunction (OAD) as the clinical presentation of reported difficulty understanding speech in the presence of noise accompanied by clinically "normal" hearing thresholds, and no other obvious cause. The term deliberately avoids particular pathophysiological connotations. A detailed characterization of such patients was undertaken as the basis for future diagnosis and management of OAD by clinicians. Twenty patients were compared with 20 pairs of controls (matched for age, sex, educational level, and noise exposure) on tests of auditory, linguistic, and psychological function. Patients showed a genuine performance deficit on a speech-in-noise task, due in part to minor auditory dysfunction and poor linguistic ability. Their high level of self-rated disability and handicap cannot, however, be entirely explained by this genuine deficit. An anxious personality and a history of otological symptoms typified the patient group; either or both have presumably contributed to patients' seeking of medical or audiological advice. OAD is thus a multifactorial syndrome with contributions from auditory, psychological, and linguistic factors. The variance in (and correlation between) performance levels on two sentence-in-noise tests, present only within the patient group, indicates that these patients are not a homogenous group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Distinguishing auditory and speech-specific perceptual deficits.

The ability to discriminate speech and nonspeech auditory stimuli was tested in a learning disabled child. The perception of speech stimuli was normal when the stimuli were presented in quiet but below normal when the stimuli were presented in noise. Although the perception of pure tone stimuli and environmental sounds was normal both in quiet and noise, the perception of nonspeech stimuli with rapid changes in acoustic information was impaired in noise. These findings illustrate the importance of relating performance for speech and complex nonspeech stimuli in investigating the basis of speech perceptual deficits. Whereas abnormal performance for speech stimuli coupled with normal performance for complex nonspeech stimuli argues for the existence of specialized speech processing mechanisms, abnormal performance for both types of stimuli, as was found in the present subject, argues for the existence of more generalized auditory processing mechanisms.

Adolescent↗