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PubMed1989

Mother's attitude towards child's health education and play in ICDS and non-ICDS areas.

To lay the foundation for proper physical and psychological development of children is one of the stated objectives of Integrated Child Development Services Scheme, which is operational in India since 1975-76. This objective can not be achieved unless a positive change in maternal attitude is accomplished. The present investigation was conducted in an oldest project area of India to assess this change using an adjacent Non-ICDS area as control. Majority of the mothers in both the areas were apathetic towards the health, education and play of their children. Nevertheless one encouraging trend was also observed. Significantly higher number of mothers in ICDS area had positive attitude in all the three variables in comparison to mothers in Non-ICDS area. It appears that ICDS Scheme has given the start but to have more acceptable answers, in depth investigations at national level are needed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1986

A cross-cultural history of abortion.

Abortion is a universal phenomenon, occurring throughout recorded history and at all levels of societal organization. Techniques are highly varied, as are the circumstances under which it is practised. The status of and attitudes towards abortion in Western civilization are variable and have, in most cases, been changing. As of 1982, 10% and 18% of the world's population respectively, lived in countries where abortion was totally prohibited or where it was permitted only to save the mother's life. In the USA, various national surveys indicate liberalization of public attitudes towards pregnancy termination between 1965 and the years immediately following the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision (1973) which legalized abortion. More recent polls demonstrate little attitudinal change since 1972-1973: between 80% and 90% of Americans approve of abortion in the case of poor health, a seriously defective fetus, or rape, and between 40% and 50% indicate approval for all other reasons as well. Only 10% of the American population would like to see abortion prohibited under all circumstances. Sociodemographic analyses indicate that individuals who disapprove of abortion differ from those who approve of its availability in that they are more likely to be Roman Catholic or fundamentalist Protestant; are, in general, more strongly committed to organized religion; are on the traditional/conservative end of the spectrum with regard to women's role in life, premarital sex, sex education and civil liberties; and tend to have achieved a relatively low educational level. 'Pro-life' and 'pro-choice' activists tend to be women who are completely different from one another in sociodemographic characteristics and in overall values, particularly as these relate to traditional versus modern female roles.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The abortion issue in the 1984 elections.

In the 1984 election, Ronald Reagan, the Republican presidential incumbent and an opponent of legal abortion, defeated Walter Mondale, a prochoice Democrat, by a wide margin. Despite Reagan's sweep of 49 states, however, conservatives lost a little ground in the Senate, where four of the seven new senators elected take a prochoice position on abortion. On the other hand, antiabortion forces registered some gains in the House of Representatives. The voting groups were more divided over the abortion issue in 1984 than they had been in 1980: In 1980, Reagan voters and Carter voters did not differ significantly in their attitudes toward abortion, but in 1984, Reagan voters were significantly more likely to be opposed to abortion than were Mondale voters. Nevertheless, only a small minority of voters considered abortion to be a major national issue, and the two voter groups were far more divided on several other issues than they were on abortion. There was no antiabortion consensus among the electorate as a whole, or among Reagan voters in particular. The level of approval for legalized abortion has, in fact, remained quite stable since 1973, and a popular base in favor of banning abortion seems to be lacking.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family size intentions and socioeconomic status in Singapore, 1974-1981.

Singapore has in recent years undergone a tremendous fertility decline that has affected couples at all socioeconomic levels. Using representative biographical sketches, this article presents the results of a panel study on family planning intentions and behavior among 45 young Chinese Singaporean couples. The couples, ranked as average or affluent working-class, or middle-class, were first interviewed in 1974-76 and were followed up in 1981. The study compares early childbearing intentions with actual childbearing behavior, examining the motivation for childbearing by socioeconomic group and highlighting the differences found. The follow-up interviews reveal that, on average, all couples in the sample bore 0.4 fewer children than originally intended. The motivation for changed childbearing intentions, however, differed according to socioeconomic status and the perceived role that children play in the family economy.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Short-term effects of teenage parenting programs on knowledge and attitudes.

The short-term effects of teenage parenting programs upon the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant teenagers were assessed. The programs studied produced a significant change in the teenagers' knowledge of sexuality and child development while having no apparent effect on the teenagers' parenting attitudes. The implications of producing changes in knowledge without accompanying changes in attitudes are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The abortion issue in the 1980 elections.

The political opponents of legal abortion achieved considerable gains in the 1980 American elections. A president who was committed to a strong antiabortion position was elected, and antiabortion candidates prevailed in six out of seven Senate races that pitted supporters against opponents of legal abortion and in seven out of nine similar confrontations in the House races. However, it is not clear that abortion was an overriding or decisive factor in determining those outcomes. Democrats and Republicans, Carter voters and Reagan voters did not differ significantly in their attitudes toward abortion. The presidential voter groups were divided on several other issues, and along income and racial lines, to a far greater extent than they were on abortion. Voters were not likely to name abortion as one of the more important problems facing the nation. Carter supporters rated abortion as more important than did Reagan supporters. Although the party platforms and the presidential candidates were clearly differentiated in their abortion stands, these differences were not well communicated to the citizenry. When voters attempted to describe the position of each candidate on abortion, they displayed a great deal of uncertainty, error and confusion. In the key Senate races, those who voted for the prochoice candidates held more liberal abortion attitudes than those who voted for the right-to-life candidates. This difference, although statistically significant, was not great, and was smaller than the differences related to several other issues--such as attitudes toward the role of government, women's rights and economic policies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in adolescent males' use of and attitudes toward condoms, 1988-1991.

Data from more than 1,000 sexually active young males interviewed in 1988 for the National Survey of Adolescent Males at ages 15-19 and reinterviewed in 1990-1991 at ages 17-22 show that as the respondents grew older, their condom use declined. Although respondents' attitudes about the effects of condoms on pregnancy risk, partner appreciation, sexual pleasure and embarrassment became more favorable toward condom use over time, their degree of worry about AIDS and their perceived likelihood of getting AIDS declined. When data on males aged 17.5-19 in each time period were contrasted, the level of condom use was found to be essentially constant. Several condom-related attitudes among this age-group had become more favorable, although their perceived risk of acquiring AIDS had diminished. Multivariate analyses revealed that decreased worry about AIDS and increased denial of the seriousness of AIDS were modestly associated with a decline in condom use. Change in condom use was also affected by change in perceived reduction in sexual pleasure and by female partner's appreciation of condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Attitudes of males on contraception: a KAPE survey.

Acceptance of Family Planning services has been at a very slow pace in Africa. It was generally believed that the African male, due to his conservatism, was an obstacle to the acceptance of contraception by the African female. The study however showed that this was not true. The attitude of the African male towards contraception has changed drastically during the last thirty years, from ultra-conservatism during the 60s to very liberal in the 80s and 90s. Further it can be said that the African male is as well informed and has the same degree of Family Planning and child spacing acceptance-level as his counterpart in the developed world. However the African male does not accompany his partner for Family Planning Counselling. The study showed that most African men associate Family Planning with the use of condoms and not other methods such as the pill or the intrauterine devices.

Botswana↗
PubMed1995

A therapeutic community for HIV-infected persons: an approach for prevention and control of AIDS.

The Therapeutic Community (TC) for HIV-infected persons is neither a hospital nor a confinement for people with HIV. Actually it is a family of friends who are in the same boat and a place of education to teach them about AIDS and relevant subjects necessary for their life in the future, and to help establish new values and life styles for them using TC tools which are adapted from the DAYTOP TC in U.S.A. The purpose was not only to build the residents, but also to encourage them to do their part in contributing to build up a better and safer society that will help to save the lives of others from AIDS. Correct knowledge in AIDS, together with the quality of honesty, responsibility and other basic attitudes that the residents acquire through the program will enable them to become a creative force in the prevention and control of AIDS. The author would say that words alone will not describe the whole TC. It requires self experience through the program in order to learn TC and understand it.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding changes in sexual activity among young metropolitan men: 1979-1995.

CONTEXT: Changes in the sexual behavior of teenagers can have a significant impact on levels of adolescent pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Understanding the role played by attitudes and educational efforts will provide critical prevention information. METHODS: Data on the sexual behavior, sexual attitudes, educational experiences and demographics of 2,087 never-married metropolitan males aged 17-19 from the 1979 National Survey of Young Men and the 1988 and 1995 waves of the National Survey of Adolescent Males were analyzed through multivariate methods to examine factors that predict sexual behavior as well as those that predict sexual attitudes. RESULTS: The percentage of males aged 17-19 who had ever had sex increased from 66% in 1979 to 76% in 1988 and then decreased to 68% in 1995. The frequency of sexual intercourse in the year prior to the survey increased significantly over time, although the lifetime number of sexual partners did not. Acceptance of premarital sex increased significantly from 1979 to 1988, then decreased significantly from 1988 to 1995. Over time, young men were increasingly likely to prefer having and supporting a baby to marriage, abortion or adoption as the resolution to a nonmarital pregnancy. Trends in attitudes were strongly associated with sexual behaviors, with more conservative attitudes predicting less sexual activity. AIDS education, which was nearly universal in 1995, was associated with decreased sexual activity, although not among black youths. CONCLUSIONS: More conservative sexual attitudes and increased exposure to AIDS education are key predictors of decreased sexual activity among adolescent males. However, broader societal factors, such as fear of AIDS and increased awareness of problems associated with teenage pregnancy and STDs, may underlie both attitudinal and behavioral changes.

Adolescent↗