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PubMed2001

[Stomatologic significance of masticatory system types].

The author gives analysis on the importance of the constitutional types of the masticatory system in the fields of restorative dentistry, oral surgery, prosthodontics and orthodontics. According to his research there are two types: I. High alveolar process, the teeth have long roots and short crowns. II. Low alveolar process, the teeth have shorter roots and longer crowns. The two groups may be differentiated by measurement of the height of the upper alveolar process in the median line (anthropologic points: nasospinale, prosthion) and the lengths of the anatomic crown of the upper medial incisor.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in cat periodontal tissues].

Lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant systems were studied in parodontium tissues of 64 cats; maximal activation of lipid peroxidation was detected in gingivitis both in gingiva and in alveolar process. Lipid peroxidation tended to normalization in gingiva only under conditions of light form of parodontitis, while in alveolar process--during parodontitis of middle severity. Deterioration of the antioxidant systems in bones during pathological state was more distinct as compared with gingiva; hence, metabolic alterations, occurred in response to activation of lipid peroxidation in gingivitis, were proceeded in bone structures of alveolar process and after the inflammation decrease in gingiva.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1993

The use of bone grafts in orofacial clefts.

In the repair of orofacial clefts can be used various techniques of bone transplantations. The authors describe the long term experience with untoward effects of primary bone grafts on the growth of the maxilla. They discuss the effects of a secondary bone graft consisting of a compact bone. This bone graft, however, does not eliminate the defect of the alveolar process. They prefer the technique of an autotransplantation of spongious bone grafts applied after the onset of puberty. This graft reconstructs he threshold of the nostril and the alveolar process. It exerted favorable effects on the development of the alveolar process and of the anterior segment of the maxilla.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effect of different masticatory functional and mechanical demands on the structural adaptation of the mandibular alveolar bone in young growing rats.

The influence of masticatory functional and mechanical demands on the structural adaptation of the alveolar bone has not been investigated in both animals and humans. The effect of two experimental factors, the insertion of a bite-opening appliance and the alteration of food consistency, was investigated in young growing rats, with a particular emphasis on three-dimensional (3D) bone microstructure. Thirty-six male albino rats were divided into two equal groups, fed with either the standard hard diet or soft diet, at the age of 4 weeks. After 2 weeks, half of the animals in both groups had their upper molars fitted with an upper posterior bite block, an appliance similar to those used in clinical orthodontics. The remaining animals served as a control. After another 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and their left hemimandibles were excised. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone microstructure parameters of the alveolar process were subsequently measured, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The alveolar process width was also measured. Both experimental factors led to significant shape and structure modification of the mandibular alveolar bone in the growing rat. The bite block applied a continuous light force, which was associated with an inhibition of alveolar process vertical growth and a significant increase of cortical thickness. Soft diet and the consequent reduction of the intermittent forces applied to the alveolar bone during mastication resulted in a reduction of bone mineral density, accompanied by decreased trabecular bone volume and thickness. This rat model could prove to be a useful tool for the in vivo investigation of the role of muscular forces on the shape and structure adaptation of bone.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1978

[Induction of jaw bone formation by tooth autotransplantation].

A case-report of segmental underdevelopment of the alveolar process in the upper jaw of an eleven-year old girl is presented. At the site where the alveolar ridge was underdeveloped, two impacted malformed incisors were found. The malformed teeth had almost normal crowns, but the root-development had terminated 1-2 mm beyond the cementoenamel junction. The patient was treated by removal of the two malformed impacted teeth, followed by autotransplantation of the developing second premolar with the intention of inducing bone formation. The result was promising. After 3 years the alveolar process had developed to almost normal vertical hight. Some considerations are made regarding the possible origin of the bone induction factors in tooth buds. The fact that this patient demonstrated an underdevelopment of the alveolar process in spite of the formation of almost normal crowns, is taken as evidence that the bone stimulating principle in tooth buds are not to be found in the enamel organ proper, but must be related to Hertwig's epithelial sheath, root development and tooth eruption.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1991

A histochemical study of the development of premaxilla and maxilla during secondary palate formation in the mouse embryo.

The development of premaxilla and maxilla in the mouse fetus during secondary palate formation from the 12th to the 16th days of gestation was histochemically assessed. To determine the developmental stages, a classification based on the morphogenesis of the limbs, or the "limb score" (LS) was employed. The stage of LS coincided with the gestational age from the 13th to the 15th days. Early on the 12th day, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity was intense in the mesenchyme lateral to the incisor tooth bud and latero-inferior to the inferior orbital nerve. Subsequently, osteoblasts differentiated at these two sites. The ALPase positive area grew concomitantly with the nasal capsule, the molar tooth germ, and the closure of the secondary palate. The area of bone differentiation contoured the orbital nerve and extended to the rostral part of the secondary palate. At the LS stage -6 (13.52 days), ALPase activity was observed in the mesenchyme medial to, and also surrounding the molar tooth germ. The area of osteogenesis of the secondary palate spread along the medial side of the molar tooth germ, where the formation of the medial alveolar process of the maxilla was completed by the LS stage 3 (15.35 days). The ALPase positive area extended to the horizontal palatal shelves. By late on the 16th day, the palatal process was fully developed. In parallel, bone resorption began on the molar side of the alveolar process. Acid phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities (ACPase and TRACPase activity, respectively) revealed ACPase and TRACPase positive mononuclear cells around the molar tooth germ long before ossification occurred. Our results thus suggest an involvement of the incisor tooth bud and the infra-orbital nerve in the initial osteogenesis of the premaxilla and maxilla. Enzyme activities lead to the consideration that osteoclast precursors initiate differentiation around the molar tooth germ. Ostensibly, the mechanical force from the growth of the molar tooth would promote differentiation and activation of osteoclasts located on the alveolar process. Also, the LS classification would improve and simplify future studies of the development of the secondary palate.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Sequestration of the alveolar bone by invasive aspergillosis in acute myeloid leukemia.

Compared to non-invasive aspergillosis, invasive aspergillosis in the region of the mouth, jaw and face has rarely been reported. It occurs particularly often in the presence of haematological oncological illness. The case of a patient suffering from acute myeloid leukemia is described; he contracted invasive aspergillosis of the lungs and the alveolar processes in the course of chemotherapeutic treatment. All the alveolar processes in the region of the premolars and molars were demarcated and had to be removed by sequestrectomy. The therapy of invasive aspergillosis should be carried out within the framework of intensive interdisciplinary treatment. In addition to systemic and local antimycotic therapy, the debridement of necrotic hard and soft tissue was necessary.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Molecular structure of the bony tissue after experimental trauma to the mandibular region followed by laser therapy.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the therapeutic efficiency of laser irradiation and Bio-Oss, both and separately, on the post-traumatic regeneration of bone tissue in rats using infrared spectroscopy as an informative and accurate measuring method. BACKGROUND DATA: The therapeutic effect of low-power laser irradiation on bone tissue regeneration processes in animal models has been studied using morphogenic, biochemical, roentgenographic and electron microscopic measurements. Natural bone minerals, such as Bio-Oss collagen, were recommended for the reconstruction of bone defects in the alveolar process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 29 male Wistar rats, divided into four random groups in a blinded manner were operated on the right alveolar process. A bone defect was made by penetrating the right alveolar process of the mandible bone using a 3-mm drill. The rats were divided into four groups as follows: Group I, left side served as intact bone and right injured side as the control; Group II, right injured side was treated by organic bovine bone (Bio-Oss); Group III, right side bone defect was treated by HeNe laser (632.8 nm, 35 mW) applied transcutaneously for 20 min to the injured area daily for the following 14 consecutive days; and Group IV, Bio-Oss was placed loosely in the right side defect followed by laser treatment. After 2 weeks, the intact bone and bone replicas of the trauma area were removed and analyzed by infra-red spectroscopy technique. The composition and the structure of the bone tissue mineral substances were determined and compared among the four groups. For quantitative analysis of the regenerative bone process, the Mineralization index was used. An increase in this index indicates regenerative bone processes. RESULTS: The normal state analysis of the IR spectra of the normal alveolar bone tissue within the intervals of 400 to 4000 cm(-1) revealed characteristic absorption bands for the inorganic bone component in spectrum regions 450-1480 cm(-1), and the organic component at 1540-3340 cm(-1). In the case of trauma, the intensity of absorption of the inorganic component was decreased by 54%, and the absorption band became narrow, which can be interpreted as quantitative changes of the bone tissue mineral content. The wavelength characteristics of the inorganic component remained unchanged; that is, the induced trauma under these experimental conditions did not provoke alterations in the structure of the phosphate framework. The organic component showed decreased absorption by 10-15%, compared to the normal bone, and slight displacement of the wavelength, which can be interpreted as changes occurring in the quality of the organic content of the bone tissue. In the Bio-Oss-treated group, the intensity of absorption of the inorganic component increased by 43%, compared to the control injured area; however, there was a decrease of 22.6% in the normal bone. The wavelength characteristics of the inorganic component remained unchanged. The organic component showed similar absorption results in the injured non-treated group and absorption was 10-15% less than in the normal bone. Mineralization Index in the Bio-Oss-treated group was 0.93, compared to 0.63 in the control group and 2.04 in the normal bone. In the laser-treated group, the intensity of absorption of the inorganic component increased by 62, compared to the control injured area, and decreased only 11.4% in the normal bone. The wavelength characteristics of the organic component remained unchanged; that is, the organic component was similar to that of normal bone. Mineralization Index in the laser-treated group increased significantly to 1.86, compared to 0.63 in the control group and 2.04 in the normal bone. In the combined laser and Bio-Oss-treated groups, the intensity of absorption of the inorganic component and organic component was similar to that of normal bone. Mineralization Index in this group increased significantly to 1.98, compared to 0.63 in the control group and 2.04 in the normal bone. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that low-power laser irradiatults suggest that low-power laser irradiation alone and in combination with Bio-Oss enhances bone healing and increases bone repair.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mandibular bone graft material for reconstruction of alveolar cleft defects: long-term results.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the long-term effect of mandibular bone as donor material in bone grafting of the alveolar process defect in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), compared with iliac crest cancellous bone. METHOD: During a 7-year period, 101 UCLP patients were bone grafted, 57 cases with iliac crest cancellous bone and 44 with mandibular symphyseal bone. The long-term results with an observation time of more than 4 years were analyzed with respect to marginal bone level and dental and gingival condition in the grafted area. Complications were recorded. RESULTS: The bone level in the grafted area was satisfactory in both groups. Impaction of cleft-side canines was found in 35% of the patients in both groups. Patients with agenesis of the cleft side lateral incisor had significantly more impacted canines, compared with patients with a cleft-side lateral situated in the lesser maxillary segment, probably due to the fact that the lateral incisors help in guiding the canine down through the grafted area. The number of complications was scarce, although both groups demonstrated some gingival retraction with a longer crown length at the cleft side central incisor. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study have changed our strategy in bone grafting. Timing of orthodontic treatment and bone grafting has been more varied depending on the position and presence of teeth in the cleft area. Bone grafting of the alveolar process is not just a local treatment of a bony defect, but in respect to the burden of treatment, bone grafting of the alveolar process has to be planned in accordance with orthodontic treatment and maxillofacial growth.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2005

[Transverse spiral tomography with the Cranex-Tome apparatus in diseases of the temporomandibular joint and in implantology].

INTRODUCTION: This study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of transverse spiral tomography with the Cranex-Tome apparatus in diseases of the temporomandibular joint and in implantology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The temporomandibular joint was studied in 35 patients. Pathologic bony structures, osteophytes, and abnormalities of the joint space were found in 34 patients. A malignant tumor was detected in one patient. In the case of the temporomandibular joint, spiral pantomography appears to offer superior results to conventional radiography by filtering out all structures superimposing on the joint. In addition, 14 patients qualified to receive 60 endosseous implants were studied. Pantomographs of the maxilla and mandible, as well as tomographs were used to measure the height and width of the alveolar process prior to selection of the implant. The precision of imaging of structures important to the implantologist was assessed. RESULTS: Transverse spiral radiographs of the alveolar process gave a clear view of the mandibular canal, mental foramen, and fundus of the maxillary sinus. Measurements of the height and width of the alveolar process appearing on transverse spiral radiographs created a precise basis for the selection of an implant with the right length and diameter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Use of bone grafts from the mandibular body in pre-implant surgery].

Thirteen patients with resorption of the alveolar process in the upper or lower jaw were treated with augmentation using autogenous bone from the mandibular body. The objective and subjective results were retrospectively assessed. The morbidity of the donorsite was considered mild. 3 Patients experienced temporary sensory disturbance of the inferior alveolar nerve. In 1 patient spontaneous sequestration of a part of the transplant occured. In all patients the bonevolume at time of implantation was sufficient to insert the planned amount of implants. In total 46 implants were inserted. One implant was lost during follow-up and replaced. From this study it is concluded that the mandibular body can be considered as a good donor site for autogenous bone for pre-implant reconstruction of the alveolar process.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Surgical correction of deep bite for the prevention of periodontal damage].

The operative corrections used up to now which were limited to the displacement of the maxillary frontal fragments of the alveolar process, only bring about a partial correction of the deep bite. For this reason additional operative methods on the mandible are recommended, which vary according to the bite. When the bite is neutral the fragment of the lower alveolar process should be placed deeper and should be tilted forward. On the other hand in distal bite cases the recommended procedure is, after dealing with the upper front according to maxillo-facial principles, to correct the mandibular retrusion and deep bite by deepening and advancing the lower alveolar process.

Esthetics, Dental↗
PubMed2004

The association between the masseter muscle, the mandibular alveolar bone mass and thickness in dentate women.

OBJECTIVE: Since muscle strength has been demonstrated to affect the bone in the long bones and spine, the possibility exists that the bone mass and dimension of the alveolar processes could be influenced by the function of the masticatory muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether two local factors (ultrasonographic masseter thickness, and occluding teeth) plus the skeletal bone mineral density (BMD) affect the mandibular alveolar bone mass (MABM) and the bucco-lingual alveolar thickness of the alveolar process. DESIGN: The thickness of the masseter muscle was evaluated by ultrasound imaging in 62 dentate women (40-75 years) with no periodontal disease and no dental infection in the premolar region consecutively selected from the patients in a public dental clinic. MABM was evaluated using periapical radiographs. The bucco-lingual thickness of the alveolar process was measured on dental casts with a dial calliper. BMD of the forearm was determined with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that masseter thickness and the number of occluding mandibular teeth in the lateral segment were significant determinants of MABM and of the interdental thickness, but BMD was not. The number of years after menopause and struma/gastro-intestinal disease influenced MABM but not the alveolar thickness. CONCLUSION: The local factors played an important role in the posterior mandibular segment and their effect might partly explain the low correlation between MABM and skeletal BMD.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Three-dimensional interpretation of periodontal lesions and remodeling during orthodontic treatment. Part III.

In a clinical study of 11 adult patients, HR-CT-examinations were performed before or during and after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. The treatment period between the first and second CT-scanning varied from 12 to 24 months. Comparison of the first and second CT-examination permits three-dimensional evaluation of osteoclastic and osteoblastic alveolar remodeling. The incidence of periodontal lesions such as bone dehiscences, fenestrations and root resorptions was assessed in relation to the initial periodontal situation and the orthodontic treatment concept. Anatomical risks were a small alveolar process, thin buccal or lingual bone plates, eccentric position of teeth, basally extended maxillary sinus and progressive alveolar bone loss. Therapeutic risks were uncontrolled sagittal or vertical movements of incisors and cortical or intermaxillary anchorage preparation. CT-scanning of the alveolar process during orthodontic treatment with HR-CT allows three-dimensional interpretation of the alveolar osteodynamics, especially the development and repair of orthodontically induced bone dehiscences in relation to tooth movement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Sinusfloor elevation and grafting with autogenous iliac crest bone.

Insufficient bone height in the posterior area of the maxilla, due to expansion of the maxillary sinus and atrophic reduction of the alveolar process of the maxilla, represents a contra-indication for insertion of dental implants. This anatomic problem can, in many cases, be solved by augmentation of the floor of the maxillary sinus. This surgical technique was introduced by Tatum. The so-called top hinge door method creates a new floor of the maxillary sinus at a more cranial level. Underneath this new floor the existing space is filled with a bone graft. Implantation in the alveolar process with increased bone height allows insertion of dental implants. This sinus grafting technique was used in the present study. In total, 62 sinusfloor elevations were performed with cancellous iliac bone grafts in 42 patients. In those 62 augmented sinuses, 161 ITI screw type implants were inserted. The follow-up was 1-6 years after implantation. In 2 cases infections occurred. One implant needed an extended integration time. No implants were lost. The ITI solid screw implant appears to be a suitable implant following sinusfloor elevation operations, due to its rough surface, its shape and the size of the thread. The sinusfloor elevation procedure with autogenous cancellous bone graft appears to be a valuable and reliable pre-implantological procedure, provided a proper pre-operative investigation and careful surgery are performed. This procedure allows dental implant placement with a high success rate.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Zygoma implant-supported midfacial prosthetic rehabilitation: a 4-year follow-up study including assessment of quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: Successful prosthetic rehabilitation is crucial for quality of life in cases of large maxillary defects when surgical reconstruction is not advisable because of general health or patient refusal. For this purpose, the extended indications for Zygomaticus fixtures in different defect types were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients received 28 zygoma implants and 23 dental implants (if a segment of alveolar process was available) and were followed-up 14-53 months. Zygoma implants were positioned classically in the maxillary molar region and to reduce leverage, a premolar and a canine position was developed. The quality of life was assessed by a validated questionnaire after complete rehabilitation. RESULTS: Cumulative zygoma implant survival was 82%. Three losses occurred because of persistent infection and gradual loosening. Lost implants were immediately replaced in adjacent bone. Insufficient implant length within soft tissue reconstructions was prone to chronic infection by pocketing and recurrent overgrowth of granulating tissue. Longer implants were free of soft tissue inhibition, yet prone to overloading and high leverage in cases when no anterior alveolar process and dental implants were present. Zygoma implant success was therefore 71%, including the new premolar and canine Zygomaticus fixture-position. Periotest values increased from 0 to +7 to the fourth year, peri-implant bleeding and plaque index were decreasing from 56% to 0% and 33% to 0%, respectively, and good general quality of life with the priorities on chewing and activity was noted. CONCLUSION: Zygoma implants can reliably anchor the midfacial maxillary prostheses and enable a quality of life comparable with autologous maxillary reconstruction. They can be replaced immediately if local infection or loosening should occur. A premolar and canine position reduce leverage when no anterior alveolar process is present. The patient can alternatively be provided with dental implants.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Maxillary molar intrusion with micro-implant anchorage (MIA).

BACKGROUND: Intrusion of the maxillary molars is difficult to accomplish using traditional methods of anchorage. AIMS: To describe methods of maxillary molar intrusion with the aid of micro-implants. METHODS: Micro-implants provide stable intra-oral anchorage and enable the maxillary molars to be intruded without the usual side effects. Three adult patients are presented showing how micro-implants can be used to intrude the maxillary molars. In the first patient micro-implants were placed in the alveolar process between the second premolar and first molar, in the second patient micro-implants were placed in the palatal alveolar process between the first and second molars, and in the third patient a micro-implant was placed in the palate paramedially. A transpalatal bar was used to prevent bucco- or linguoversion of the molars during intrusion. CONCLUSIONS: The maxillary molars can be intruded with intra-oral anchorage derived from microscrew implants.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

A study of the anterior portion of the palate as it relates to orthodontic therapy.

1. The anterior portion of the palate does not appear to move lingually as orthodontic forces move incisor teeth lingually. Although the alveolar bone directly supporting the teeth can be moved distally (and elongated), it does not appear possible to move the apex of the root more distally than the pretreatment position of the palatal plate. Thus, there appears to be an anatomic limitation to the distal movement of maxillary incisor teeth. 2. When incisor teeth are moved distally within the boundaries of the present alveolar process, the supporting bone does not remodel to the roots' new position; when a root which was initially positioned nearer the labial alveolar plate is moved distally against the palatal plate, there was observed no adaptation in the bone to have the root once again located near the labial alveolar plate, the root remained stable against the palatal plate. 3. When great distal movement of incisor teeth results in an alteration in position of the supporting alveolar bone, remodeling of the bone maintains a relatively constant labiolingual width of this alveolar bone. The new position of the tooth and supporting bone appears to be stable. 4. The scanty metallic implant evidence would seem to support histologic observations that alveolar processes are remodeled by apposition of bone on the cortical plate toward which the tooth is moving and resorption of the cortical plate away from which the tooth is moving. 5. There does not appear to be a statistically significant correlation between posterior facial measurements (SNMP) and the labiolingual width of the anterior palate.

Adolescent↗