[Some reflections on teaching demography in Mexico in the beginning of the twenty-first century: a new focus].
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This document is an outcome of the WHO/UNESCO/UNICEF Consultation on Strategies for Implementing Comprehensive School Health Education/Promotion Programmes held in WHO, Geneva from 25 to 29 November 1991. Twenty-five experts attended from the health education sectors of sixteen countries, as well as six NGOs together with the three cosponsors WHO, UNESCO and UNICEF plus UNFPA. The Consultation arrived at a consensus on a comprehensive approach to school health education and guiding principles for action.
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Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) is under attack by some major academic and training institutions. Despite its acceptance internationally, CISM is viewed by some as "dangerous and damaging." The author's recent experience in a number of mental health training workshops on primary care of September 11-related dysfunction is reviewed, along with arguments in support of the CISM model of crisis intervention. A proposal for greater efforts at empirical foundations is offered.
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OBJECTIVES: To assess the distribution of University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) medical graduates from 1960 to 1994 with regard to private or public sector work, chosen specialist or generalist careers, and work in urban or rural areas, looking for secular trends and gender differences. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of the register of what was then the South African Medical and Dental Council (SAMDC) and a telephone interview survey of a sample of medical graduates, collecting retrospective career histories. RESULTS: Thirty-six per cent of the sample was working predominantly in the public sector, while 47% of all years worked by graduates were in the public sector. Women graduates spent 68% of their years working in the public sector, compared with 36% for men. The majority (55%) of graduates in the sample who were working in the public sector cited academic and training aspects as the main reason for this choice. Conversely, nearly half (47%) gave income as the main reason for moving to the private sector. Forty per cent of graduates had specialised (46% of men, 22% of women), while 76% were working in the large urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight methodological problems with standard cross-sectional analysis of distribution of personnel. They also challenge several assumptions about the likelihood of Wits graduates working as generalists (60%), the voluntary contribution of graduates to the public sector, and in particular the value of women doctors to public service and primary care.
Ben-Gurion University (BGU) in Beer-Sheva, opened a special program (B.A. degree) for training junior academic administrative personnel who can improve the quality of service in health care organizations through suitable and high-quality administration. The program the first of its kind in Israel, has been in operation since 1994, providing 50 candidates for administrative positions within the health system per year. The research goals of the project described in this paper were to examine integration of 224 graduates of the undergraduate program in Health Systems Management (HSM) within the private and public health system in Israel, including employment trends and evaluation of the program in retrospect. Questionnaires were sent to all graduates of the program. Participants were requested to answer questions regarding their present place of employment and their satisfaction with their academic degree. The findings showed that the graduates of the undergraduate program in HSM have integrated well into the health system, butnotas well as they could have. The graduates encountered difficulties in their absorption into management roles in the public health system and feel that the extent of their abilities has yet to be fully recognized and utilized by the system.
Despite the acknowledgement and adoption of the Alma-Ata declaration by majority of the countries of the world as a strategy for achieving Health For All, medical educational systems often remain as ivory towers from the health service system. This traditional system of medical education does not adequately prepare doctors in developing countries for their expected leadership role in meeting the health needs for their communities through primary health care. In Nigeria, primary health care forms the basis for an official health policy aimed at meeting the health care needs of the entire population particularly those in the rural areas. This article, while highlighting the need for integration of medical education and the primary health care services, also examines the structural relationships between the two components at the Sokoto University in Nigeria, a West African country with one of the oldest medical educational system in the area.
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In Finland nurse teacher and nurse administrator education has moved from the college-level into universities. Under two schemes leading to a Master's in Health Care, nursing science is the main subject, the aim to provide scientific knowledge and needed research skills. Below, the authors report on Finland's system of academic graduate training in nursing science and the curriculum of the University of Turku that has been developed in close cooperation with international nursing science experts and WHO support.
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Increased survival of the natural dentition, persistence of periodontal disease, deterioration of prior dental restorations, root surface caries, and continued incidence of oral cancer represent a complex of emerging oral health problems of the aged in the United States. Additional data on the epidemiology of oral mucous membrane syndromes will help to characterize the prevalence of these diseases in the aging population as well. Improvement in the utilization and accessibility of dental services by the aging cohorts will contribute to the prevention of oral disease in the future. Combined with the substantial growth in the size of this cohort of the population and alterations in the prevalence of these oral health status indicators, changes in the need for and projected utilization of professional oral health services can continue to be anticipated. Clinical research directed toward assessment of efficacy of treatment modalities for prevention of dental disease and maintenance of dental health are essential for the projection of dental health manpower needs for the future. This should also lead to the development of appropriate academic and training programs to meet the changing needs of the elderly.