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PubMed1978

Central nervous system abnormalities--contrasting patterns in early and late pregnancy.

A total of 509 specimens of spontaneous abortion were studied. Of 364 complete specimens, 15 (4.1%) had central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. The defects which were seen were anencephaly, spina bifida, iniencephaly, encephalocele and anencephaly combined with complete rachischisis. A high proportion (five out of 15) had the more unusual defects of iniencephaly and encephalocele. All except one had ceased development at less than 12 weeks of gestation. Sex chromatin studies showed that males outnumbered females amount CNS defective fetuses. When the month of conception was calculated for these abnormal pregnancies, summer and winter peaks were detected. Only one of the 15 patients had a family history of neural tube defect (NTD). Histological examination of all small fetuses aborted spontaneously revealed two additional facts. First, in fetuses with a localised external CNS defect, the internal abnormality was more extensive. Second, the CNS was also abnormal in some fetuses with no visible external defect. The proportion of abnormality is much higher than at birth and is also higher than in other surveys of spontaneous abortion. We suggest that screening for serum alphafetoprotein should be undertaken and amniocentesis considered in pregnancies subsequent to an abortion of this type.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2004

Ethical analyses of vaccines grown in human cell strains derived from abortion: arguments and Internet search.

The fact that certain vaccines are grown in cell strains derived decades ago from an aborted fetus is a concern for some. To understand such concerns, a standardized search identified internet sites discussing vaccines and abortion. Ethical concerns raised include autonomy, conscience, coherence, and immoral material complicity. Two strategies to analyse moral complicity show that vaccination is ethical: the abortions were past events separated in time, agency, and purpose from vaccine production. Rubella disease during pregnancy results in many miscarriages and malformations. Altruism, the burden of rubella disease, and protection by herd immunity argue for widespread vaccination although autonomous decisions and personal conscience should be respected.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

[Cervix ripening and labor induction in therapeutic abortion in the middle and late 2d trimester using intracervical and extra-amniotic prostaglandin gel administration].

In 64 patients for therapeutic abortion between the 17th to 26th week of pregnancy abortion was induced with a standardized two-step procedure. After priming of the cervix with intracervical application of prostaglandin gel, labour was induced with extraamniotic PG-administration under epidural anaesthesia. The priming effect was demonstrated objectively in 10 patients with a mechanical tonometer. Prostaglandin F2 alpha, PGE2 and sulprostone were used in the study. There were no significant differences in the total length of therapy (cervix priming time plus induction of labour to abortion interval) between the three groups of patients. Except for 4 patients who required an instrumental extraction of the fetus, abortion occurred in all the patients within a total time of 30 hours (93.8%). The mean induction of labour to abortion interval was 8.3 hours (range: 1.0 to 17.3 hours) in all patients and there was, again, no significant difference between the three groups. Epidural anaesthesia gave a painless induction of abortion in 60 out of 62 patients, while 2 patients required additional analgesics. In 2 patients epidural anaesthesia was contraindicated. In contrast to the systemic administration of PG the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects was low (10.9%). In one case a cervical lesion was observed due to a tenaculum laceration. Although there was no general antibiotic prophylaxis endometritis occurred in only 3 cases (4.7%). The combination of intracervical PG gel for cervical priming, extraamniotic PG gel for labour induction and epidural anaesthesia presents a gentle and efficient method for the termination of pregnancy in the middle to late second trimester.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed1978

Hazards of amniocentesis: an unidentifiable fragment.

A 38-year-old woman had amniocentesis performed for advanced maternal age. The karyotype of the cultured amniotic fluid cells showed a minute fragment in all cells analyzed, 47,XY+Fg. The fragment could not be identified. For medical reasons the pregnancy had to be terminated at 34 weeks. Both skin and blood cultures from the aborted fetus showed a 47,XY,21+ karyotype.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) with other serological tests for the detection of Brucella antibodies in bovine sera.

A dot Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (dot-ELISA), using whole cell Brucella abortus antigen dotted on the nitrocellulose membrane bound to a plastic strip (dipstick) was employed for the detection of Brucella antibodies in bovine sera. The results were compared with that of serum agglutination (SAT), Rose Bengal plate agglutination (RBPT) and Complement Fixation test (CFT). All the four tests gave negative reaction in 127 sera obtained from a brucellosis free herd. Testing of 549 sera from a chronically infected herd revealed 57 positive and 447 negative animals in all the four assays. Of the remaining 45 sera, 34 were positive in dot-ELISA. Six of these cases were independently detected by dot-ELISA while 28 showed positive reactions in combination with other tests. When serum samples from 158 aborted cases were subjected to dot-ELISA, 79 were found positive. Of these dot-ELISA positive cases, 71 gave positive reaction in SAT, 72 in RBPT and 78 in CFT. B. abortus biotype 3 was isolated from 34 of the 98 aborted fetuses examined.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1985

A new field strain of equine abortion virus (equine herpesvirus-1) among Kentucky horses.

From restriction endonuclease characterization of the DNA of 317 isolates of equine abortion virus (equine herpesvirus-1; EHV-1) from 176 epizootically unrelated outbreaks of equine virus abortion occurring over 24 years in Kentucky, an epizootic pattern and variation of the virus have emerged. Two electropherotypes of EHV-1 (1P and 1B) accounted for greater than 90% of the nonvaccine-related abortion isolates examined. From 1960 to 1981, EHV-1 1P was the predominant isolate circulating in the central Kentucky area and the cause of greater than 80% of EHV-1-related abortions. In 1981, the occurrence of isolate 1B-related abortions began to increase and since 1982, 1B has become the most frequently recovered isolate of EHV-1 from aborted fetuses.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1991

A murine model for studying EHV-1-induced abortion.

Balb/c mice were infected with two abortigenic strains of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) by intranasal inoculation. The inoculation of one strain produced subclinical disease while the other produced a disease characterised by weight loss, constitutional signs, and death in the most severely affected animals. When pregnant mice were infected by the same method of inoculation, one strain of virus produced premature parturition; both strains produced fetal abnormalities. In some cases, virus could be detected in the aborted fetuses by means of virus isolation and immunofluorescent staining.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2003

[The revised Japanese pharmaceutical law and research ethics: risk-benefit assessment of fetal stem cell research].

The Japanese Pharmaceutical Law was revised at the end of July 2002. The important features of this revision are the postmarketing safety scheme, especially for biological products, and reconstruction of the legislation for effective pharmaceutical development. This is based on the national policy to foster life sciences such as genetic research and regenerative medicine for both healthcare improvement and industrial promotion. Such research requires study participants who donate human tissue including abandoned embryos or aborted fetuses, which may touch the human dignity. In particular, fetal stem cell research appears to have unpredictable risks not only to women who undergo abortions but also to societal epistemology. The authors conducted risk-benefit assessment of fetal stem cell research, reviewing the scientific, ethical, legal, and social aspects, including a case study of critical appraisal on a report of the double-blind, sham surgery-controlled trial of implantation of fetal tissues in patients with Parkinson's disease conducted in the USA. It is concluded that risk-benefit assessment with a wide, profound perspective is necessary for advanced biotechnology. Some types of research should not be assessed based only on such utilitarian viewpoints as risk and benefit. Conscientious reflection is necessary to reach a public consensus on which types of human material can be utilized as research or pharmaceutical resources.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1991

[Prenatal diagnosis of lethal junctional epidermolysis bullosa by fetal skin biopsy].

A 22-year-old woman, whose first infant had died of lethal junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), requested prenatal diagnosis for her third pregnancy. At 20 weeks gestation, fetal biopsy was performed under direct vision by fetoscopy. A semithin section of epon-embedded skin showed dermo-epidermal separation at the light microscopic level. Electron microscopy revealed the site of separation to be within the lamina lucida of the epidermal basement membrane (EBM). Indirect immunofluorescence on a 5 microns cryostat specimen of skin showed a complete absence of GB3 monoclonal antibody immunostaining at the EBM compared with a control 18 week old normal fetal skin sample. The diagnosis was therefore made that the fetus was affected with lethal JEB and a prostaglandin termination performed. The diagnosis was confirmed by further studies on the aborted fetus. 54 cases of prenatal diagnosis of various types of epidermolysis bullosa performed at Institute of Dermatology over the last 10 years are briefly reviewed. Several social and practical problems to launch prenatal diagnosis in Japan are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Ocular toxoplasmosis in the fetus. Immunohistochemistry analysis and DNA amplification.

PURPOSE: Ocular toxoplasmosis is often the result of a congenital infection. However, the earlier stages of the ocular lesions in the fetus have not been well studied. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the ocular findings in four aborted fetuses that were infected congenitally with Toxoplasma gondii. METHODS: Eight eyes from four fetuses of 22 to 27.5 weeks with T. gondii infection were studied by routine and immunohistochemical techniques. Two of the four were also examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: In two cases, the results of gross and histopathologic of the eyes were normal; marked retinal necrosis was present in the other two cases. Although no toxoplasmic cysts were identified by routine histopathologic examination, antigens of the tachyzoite were detected by immunohistochemistry analysis in the areas of retinal necrosis. In one of the cases with ocular lesions, the presence of T. gondii was confirmed by PCR. The presence of ocular lesions correlated with the severity of pathologic changes in the central nervous system. Large numbers of T cells were observed in the retinal lesions and in the choroid. CONCLUSION: Retinal necrosis, neovascularization, and marked chorioretinal inflammations despite the absence of bradyzoites are characteristic findings in the fetal eyes infected with T. gondii, and infiltrating T lymphocytes play a role in early recognition of the toxoplasma organism.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The origin of gonadal arteries in human fetuses: anatomical variations.

Testicular arterial anatomy has been well studied because of its importance in testicular physiology, as well as testicular and renal surgery. In contrast to classical anatomical descriptions, it may originate from the suprarenal or lumbar arteries or a high-positioned origin, course behind the inferior vena cava or be doubled or arise from an inferior polar renal artery. Different developmental patterns as variations in relation to origin, course and number of the renal and gonadal arteries have been reported and discussed. This study was performed on 90 spontaneously aborted fetuses obtained from two different hospitals in Konya. The study was carried out on the testicular or ovarian arteries of fetuses fixed by immersion in 10% formalin. In all, 180 gonadal arteries were studied and 16 of them were found to have variations in their origin (8.8%). The variations of the gonadal artery origins could be classified into four types. The gonadal artery variations were more commonly found in male than the female fetuses and on the right side rather than the left. In the present study, it is clear that these variations are important not only from the developmental point of view or research interest, but they also may explain some pathological conditions. Knowledge of these variations may help to avoid the clinical complications especially during radiological examinations and/or surgical approaches in this region.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1991

Facts and artefacts in mevalonic aciduria: development of a stable isotope dilution GCMS assay for mevalonic acid and its application to physiological fluids, tissue samples, prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection.

A stable isotope dilution assay using D3-mevalonic acid was developed and applied to the study of mevalonic aciduria. The method also appears to be suitable for the evaluation of different therapeutic regimens in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Mevalonic acid was isolated by liquid partition chromatography and quantified as the underivatized lactone by means of ammonia chemical ionization selected ion monitoring capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In heterozygotes there was significantly greater urinary excretion of mevalonic acid, while the range of enzymatic activity of mevalonate kinase showed an overlap with that of controls. The analysis of amniotic fluids of two pregnancies at risk for mevalonic aciduria showed a 3277-fold elevation as compared to controls in the first case, diagnostic of an affected fetus, and a normal value in the second one. Mevalonic acid concentration was much increased in tissues of the affected and aborted fetus. Concentrations ranged from 840 to 1120 mumol/kg in various tissues and were as high as 1810 mumol/kg in brain. Concentrations in control fetal tissues were approximately 1 mumol/kg.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Measurements of the dimensions of the aortic and pulmonary pathways in the human fetus: a correlative echocardiographic and morphometric study.

Thirty normal hearts from fetuses aborted at 10-33 weeks' gestation were measured directly and the results were compared with echocardiographic measurements in 20 normal live fetuses of 23-27 weeks' gestation. The diameters of the aorta, aortic isthmus, pulmonary arteries, and arterial duct were measured at standard levels and expressed as a ratio of the diameter of the ascending aorta. The ratios for the isthmus, the duct, and the right pulmonary artery were: 0.63 (0.11), 0.51 (0.13), 0.56 (0.10) respectively for the direct measurement and 0.73 (0.07), 0.7 (0.08), 0.62 (0.06) respectively at echocardiography. These results show that in mid-gestation the isthmus of the human fetus is not as small as that reported in animal models. This indicates that the distribution of the fetal circulation may not be the same either.

Aorta↗
PubMed1994

The bovine placentome in bacterial and mycotic abortions.

Placentomes were extracted from the uteri of 22 aborted cows and examined to detect the cause of abortion; fetuses or fetal abomasal contents from 15 of the cows were also examined. Firm diagnoses of Pasteurella haemolytica, Actinomyces pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus fumigatus or Mortierella wolfii abortion were made in 11 cases. The histopathological lesions showed some correlation with the identity of the bacterium isolated; the lesions of mycotic abortion were distinct and characterised by a coagulative necrosis. The removal of a placentome was not followed by any observable deleterious effects.

Abomasum↗