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PubMed1985

Genetic control of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius: a 9-day anthelmintic abbreviated immunizing regime which separates weak and strong responder strains of mice.

Experiments were designed to re-examine the variables which influence the ability of single primary infections to elicit acquired immunity to Nematospiroides dubius, in particular the importance of the presence or absence of adult worms, as these are known to exert immunomodulatory effects. Briefly, anthelmintic abbreviated infections were considerably more effective at eliciting acquired immunity than longer infections in which adult worms were allowed to reside in the intestine. A 9-day anthelmintic abbreviated infection was extremely effective at stimulation of acquired immunity in NIH mice and very few immunising infection larvae were required. Immunity to subsequent reinfection developed rapidly after the primary infection worms had been eliminated; by day 21 post-infection, the mice were almost totally immune. Abbreviated infections were used to examine the capacity of a number of mouse strains to develop immunity to reinfection. Strains of mice were chosen to allow the effects of MHC linked and non-MHC linked (background) genes to be identified. CBA and C3H strains (both H-2k) were found to be weak responders to N. dubius. B10G (H-2q) mice responded better than C57Bl/10 (H-2b), although these strains have identical background genes. DBA/2 mice were stronger responders compared to BALB/c mice, both strains sharing a common MHC haplotype (H-2d). (NIH X B10G) F1 mice (H-2q) were better responders than either of the parental strains. Several mouse strains all sharing the H-2q haplotype were particularly effective at developing immunity to N. dubius, as were also SJL mice which were the sole representatives of the H-2s haplotype, in the present study. The results established that the response phenotype is influenced by both background and MHC genes and demonstrated gene complementation in the capacity of mice to acquire immunity to N. dubius.

Animals↗
PubMed1961

Anthelmintic activity of methyridine against experimental nematode infections in mice.

Critical studies using mice infected experimentally with nematodes (Nematospiroides dubius, Nippostrongylus muris and Heterakis spumosa) have shown methyridine to be an extremely effective anthelmintic when administered orally or subcutaneously. Comparisons of the two treatment regimes show subcutaneous administration to be the more efficient in terms of absolute dose, but neither treatment has a significant advantage in therapeutic safety margin. Methyridine has a more uniform anthelmintic action than either phenothiazine or bephenium against adult forms of the three test nematodes. In addition the drug possesses activity against all stages of certain immature nematode infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Anthelmintic efficiency of oxfendazole, fenbendazole and levamisole against naturally acquired infections of Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axei in cattle.

The anthelmintic efficiencies of oxfendazole, fenbendazole and levamisole, each at 4 dose rates spanning the manufacturers' recommended dosages were compared in beef cattle with naturally acquired infections of Ostertagia ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axei. In 8 of the 9 cases tested there was no significant increase in anthelmintic efficiency due to increased dose rates of any of the drugs. Percentage efficiencies and their standard errors, calculated from mean worm counts of pooled data for adult worms, developing 4th stage and early 4th stage larvae of O. ostertagi, were respectively, 86.9+/-4.2, 77.4+/-6.1, 74.5+/-7.3 for oxfendazole, 93.7+/-2.0. 80.7+/-6.8, 59.6+/-13.9 for fenbendazole and 69.7+/-6.9, 39.4+/-14.8, 31.2+/-22.6 for levamisole. Counts of O. ostertagi from cattle treated with oxfendazole and fenbendazole were not significantly different, but both were significantly lower than those from cattle given levamisole. Efficiency against T. axei exceeded 99% for all drugs. Practical implications for therapy and preventative control of ostertagiasis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of anthelmintic treatment immediately after calving on milk production.

The effects of anthelmintic treatment on the milk production of cows subjected to contrasting nutritional conditions before and after calving were determined. Half of the cows in each of 2 management treatments were treated with 3.75 grams of fenbendazole on the second day after calving and twice more at weekly intervals. Treated and control cows were grazed together for the entire lactation. Treated cows produced 8% more (P less than 0.05) milk over the 20 weeks lactation than the untreated cows. One third of the total lactation response to anthelmintic treatment occurred during weeks 5 to 10 of lactation. The observed responses occurred despite equal larval challenge to treated and control cows and therefore the responses obtained are discussed in the context of a reduction in the worm burden.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Anthelmintic resistance in Australian sheep nematode populations.

The resistance status of gastro-intestinal nematodes to anthelmintics was evaluated on 881 sheep farms throughout Australia during 1991-92. Resistance was shown to be widespread. Overall, 85% of farms had sheep infected with nematodes resistant to benzimidazole, 65% to levamisole and 34% to combination (benzimidazole+levamisole) products. Resistance to ivermectin was not detected. On only 9% of farms did all anthelmintic groups reduce egg counts by greater than or equal to 95%. The culture of faeces from untreated sheep showed Telodorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp, Chabertia ovina and Haemonchus contortus to be the principal species. The nature and prevalence of resistance was not significantly correlated with stocking rate. However, resistance to combination products was almost twice as prevalent on farms in areas with an average annual rainfall of greater than 500 mm.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Naphthalophos combinations with benzimidazoles or levamisole as effective anthelmintics for sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative efficacy and safety of the anthelmintic naphthalophos in sheep, either given alone or in combination with benzimidazole (fenbendazole and albendazole) or levamisole anthelmintics. DESIGN: A parasitological study using faecal egg count reduction tests, a validating slaughter trial and field safety trials. PROCEDURE: Faecal egg count reduction tests were carried out on 13 farms. Naphthalophos and combinations of naphthalophos with levamisole and fenbendazole were included in the drench tests. On one property a controlled efficacy study was carried out to validate faecal egg count reduction test findings. In this trial, sheep were slaughtered 10 days after treatment and the remaining parasites recovered from the gastro-intestinal tract. Safety trials were carried out on eight farms where approximately 50,000 sheep were treated with naphthalophos and albendazole that were tank mixed in the backpack. RESULTS: The efficacy of naphthalophos alone in faecal egg count reduction tests ranged from 59 to 98% with one test showing > or = 95% reduction. The efficacy of naphthalophos and levamisole ranged from 74 to 100%, with 5 farms showing > or = 95% reduction. The efficacy of naphthalophos and fenbendazole ranged between 88 and 100% with > or = 95% reduction achieved on 10 farms. The controlled efficacy study showed a good correlation between the faecal egg count reduction tests and numbers of parasites recovered, except for Nematodirus where the faecal egg count reduction test overestimated efficacy. The mortality rate in the safety trials was 0.05%, with most fatalities occurring on one farm. CONCLUSION: The combination of naphthalophos and fenbendazole was more effective than a combination of naphthalophos and levamisole, and will provide a sufficiently safe drench rotation option.

Albendazole↗
PubMed2001

Effects of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment on motor and language development of preschool children in Zanzibar: double blind, placebo controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment on iron status, anaemia, growth, morbidity, and development of children aged 6-59 months. DESIGN: Double blind, placebo controlled randomised factorial trial of iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment. SETTING: Community in Pemba Island, Zanzibar. PARTICIPANTS: 614 preschool children aged 6-59 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Development of language and motor skills assessed by parental interview before and after treatment in age appropriate subgroups. RESULTS: Before intervention, anaemia was prevalent and severe, and geohelminth infections were prevalent and light-Plasmodium falciparum infection was nearly universal. Iron supplementation significantly improved iron status, but not haemoglobin status. Iron supplementation improved language development by 0.8 (95% confidence interval 0.2 to 1.4) points on the 20 point scale. Iron supplementation also improved motor development, but this effect was modified by baseline haemoglobin concentrations (P=0.015 for interaction term) and was apparent only in children with baseline haemoglobin concentrations <90 g/l. In children with a baseline haemoglobin concentration of 68 g/l (one standard deviation below the mean value), iron treatment increased scores by 1.1 (0.1 to 2.1) points on the 18 point motor scale. Mebendazole significantly reduced the number and severity of infections caused by Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, but not by hookworms. Mebendazole increased development scores by 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.1) points on the motor scale and 0.3 (-0.3 to 0.9) points on the language scale. CONCLUSIONS: Iron supplementation improved motor and language development of preschool children in rural Africa. The effects of iron on motor development were limited to children with more severe anaemia (baseline haemoglobin concentration <90 g/l). Mebendazole had a positive effect on motor and language development, but this was not statistically significant.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed1981

Protection developed against reinfection by Dictyocaulus viviparus following anthelmintic treatment of a one-day-old primary infection in cattle.

Single doses of 7.5 mg/kg levamisole subcutaneously and 5 mg/kg oxfendazole per os and three daily doses of diethylcarbamazine intramuscularly were 86.9, 82.1 and 46.6 per cent efficient, respectively, against one-day-old Dictyocaulus viviparus. These three dosage regimes were also associated, respectively, with 92.5, 36.4 and 56.0 per cent protection against reinfection following anthelmintic treatment. It is suggested that the high degree of protection following the use of levamisole may be a consequence of rapid and effective anthelmintic activity combined with immunomodulating effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Persistence of dead Ostertagia ostertagi in the abomasal mucosa following anthelmintic treatment.

Anthelmintic trails, conducted with albendazole, fenbendazole and ivermectin for efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes, principally inhibited early fourth larval stages of Ostertagia ostertagi in naturally infected cattle. Cattle wee slaughtered seven to 20 days after treatment. O ostertagi was the predominant abomasal nematode recovered with occasional small numbers of Haemonchus species and Trichostrongylus axei. Control calves uniformly had very large O ostertagi infections, primarily early fourth stage larvae. Viable surviving worms and variable numbers of dead and degenerate worms were recovered in abomasal contents and washings. These O ostertagi larvae and adults were characterised by adherent debris or proteinaceous material, degenerated cuticles and distortion of internal structures. This study demonstrated the necessity for proper timing of slaughter for anthelmintic trial evaluation to allow clearance of dead nematodes, specifically O ostertagi larvae which are sequestered in the abomasal glandular tissue. Nematode collection within seven to 12 days after treatment will include dead and degenerate larval nematodes. The peripheral coating of larvae was suggestive of the Splendore-Hoeppli effect which has been associated with immunological responsiveness. The antigenic stimulus for this material and the lymphocyte and eosinophil infiltration was suspected to be early fourth stage O ostertagi larvae within the mucosa but was not identified definitively.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of early season suppressive anthelmintic prophylactic methods for parasitic gastroenteritis and bronchitis in calves.

A comparison was made of the material costs and effectiveness of three methods of early season suppression by anthelmintic medication of Ostertagia species and two of Dictyocaulus viviparus in calves, each method suppressing faecal egg output for different lengths of time from the start of spring grazing. The anthelmintics used were: Morantel bolus administered five days before going to grazing; oxfendazole given three times at three, six and nine weeks after the start of grazing and ivermectin injected three, eight and 13 weeks after going to pasture. The effectiveness of each was estimated by comparison with worm numbers in untreated control calves. Oxfendazole, which was active for the shortest time (about 65 days) from the start of grazing (May 1), produced a 78.1 per cent reduction in Ostertagia species and an 84.4 per cent reduction in D viviparus. The morantel bolus was estimated to be active for 90 days and resulted in a 94.3 per cent reduction of Ostertagia species. The ivermectin treatment, which, because of the prolonged excretion of the chemical and different sensitivity of worm species, was estimated to suppress Ostertagia species for 105 days and D viviparus for 119 days, caused reductions of 98.7 per cent of the former and 97.4 per cent of the latter species. Material costs per calf were estimated at pounds 1.25 for oxfendazole, pounds 2.00 for ivermectin and pounds 10 for the morantel bolus.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of the anthelmintic efficacy of oxfendazole or ivermectin administered orally and ivermectin administered subcutaneously to sheep during the periparturient period.

The suppression of nematode egg output in faeces was measured in ewes treated just before lambing with either oxfendazole or ivermectin by oral drench or with ivermectin by subcutaneous injection. Ivermectin and oxfendazole given orally were similarly effective, whereas ivermectin given by subcutaneous injection extended the period of suppressed egg output by about one week. The more persistent anthelmintic effect of ivermectin given subcutaneously was probably due to its extended half-life in the plasma of treated sheep. Plasma pepsinogen activity was less in the sheep given anthelmintic than in the untreated controls. Ivermectin caused a significantly greater reduction in pepsinogen activity than oxfendazole and was more effective when given subcutaneously than when given orally.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Control of selenium and cobalt deficiency in lambs by supplementation of oral anthelmintics.

The benefits of the inclusion of cobalt and selenium supplements in anthelmintic preparations were demonstrated in a 10 week trial with cobalt- and selenium-deficient blackface wethers. The anthelmintics were based on oxfendazole and on levamisole plus oxyclozanide; three doses provided, in total, 38 mg cobalt and 7.2 or 11.3 mg selenium. Administration of the supplements prevented the weight loss and reduction in food intake observed in unsupplemented animals. Blood glutathione peroxidase activities were restored to normal and increases in serum vitamin B12 levels were observed which were consistent with the prevention of both cobalt and selenium deficiencies.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep: learning from the Australian experience.

In recent years the problem of anthelmintic resistance has become of major importance in sheep and goat flocks throughout the world. In Australia, concerted efforts were initiated in the mid 1980s to halt the increase in resistance by the development and promotion of regional worm control programmes. This article outlines the genesis of these programmes, the way in which they were promoted and successfully adopted by farmers, and the concerns for effective parasitic control of sheep and goat flocks in the future. The principles outlined should be applicable in other countries where anthelmintics are relied upon for the control of nematodes in livestock.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Efficacy of moxidectin, ivermectin and albendazole oral drenches for suppression of periparturient rise in ewe worm egg output and reduction of anthelmintic treatment for lambs.

Sixty multiparous crossbred ewes which had lambed within three days in the first week of April 1996, were divided into four groups. Each group consisted of 15 ewes plus 12 pairs of twins and three single lambs. Group 1 was left untreated, group 2 was treated with albendazole 2.5 per cent drench, group 3 received moxidectin 0.1 per cent drench and group 4 received ivermectin 0.08 per cent drench. The ewes in each group were dosed with their anthelmintic on April 4 (day 0) before being turned out to separate equal-sized paddocks within the same field on the following morning. The field had been used for grazing sheep annually for many years and was considered to be contaminated with infective larvae of the common gastrointestinal nematodes infecting sheep in the region. Faecal samples were collected every two weeks from the ewes and lambs until July 25 (day 112). The lambs in each group were dosed with the anthelmintic used for their dams on day 42, and the dose was repeated when more than 50 per cent of the lambs in any group had a faecal egg count of more than 200 eggs per gram (epg). The total faecal egg output of the treated ewes over days 14 to 70, compared with that of the untreated control group, was reduced by 78.9 per cent by the moxidectin drench, by 47.6 per cent by ivermectin, and by 21.5 per cent by albendazole. The lambs in the groups treated with moxidectin and ivermectin required only one treatment on day 42 before reaching finishing weight; those in the albendazole-treated group were treated twice and the control group once. The faecal egg outputs of the lambs from day 42 until the end of the experiment on day 112 were reduced by 75 per cent by the moxidectin drench, by 48.5 per cent by ivermectin, and by 9 per cent by albendazole. There were no significant differences between the rates of weight change of either ewes or lambs in any of the groups.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1975

Influence of anthelmintic treatment on the liveweight of outwintered ewe hoggs.

Three systems of outwintering ewe hoggs are normally practised on Scottish hill farms. A series of field trials involving some 2000 different animals was conducted to determine the response in liveweight from anthelmintic treatment for roundworms. The results suggest that, under field conditions, a strategic dosing programme using a modern anthelmintic can prevent liveweight loss in ewe hoggs wintered either on the hill or "inbye". The best response may be expected from a two dose regime--one in early winter (mid October to mid November) and the other in winter (mid January to mid February). In away-wintered hoggs, the kinder climate, better pssture, and, in the vast majority of cases, less contaminated ground, appear to outweigh the advantages of dosing after the late autumn.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Response of preadult Necator americanus to some known anthelmintics in hamsters.

Hamsters infected with laboratory-adapted preadult Necator americanus were dosed with 6 reference anthelmintics. Their efficacy was measured in terms of percentage cure of infected animals as well as percentage worm reduction following treatment. Mebendazole and pyrantel were equally effective in this system. Other anthelmintics, including anti-hookworm compound, bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, were less effective. The comparative results revealed that the N. americanus model is sensitive and reliable for identifying and characterizing new anti-parasite preparations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Antiparasitic drugs and lactation: focus on anthelmintics, scabicides, and pediculicides.

Infections involving helminths or parasitic worms affect more than 25% of the population worldwide. Because lactating women and their infants are often affected by the complications of these infections such as iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition, they benefit the most from drug therapy. However, scientific literature offers little information regarding transfer of anthelmintics in breast milk and its effects in lactating infants. Scabies and pediculosis, or lice, are common skin infections affecting school-aged children. Close contacts of infected children, which often include lactating mothers, need treatment with one of the several topical products available in the market. This article will review the physicochemical properties and use of anthelmintics, pediculicides, and scabicides while breastfeeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Anthelmintic efficacy of milbemycin oxime against Trichuris vulpis in dogs.

The anthelmintic efficacy of milbemycin oxime against dog whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, was evaluated. A total of 21 T. vulpis positive dogs were divided into 3 groups, one (5 dogs) for control and the other two (8 dogs each) for anthelmintic treatment with oral administration of milbemycin oxime.

Administration, Oral↗