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PubMed2005

Remediation of impairments in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: efficacy and specificity of a new training program.

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia patients often exhibit impairments in facial affect recognition which contribute to their poor social functioning. These impairments are stable in the course of the disorder and seem not to be affected by conventional treatment. The present study investigates the efficacy and specificity of a new training program for the remediation of such impairments. METHOD: A newly developed training program tackling affect recognition (TAR) was compared with a cognitive remediation training program (CRT) and treatment as usual (TAU) within a randomized three group pre-post design in n=77 post-acute schizophrenia patients. The TAR is a computer-aided 12-session program focussing on facial affect recognition, whereas the CRT aims to improve attention, memory and executive functioning. Facial affect recognition, face recognition, and neurocognitive performance were assessed before (T0) and after (T1) the six week training phase. During the training period all patients received antipsychotic medication. RESULTS: Patients under TAR significantly improved in facial affect recognition, with recognition performance after training approaching the level of healthy controls from former studies. Patients under CRT and those without special training (TAU) did not improve in affect recognition, though patients under CRT improved in verbal memory functions. CONCLUSION: According to these results, remediation of disturbed facial affect recognition in schizophrenia patients is possible, but not achievable with a traditional cognitive rehabilitation program such as the CRT. Instead, functional specialized remediation programs such as the newly developed TAR are a more suitable option.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Neural systems of positive affect: relevance to understanding child and adolescent depression?

From an affective neuroscience perspective, the goal of achieving a deeper, more mechanistic understanding of the development of depression will require rigorous models that address the core underlying affective changes. Such an understanding will necessitate developing and testing hypotheses focusing on specific components of the complex neural systems involved in the regulation of emotion and motivation. In this paper, we illustrate these principles by describing one example of this type of approach: examining the role of disruptions in neural systems of positive affect in major depressive disorder in school-age children and adolescents. We begin by defining positive affect, proposing that positive affect can be distinguished from negative affect by its neurobehavioral features. We provide an overview of neural systems related to reward and positive affect, with a discussion of their potential involvement in depression. We describe a developmental psychopathology framework, addressing developmental issues that could play a role in the etiology and maintenance of early-onset depression. We review the literature on altered positive affect in depression, suggesting directions for future research. Finally, we discuss the treatment implications of this framework.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Intensity and frequency: dimensions underlying positive and negative affect.

Research on emotions and several happiness scales suggest that positive and negative affect are strongly inversely correlated. However, work on subjective well-being indicates that over time, positive and negative affect are independent across persons. In order to reconcile this inconsistency, two dimensions are proposed for personal affective structure: the frequency of positive versus negative affect and the intensity of affect. Subjects in three studies completed daily and momentary reports on their moods. In support of the intensity dimension, the correlations between positive and negative intensity were strong and positive in all three studies. The intensities of specific emotions across persons were also highly correlated. Across the three studies the frequency and intensity of affect varied independently. Although average levels of positive and negative affect showed low correlations, this relation became strongly inverse when intensity was partialed out. Thus the intensity dimension helps explain the relative independence of positive and negative affect. In addition, emotional intensity is offered as a new personality dimension that manifests interesting characteristics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

The influence of age and gender on affect, physiology, and their interrelations: a study of long-term marriages.

Self-reported affect and autonomic and somatic physiology were studied during three 15-min conversations (events of the day, problem area, pleasant topic) in a sample of 151 couples in long-term marriages. Couples differed in age (40-50 or 60-70) and marital satisfaction (satisfied or dissatisfied). Marital interaction in older couples was associated with more affective positivity and lower physiological arousal (even when controlling for affective differences) than in middle-age couples. As has previously been found with younger couples, marital dissatisfaction was associated with less positive affect, greater negative affect, and greater negative affect reciprocity. In terms of the relation between physiological arousal and affective experience, husbands reported feeling more negative the more they were physiologically aroused; for wives, affect and arousal were not correlated. These findings are related to theories of socioemotional change with age and of gender differences in marital behavior and health.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: effects of shadowing, masking, and cerebral laterality.

Based on his finding that subjects can show an affective preference to previously seen stimuli that they fail to recognize, Zajonc (1980) claimed that affective processing operates separately from cognitive processing. Over four experiments, we replicated and extended the finding that mere exposure to a briefly presented stimulus can increase positive affect through familiarity without enhancing the recognition of that stimulus. Among our findings, lateralized presentation of the irregular polygon stimuli showed that affect judgments were best for stimuli presented in the right visual field (left hemisphere), whereas recognition judgments were best for stimuli presented in the left visual field (right hemisphere). These effects were found only when the study stimuli were shown for 2 msec and were unmasked or for 5 msec and were pattern masked; when the stimuli were shown for 5 msec and were energy masked, target selection by affect or recognition was not greater than chance. These data, along with results from contingency probability analyses, indicate that affect and recognition judgments are different. Rather than viewing the difference between affect and recognition in terms of different features that might reside in the stimulus, the difference in judgments may reflect the manner in which a stimulus representation has been accessed. When viewed in terms of different retrieval processes that access different information, target selection by affect in the absence of recognition can be interpreted in terms of existing models of recognition memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: the role of affect and cognitions.

To investigate the role of affect and cognitions in predicting organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and workplace deviance behavior (WDB), data were collected from 149 registered nurses and their coworkers. Job affect was associated more strongly than were job cognitions with OCB directed at individuals, whereas job cognitions correlated more strongly than did job affect with OCB directed at the organization. With respect to WDB, job cognitions played a more important role in prediction when job affect was represented by 2 general mood variables (positive and negative affect). When discrete emotions were used to represent job affect, however, job affect played as important a role as job cognition variables, strongly suggesting the importance of considering discrete emotions in job affect research.

Affect↗
PubMed1994

Political perception among young Australians: affective versus cognitive appraisal.

We investigated the role of affect in the political perceptions of a sample of Australian university students (N = 185). Following the procedure of Abelson, Kinder, Peters, and Fiske (1982), we compared affective and cognitive appraisals of three Australian politicians (Bob Hawke, John Howard, and John Bjelke-Petersen) and examined their respective influence on favorability judgments. Affective appraisals were less consistent than cognitive appraisals, and affect was a significant predictor of favorability, with certain idiosyncratic exceptions. Bjelke-Petersen elicited comparatively consistent affective reactions. The affective reactions elicited by Hawke were inconsequential to favorability. Two dimensions of negative affect for Hawke revealed a differential impact of negative affect on favorability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Goal orientations and the search for confirmatory affect.

People differ with respect to their beliefs about the consequences of attaining goals. Some people (linkers) believe that attaining certain goals will make them happy, whereas others (nonlinkers) see their happiness as more contingent upon the inherent quality of their actions than upon the outcomes of those actions. Because of the importance linkers place on goal attainment, linkers should be likely to seek information indicative of their progress toward their goals. Because of the importance nonlinkers place on enjoyment, nonlinkers should be likely to seek information indicative of the pleasurableness of their current task. Because negative affect can signal a lack of goal progress, whereas positive affect can signal task enjoyment, linkers may place more weight on their negative than their positive affect, whereas nonlinkers may do the opposite. Consistent with these hypotheses, the results of this study showed that linkers reported more negative affect when exposed to sad videos than when exposed to happy videos but did not report different amounts of positive affect. Nonlinkers, on the other hand, reported more positive affect when exposed to happy videos than when exposed to sad videos but did not report different amounts of negative affect. The implications of this pattern for a number of theoretical perspectives on goals and affect are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Race, gender, and the relevance of productive activity for elders' affect.

The influences of both paid and unpaid productive activity outside the home on positive and negative affect among White and Black males and females were examined in this study. Data are from a weighted subsample of those 60 and over from Wave 1 (1986) of the Americans' Changing Lives Panel Study. Multivariate analyses confirm the basic thesis that race and gender are critical social contexts when considering the relationship between productive activity and positive and negative affect. Major findings are: (a) paid work has no direct influence on either positive or negative affect for any of the four race/gender subgroups; (b) formal religious participation decreases the negative affect of older Black women; (c) formal nonreligious participation increases the positive affect of White men and decreases the negative affect of Black men; (d) informal volunteering increases positive affect and decreases negative affect among older Black men and White women. Discussion focuses on the importance of role distinctions by race in explaining the various productive activity/affect associations.

Affect↗
PubMed1996

Observed affect in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease.

A method for assessing affect states among older people with Alzheimer's disease was developed for use in a study designed to evaluate a special care unit for such residents of a nursing home. The 6-item Philadelphia Geriatric Center Affect Rating Scale was designed for the use of research and other staff in assessing positive affect (pleasure, interest, contentment) and negative affect (sadness, worry/anxiety, and anger) by direct observation of facial expression, body movement, and other cues that do not depend on self-report, among 253 demented and 43 nondemented residents. Each affect scale was highly reliable, expressed in estimated portions of a 10-minute observation period when the affect expression occurred. Validity estimates were affirmative in showing discriminant correlations between the positive states and various independent measures of social and other outwardly engaged behavior and between negative states and other measures of depression, anger, anxiety, and withdrawal. Limited support for the two-factor dimensionality of the affect ratings was obtained, although positive and negative affect were correlated, rather than independent. Some hope is offered that the preference and aversions of Alzheimer patients may be better understood by observations of their emotional behaviors and that such methods may lead to a better ability to judge institutional quality.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Cross-sectional age differences and longitudinal change on the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale.

Cross-sectional age differences and longitudinal change were examined on psychological well-being, positive affect, and negative affect, as measured by the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Data were collected from 1,159 participants in 1971 and 1985. Cross-sectional analyses showed age differences: older cohorts reported greater overall well-being but lower levels of both positive and negative affect when compared to younger respondents. Longitudinal analyses indicated small but significant changes toward decreased positive and negative affect but increased overall well-being. Negative affect had the strongest effect size. Positive and negative affect showed different patterns of change for different age groups. Taken together, cross-sectional and longitudinal findings suggest that change in affect variables is age-related, although these changes are relatively small. More evident was a pattern of correlational stability with age. Finally, the pattern of the results supports a two-factor theory of psychological well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that negative affect is a prospective risk factor for hypertension among white and black persons. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 3310 initially normotensive and chronic disease-free persons in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study was tracked through four follow-up waves (maximum, 22 years). The association between hypertension and baseline negative affect was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for baseline age, sex, race, education, smoking, alcohol use, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and change in body mass index as a time-dependent covariate. Negative affect was based on combined symptoms of depression and anxiety. Hypertension end points included 1) self-reported, 2) treated (prescription of antihypertensive medications), and 3) incident (blood pressure > or =160/95 mm Hg or treated) hypertension. Blood pressure measurements were obtained only at baseline and the first follow-up examination (maximum, 13 years). RESULTS: Increased negative affect was associated with elevated risk for self-reported, treated, and incident hypertension at first follow-up. Through four waves of follow-up, high negative affect was associated with treated hypertension in baseline risk-adjusted models for white women (relative risk [RR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.30-2.30), black women (RR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.24-7.88), and all men (RR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.08-2.25). Time-dependent covariate models produced similar RRs. CONCLUSIONS: Negative affect is predictive of development of hypertension. For treated hypertension, white women and all men with increased negative affect had similarly elevated RRs, whereas black women with increased negative affect had substantially higher RRs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Daily affect in Parkinson disease is responsive to life events and motor symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to examine the daily affective experiences of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and to determine their association with daily events and motor symptoms. Specifically, it was intended to test the hypothesis that PD, even in the absence of depression, is associated with anhedonia. METHOD: Nondepressed male subjects with PD (N=24) and a comparison group of healthy elderly males (N=23) completed daily affect rating scales and, for the patients with PD, a supplemental self-assessment questionnaire of PD-related symptoms for 4 consecutive weeks. The effect of daily events and PD-related symptoms on daily affect was examined using linear and logistic mixed regression models. RESULTS: Overall, patients with PD reported significantly less positive and more negative affect than healthy peers over time. There were similar, and expected, associations between negative events and affect in both groups. Although patients with PD reported far fewer positive events than control subjects, they reported as great an improvement in affect in response to them. Regarding self-reported PD-related symptoms, only increasing severity of core motor symptoms was independently associated with worse affect. CONCLUSIONS: Although the conclusions of this study are tempered by a comparison group that is not optimal, our results suggest that patients with PD do not demonstrate anhedonia in response to positive life events. The gross intergroup difference in daily events suggests the potential value of interventions that emphasize daily engagement in positive experiences to improve positive affective tone.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Positive affect predicts lower risk of AIDS mortality.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the association of positive affect as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) with risk of AIDS mortality, controlling for the other CES-D subscales and laboratory measures of disease progression. METHODS: Data come from the San Francisco Men's Health Study, a prospective study of a household probability sample of single men in San Francisco. The subjects were 407 men who were HIV+ at study baseline. RESULTS: In time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models, the positive affect subscale of the CES-D was significantly associated with lower risk of AIDS mortality (RR = 0.89, CI = 0.84-0.95). When risk estimates were adjusted for time-dependent covariates of CD4, serum beta2-microglobulin, P24 antigen, antiretroviral use, and the other subscales of the CES-D, positive affect remained significantly predictive of lower risk of AIDS mortality (RR = 0.90, CI = 0.85-0.97). When the CES-D subscale predictors were lagged by 12, 24, and 36 months in order to address the possibility that positive affect was simply a marker for better health, positive affect remained significantly predictive lagged by 12 months and marginally predictive lagged by 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: Positive affect seems to be the "active ingredient" in the association of scores on the CES-D depressive mood scale and mortality in this sample of HIV+ men. Future work should expand the traditional negative-affect-only focus to encompass the significant role that positive affect plays in living with HIV.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infants' perception of dynamic affective expressions: do infants distinguish specific expressions?

Seven-month-old infants' perception of positive (happy, interested) and negative (angry, sad) affective expressions was investigated using a preferential looking procedure (n = 20 in each of 6 conditions). The infants saw two videotaped facial expressions and heard a single vocal expression concordant with one of the facial expressions. The voice on the soundtrack was played 5 s out of synchrony with the ongoing affective visual display. Infants participated in one of six conditions (all possible pairs of the four expressive events). Infants' visual fixations to the affectively concordant and affectively discordant displays were recorded. Infants looked longer at the affectively concordant displays than at the affectively discordant displays in all conditions except the happy/sad and interested/sad conditions. For these two comparisons, facial discrimination was demonstrated by the infants' preferential looking at happy and interested expressions compared to the sad expression. Thus, 7-month-old infants discriminate among happy, interested, angry, and sad expressions, demonstrating differentiation among specific, dynamic expressions. The results are discussed in terms of the information specifying facial and vocal affect and the possible role of familiarity in learning to differentiate among affective expressions during infancy.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Attachment style and the regulation of negative affect: exploring individual differences in mood congruency effects on memory and judgment.

Three studies examined the role that attachment style plays in moderating the effects of induced negative affect on memory and judgment. Israeli undergraduates completed an attachment style scale and were exposed to a negative or neutral affect induction. In Study 1, incidental recall of negative and positive information was assessed; in Study 2, the attribution of negative and positive relational events was studied; and in Study 3, findings of Study 1 were replicated using a different affect induction procedure. Whereas securely attached persons reacted to induced negative affect with an affect-incongruent pattern of cognitions (better recall of positive information, more unstable/specific attribution of negative event), anxiously attached persons reacted with an affect-congruent pattern (worse recall of positive information, more stable/global attribution of negative event). Persons scoring high on attachment avoidance showed no significant cognitive effect of negative affect. The discussion emphasizes the role that attachment strategies play in the affect-cognition link.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The relationship between external events and affect states in older people.

Long-term and moderately short-term effects of bereavement and marriage on psychological well-being (PWB) among older people were investigated. The aspect of PWB that was examined was the prevalence of six affects, rated in terms of their frequency during the past year. Affect frequency of four groups was tested: Recently widowed, recently married, and widowed and married elders unselected for length of time in those marital statuses. As predicted, both length of time in the marital status and congruence between the positive event (marriage) and positive affect and between congruence of the negative event (bereavement and negative affect) were associated with group differences. Depressive affect was greatest among the recently bereaved but the recently-married, long-married, and longer-bereaved groups did not differ in depression. Positive affect was greatest among the recently married and other groups did not differ in this respect. Hostility, anxiety, shyness, and contentment were not predicted to differ among groups; in fact, contentment was least in the bereaved; shyness was least among the recently-married, and hostility was lowest among the long-widowed. Results are discussed in terms of the joint influences of time since a life event and the differential relevance of positive and negative affect states to positive and negative events. Continued research attention to the covariation of these factors in relation to the affective aspects of PWB is needed to understand the conditions of stability and change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Evidence for a third factor on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule in a college student sample.

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was originally developed to measure two orthogonal dimensions of affect. The present study examined the factor structure of the PANAS in a sample of 302 undergraduates. maximum Likelihood factor analysis was used to compare two- and three-factor solutions to self-rated affect. The two-factor solution resulted in confirmation of the two factors of Positive and Negative Affect hypothesized to underlie the schedule. When, however, a three-factor solution was specified, the Positive Affect factor was retained, while the Negative Affect factor split into two lower-order factors generally consistent with the Upset and Afraid factors described by Mehrabian in 1997. These findings highlight the need for research to consider the possible influence of a third affective dimension, such as Dominance-Submissiveness on self-rated affective experience.

Affect↗