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PubMed1994

Lack of interactions between dietary lysine or strain cross and photoschedule for male broiler performance and carcass yield.

The purpose of this study was to test interactions of dietary lysine or strain crosses provided increased lysine with photoschedule on broiler performance and carcass quality. In Experiment 1, treatments were factorially arranged as two lysine levels [control grower and finisher (NRC, 1984) or control grower and finisher plus .15% L-lysine HCl] and two photoschedules [23 h light (L):1 h dark (D) or 14L:10D]. All birds received a control starter feed and dietary treatments were initiated at 22 d of age. In Experiment 2, treatments were factorially arranged as two strain crosses [Peterson x Arbor Acres (PAA) or Ross x Ross (RR)] and two photoschedules (23L or 16L). All birds received standard starter and standard grower and finisher plus .15% L-lysine HCl. There were no lysine by photoschedule or strain cross by photoschedule interactions in this study. The high-lysine diet increased BW, improved feed efficiency, increased lean carcass weight and yield of breast meat, and decreased abdominal fat and yield of thighs. The PAA strain cross had better feed conversion, fewer Grade A carcasses, more back bruises and breast blisters, greater yield of wings and drumsticks, and less yield of breast meat than RR. The 23L had greater BW, better feed efficiency, fewer breast blisters, greater carcass weight (Experiment 1), more abdominal fat (Experiment 2), lower yield of wings (Experiment 1), drumsticks, and thighs, and greater yield of breast meat than the treatments with shorter photoschedules. Increased dietary lysine did not compensate for decreased breast meat yield associated with 14L (Experiment 1).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Changes of crop yields and soil fertility under long-term application of fertilizer and recycled nutrients in manure on a black soil].

The results from a field experiment over thirteen years on a black soil in Northeast China indicated that nitrogen fertilizer increased crop yields by 724 kg.hm-2 per year on average, with an increase rate of 27.5% and about 9.4 kg increased yield from 1 kg applied N. In the early stage, the crop yields almost gave no response to phosphorus fertilizer, owing to the high level of soil available phosphorus at the beginning of the experiment. The average increase of crop yields by phosphorus in thirteen years was only 241 kg.hm-2 per year, with an increase rate of 7%, about 12.7 kg increased yield from 1 kg applied P. Annual application of recycled pig manure made by 80% of harvested grain fed to pigs and the stolks as bedding materials could increase crop yields by 268, 258 and 255 kg.hm-2 per year with an increase rate of 9.8%, 7.6% and 7.0%, based on no fertilizer, with N and with P and N, respectively. There was a trend that the effect of recycled manure on crop yield was gradually increased during the period of experiment, implying the existence of accumulative residual effect from the manure.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

[Comparative studies of oat cultivars from Southern Brazil: effect of grain morphology on industrial yield].

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of grain morphology of oats on their industrial yield. The five cultivars studied: CTC3, UFRGS7, UFRGS14, UPF7 and UPF16 were grown in three localities with different soil and climate conditions, for two consecutive years. The parameters evaluated in the oat samples before and after dehulling were grain size and shape (by image analysis), comparing them to industrial yield, weight of a thousand kernels and hectoliter weight. The results showed that image analysis of oat samples (with hulls), does not have any relation to industrial yield, different from what was observed with groat samples (dehulled). Industrial yield varied according to genotype, locality and year, while area, minimum and maximum diameters and grain shape were only affected by the genetic factor. It was observed that longer grains (UPF16) had the highest industrial yield, differently to rounder and shorter grains (UFRGS14) which had a lower yield due to the ease of breakage during hulling; the smallest grains also gave a low industrial yield.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

[Dynamics of Amomum villosum growth and its fruit yield cultivated under tropical forests].

Investigations on the dynamics of Amomum villosum growth and its fruit yield cultivated under tropical ravine rainforest and secondary forest at different elevations in Xishuangbanna showed that the yield of A. villosum was influenced by the site age, sun light level of understorey, and water stress in dry season. The fruit yield and mature plant density decreased with increasing age of the A. villosum site. The fruit yield increased with sun light level when the light level in understorey was under 35% of full sun light (P < 0.05). The fruit yield at the lower site by stream was significantly higher than that at upper site (P < 0.05). The yield difference between ravine rainforest and secondary forest was not significant. Planned cultivation of A. villosum in the secondary forest of the shifting cultivation land by ravine from 800-1000 m elevation instead of customary cultivation in the ravine rainforest, could not only resolve the problem of the effect of light deficiency in understorey and water stress in the dry season on A. villosum fruit yield, but also be useful to protect the tropical ravine rain forest.

Fruit↗
PubMed2004

[A dynamic knowledge model for wheat target yield design and variety selection].

Based on integrating the effects of yield potential of photosynthesis and temperature, average yield level of last three years, soil fertility, fertilization and water management level and production technology level on yield increment, the dynamic yield increment index was quantified and a wheat knowledge model for design of target yield under different temporal and spatial environments was developed through knowledge engineering and system analysis method. By quantitatively calculating suitability of variety characteristics to environmental conditions and production requirements, a knowledge model for variety selection was established. Case studies on the target yield design with the data sets of five different eco-sites, three climatic years and average yield levels of last three years, two soil fertility levels and three fertilization and water management levels, and on suitable variety selection models with the data sets of five different eco-sites, normal climatic year and fifteen typical varieties indicated a good performance of the model system in decision-making and wide applicability.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2005

[Genetic contribution of agronomic traits to yield in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)].

In order to understand the genetic contribution of six agronomic traits to yield, 14 flue-cured tobacco varieties (or breeding lines) and their 41 F1 crosses were used for multivariable conditional analysis. The contribution of additive variance of plant height to yield was larger than other agronomic traits. The largest contribution of dominant variance to yield was due to the length of middle leaves. All agronomic traits investigated had small contribution to yield due to additive x environment interaction effects and dominant x environment interaction effects. No identical trait of different parents showed the largest contribution to additive effect of yield. This could be resulted from the fact that each parent had its own genetic and developmental characterization. The dominant effects of yield were mainly influenced by length of middle leaves in most crosses. Length of middle leaves could be served as ameasurement to indirectly select the cross parent having high dominant effect of yield.

Biomass↗
PubMed2005

Natural recharge to sustainable yield from the barind aquifer: a tool in preparing effective management plan of groundwater resources.

This paper presents the results of water balance study and aquifer simulation modeling for preliminary estimation of the recharge rate and sustainable yield for the semi arid Barind Tract region of Bangladesh. The outcomes of the study are likely to be useful for planning purposes. It is found from detailed water balance study for the area that natural recharge rates in the Barind Tract vary widely year to year. It may have resulted from the method used for the calculation. If the considered time interval had been smaller than the monthly rainfall, the results could have been different. Aquifer Simulation Modeling (ASM) for the Barind aquifer is used to estimate long-term sustainable yield of the groundwater considering limiting drawdown from the standpoint of economic pumping cost. In managing a groundwater basin efficiently and effectively, evaluation of the maximum annual groundwater yield of the basin that can be withdrawn and used without producing any undesirable effect is one of the most important issues. In investigating such recharge rate, introduction of certain terms such as sustainable yield and safe yield has been accompanied. Development of this area involves proper utilization of this vast land, which is possible only through ensured irrigation for agriculture. The Government of Bangladesh has a plan to develop irrigation facilities by optimum utilization of available ground and surface water. It is believed that the groundwater table is lowering rapidly and the whole region is in an acute state of deforestation. Indiscriminate groundwater development may accelerate deforestation trend. In this context estimation of actual natural recharge rate to the aquifer and determination of sustainable yield will assist in proper management and planning of environmentally viable abstraction schemes. It is revealed from the study that the sustainable yield of ground water (204 mm/y) is somewhat higher than the long-term annual average recharge (152.7 mm) to the groundwater reservoir. The reason behind this is that the rivers within and around the Barind Tract might have played the role of influent rivers.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1983

The effect of substrate cycling on the ATP yield of sperm glycolysis.

The conversion of glucose to lactate via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway yields a maximum of 2 mol of ATP per mol of glucose degraded with lesser amounts of ATP obtained if metabolic intermediates are removed for biosynthesis or if substrate cycling occurs during carbohydrate degradation. Bull sperm are an ideal test system for a quantitative estimate of ATP yield because they contain enzymes necessary for potential substrate cycling and do not carry out significant biosynthesis. Experiments utilized specifically labeled glucose and fructose to test for substrate cycling between glucose in equilibrium glucose-6-PO4, fructose in equilibrium fructose-6-PO4, and fructose-6-PO4 in equilibrium bisphosphate. Flux through the pathway (low = less than or equal to 0.05; moderate = 0.1; high = greater than 0.5 mol of carbohydrate consumed per h/10(8) cells) was altered by changing incubation temperature and/or by adding metabolic effectors. The data (in situ rates of kinases and phosphatases and metabolite crossover plots) obtained under these conditions were used to establish if the generally accepted regulatory enzymes (hexokinase and phosphofructokinase) approach the overall flux through the glycolytic pathway, i.e. that of a classical kinetically limiting rate-determining step. In summary: (a) At low flux, the rates of phosphorylation greatly exceeded overall flux. This resulted in extensive substrate cycling at all points and a net ATP yield of less than or equal to 0 mol/mol of glucose initially phosphorylated. (b) At moderate flux, rate of hexokinase approached that of overall flux through the glycolytic pathway but "excessive" phosphofructokinase activity led to substrate cycling between fructose-6-PO4 and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and resulted in a low net ATP yield (0-0.6 mol/mol of glucose). (c) At high flux, rates of phosphofructokinase and hexokinase approached that of the overall flux. Minimal substrate cycling occurred between fructose-6-PO4 and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and the net ATP yield approached 1.8 mol/mol of glucose. These experiments established that the theoretical stoichiometric ATP yield of the pathway was rarely achieved during these incubations because of extensive substrate cycling. Indeed, for cauda epididymal bull sperm isolated and incubated in vitro, the glycolytic pathway serves to generate lactate, an intermediate product that is further metabolized in the mitochondria to yield the ATP that is associated with degradation of exogenous carbohydrate.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of humus and microbial inoculates on yield and nitrogen uptake by agricultural plants].

The application of humus had a positive effect on grain and straw yield of paddy and the yield increased with the increasing concentration of humus. The highest dose ((0,05%) corresponding to 1120 kg humus/ha significantly increased the grain and straw yield by 85 and 30 per cent over control. The efficiency of algal inoculation was enhanced in the presence of humus and recorded 41 per cent increase in yield over algae. The nitrogen uptake was also appreciably increased by grain and straw due to humus application. Humus at 0,05 per cent along with algae significantly increased the nitrogen uptake by paddy over algae alone. Root nodulation, growth and yield of gram crop were appreciably increased due to humus application. The grain and straw yield were increased due to humus (0,05%) application showing 32 and 41 per cent increase over control. The efficiency of Rhizobium inoculation was also improved in the presence of humus and the grain and straw yield was significantly increased.

Eukaryota↗
PubMed1997

The effects of lattice water on free radical yields in X-irradiated crystalline pyrimidines and purines: a low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance investigation.

The hydration layer of DNA increases the target size of DNA with respect to the formation of direct-type damage by ionizing radiation. The mechanisms that give rise to this increase are being investigated by EPR spectroscopy. To determine these mechanisms, it is necessary to distinguish between the change in sample mass and changes in packing/conformation brought about by the change in the level of hydration. Certain model compounds that crystallize as hydrates provide a system where the effects of mass and packing can be discerned. Three such hydrate crystals were used in this work: barbituric acid dihydrate (BA:2H2O), inosine dihydrate (IR:2H2O) and thymine monohydrate (T:H2O). The free radical yields (+/-25%) in the native crystals at 7-11 K are 0.08, 0.03 and 0.02, respectively. Removal of the lattice water leaves behind an ordered lattice and results in free radical yields of 0.08, 0.03 and < 0.004, respectively. Thus removal of the lattice water does not affect the free radical yield in BA:2H2O or IR:2H2O but decreases the free radical yield in T:H2O by an order of magnitude. Based on these observations and the known crystal packing, we conclude that the hydrogen bonding network is a major factor in determining the distribution and yield of trapped free radicals. We ascribe this to the importance of proton transfer processes which act to reduce the probability of radical combination. Consistent with this conclusion are the types of free radicals trapped in these crystalline materials before and after dehydration. From these results, we argue that a major determinant of free radical yields in solidstate samples of DNA constituents is molecular packing. In addition, the absence of HO. radicals trapped in single crystals of BA:2H2O provides an upper limit for the yield of trapped HO. of less than 10(-4) mumol/J. This supports the thesis that at < 77 K direct ionization of those waters associated directly with a pyrimidine or purine results in hole transfer to that molecule. Hydroxyl radical formation on a water adjacent to a DNA base is predicted to be negligible.

Barbiturates↗
PubMed1997

Primary human muscle satellite cell culture: variations of cell yield, proliferation and differentiation rates according to age and sex of donors, site of muscle biopsy, and delay before processing.

The present study was performed to determine the influence on human satellite cell yield, proliferation, and differentiation rates of: 1) sex and age of donors; 2) site of the muscle biopsy; and 3) delay before processing of the muscle biopsy sample. We used a standardized primary muscle cell culture procedure on 206 normal muscle samples obtained from different muscle groups of patients aged from 20 to 88 years, at time of orthopedic surgery. Sex of donors did not influence muscle culture parameters. In contrast, aging tended to affect muscle cell yield (age group 50-59 years vs 70-79 years, P < 0.08), but not myogenic cell abilities to proliferate and to fuse into myotubes. The anatomic origin of muscle samples used for culture appeared to influence culture parameters. In contrast with other tested muscles, the tensor fasciae muscle gave both a good cell yield (174 +/- 25 10(3) cells per gram) and homogeneous proliferation and differentiation rates. Storage of the muscle sample at 4 degrees C in transport medium was associated with a very high cell yield when processing was done in early hours after biopsy (277 +/- 50 10(3) cells/g), a high and stable cell yield when processing was done from day 1 to day 3 after biopsy (185 +/- 15 10(3) cells/g), and a poor cell yield when processing was done after day 4 (111 +/- 13 10(3) cells/g). Storage of muscle biopsy samples at 4 degrees C for 1 to 4 days was associated with good proliferation and fusion rates. In conclusion, these data validate a convenient procedure of primary human muscle cell culture, using tensor fasciae muscle biopsy, which is easily done at time of orthopedic surgery, obtained from men and women of all ages (if possible less than 70 years to obtain good cell yield), and allowing of 1-3 days of storage before processing that may compensate uncertainty of the exact time of availability of muscle samples for the scientist.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The effect of clinical and biochemical donor parameters on pancreatic islet isolation yield from cadaveric organ donors.

The recovery of pancreatic islet cells from cadaveric donors for allotransplantation may depend on the functional condition of the pancreas of the donor prior to organ harvesting. We examined donor hemodynamic and biochemical parameters and their effects on the subsequent yield of islet cells after harvesting. All pancreata were flushed and preserved in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and digested using automated method within 8 hours. In the first analysis, digestions were divided into high-yield (> 2000 IEQ/g pancreas), and low-yield (< 2000 IEQ/g) groups and donor variables were averaged for each group. Donors whose pancreata yielded > 2000 IEQ/g received significantly greater amounts of Dopamine (14.43 micrograms/kg/min vs 9.35 mg/kg/min, p = 0.05). The daily urine output between groups was also significantly different. Maximum systolic blood pressure (SBP), minimum systolic blood pressure, use of vasopressin, length of hospitalization, and maximum base deficit were compared between the two groups. Less severe hypoglycemia (lowest blood glucose 143 mg/dL vs 107 mg/dL, p = 0.02) and lower amylase levels (36.2 U vs 80.7, p = 0.07 were noted in the high-yield group. A trend towards higher islet yields was associated with lowest hourly urine output > 60 (2040 IEQ/g vs 1649 IEQ/g p = 0.09), maximum SBP > 200 (2097 vs 1673, p = 0.07, and surprisingly, lowest SBP below 80 (2013 vs 1742, p < 0.1). Amount of fluids administered prior to procurement had no influence on islet yield. In conclusion, hemodynamic variables such as urine output, systolic blood pressure, and degree of pressor support were modestly associated with successful islet isolation. The preliminary data suggest that better multifactor donor analysis is imperative for standardization and monitoring of multiorgan donors. The association of higher blood glucose levels with successful isolation may also be related to resuscitation with dextrose-containing fluids.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1998

Factors affecting progenitor cell yields using three tandem leukaphereses in previously treated malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) have increasingly been used to replace autologous bone marrow to allow faster hematopoietic reconstitution after myeloablative therapy in various malignancies. There is a paucity of data concerning factors that affect the total yield of three tandem leukaphereses. METHODS: Factors affecting the yield of PBPCs were analyzed in a series of 121 consecutive patients including 36 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, two with Hodgkin's disease, four with multiple myeloma, 44 with acute leukemia, 20 with breast cancer and 15 with other solid tumors. PBPCs were mobilized using granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone (group I, n = 15), or after conventional-dose (group II, n = 70) or high-dose (group III, n = 36) chemotherapy followed by G-CSF. The total yield of three tandem PBPC collections for each patient was assessed by the number of mononuclear cells (MNCs), CD34+ cells and colony-forming units of granulocyte macrophages (CFU-GM). The factors evaluated included age, sex, diagnosis, history of marrow involvement, previous radiotherapy, the number of prior chemotherapy cycles and mobilization method. The two -sample t-test and logistic regression analysis were performed for univariate and multivariate analysis, respectively. RESULTS: With univariate analysis, a diagnosis of acute leukemia, positive history of bone marrow involvement, more chemotherapy cycles and mobilization with high-dose chemotherapy adversely affected the yields of CD34+ cells. By multivariate analysis, Group II had higher yields of MNCs (p = 0.039), CFU-GM (p = 0.002) and CD34+ cells (p = 0.011) than Group III. Fewer cycles of prior chemotherapy is the common favorable factor for the yields of both CD34+ cells (p = 0.016) and CFU-GM (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: The number of prior chemotherapy cycles adversely affects progenitor cell yield. Conventional-dose chemotherapy followed by G-CSF seems to be the mobilization methods of choice for heavily pretreated cancer patients with limited bone marrow reserve. PBPCs should be harvested early, when the tumor burden is less, to avoid cumulative marrow toxicity from chemotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Cigarette yield and the risk of myocardial infarction in smokers.

BACKGROUND: Although cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for acute myocardial infarction (MI), cigarette tar yield has not been clearly demonstrated to affect MI risk. METHODS: A case-control study of first MI in smokers aged 30 through 65 years was conducted among 68 hospitals in an 8-county area during a 28-month period. Case subjects were smokers hospitalized at any of the area hospitals with a first MI. Approximately 4 community control smokers per case subject were randomly selected from the same geographic area using random digit dialing. Detailed data on smoking history and cigarette brand were collected. RESULTS: We identified 587 case subjects and 2685 controls who smoked cigarettes with known tar yields. After adjustment using multivariable logistic regression, the odds ratios (ORs) for subjects smoking medium- and high compared with low-tar-yield cigarettes were 1.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-2.87) and 2.21 (95% CI, 1.47-3.34), respectively. The adjusted OR increased as tar per day intake increased (P<.001 for the trend); compared with the lowest category of tar per day, the ORs (95% CIs) for increasing tar per day were 1.16 (0.83-1.62), 1.85 (1.35-2.52), 2.42 (1.54-3.78), and 2.50 (1.78-3.52). There was a similar trend of increasing ORs as tar per day increased in smokers of lower-yield cigarettes (P<.001 for the trend) and when low-yield cigarette smokers were excluded (P<.001 for the trend). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking higher-yield cigarettes is associated with an increased risk of MI, and there is a dose-response relationship between total tar consumption per day and MI.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization in three groups of subjects: a comparison of leukapheresis yield and timing.

In this review, we analyse the peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization yield of three categories of subjects including group 1, healthy allogeneic donors given growth factors; group 2, patients with haematological malignancies mobilized with chemotherapy followed by growth factors; and group 3, patients with solid tumours mobilized with growth factors alone. A wide variation amongst subjects of the same category was observed. Group 1 and group 2 patients mobilized to a similar degree with a mean CD34(+) yield/kg of 3.44 x 10(6) and 3.39 x 10(6) respectively, for a standardized 2. 5 times blood volumes processed. This is superior to group 3 patients mobilized with growth factors alone who yielded only 0.99 x 10(6)/kg. A good correlation between peripheral blood CD34(+) count and leukapheresis yield was observed for all three groups. For healthy donors, prescheduled leukapheresis on day 5 after growth factors commencement predicts good yield, obviating the need for CD34 monitoring. On the contrary, most cancer patients mobilized with growth factors alone as in group 3 have inadequate single collection. They invariably require cumulative yield of several collections for adequate dose and hence predicting timing with peripheral blood CD34(+) count is not useful. In group 2 patients mobilized with chemotherapy followed by growth factors, we find that a peripheral blood CD34(+) count of 11/microL predicts collection of more than 1 x 10(6) CD34(+) cell/kg/2.5 blood volumes, thus helping to maximize yield and resources. J. Clin. Apheresis, 15:217-223, 2000.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Growth and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) near a high voltage transmission line.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an electromagnetic field from a high voltage transmission line on the yield of agricultural crops cultivated underneath and near the transmission line. For 5 years, experiments with winter wheat and corn were carried out near the 380 kV transmission line Dürnrohr (Austria)-Slavetice (Czech Republic). Different field strengths were tested by planting the crops at different distances from the transmission line. The plants were grown in experimental plots (1.77 m2), aligned to equal electric field strengths, and were cultivated according to standard agricultural practice. The soil for all plots was homogenized layer-specifically to a depth of 0.5 m to guarantee uniform soil conditions in the plant root environment. The soil was sampled annually for determinations of carbon content and the behavior of microbial biomass. During development of the vegetation, samples were collected at regular intervals for growth rate analyses. At physiological maturity, the plots (n = 8) were harvested for grain and straw yield determinations. The average electric and magnetic field strengths at four distances from the transmission line (nominal distances: 40, 14, 8, and 2 m) were between 0.2 and 4.0 kV/m and between 0.4 and 4.5 micro T, respectively. No effect of the field exposures on soil microbial biomass could be detected. The wheat grain yields were 7% higher (average of 5 years) in the plots with the lowest field exposure than in the plots nearer to the transmission line (P <.10). The responses of the plants were more pronounced in years with drought episodes during grain filling than in humid years. No significant yield differences were found for corn yields. The extent of the yield variations attributed to the distance from the transmission line was small compared to the observed annual variations in climatic or soil specific site characteristics.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMed2006

Pre-sowing magnetic treatments of tomato seeds increase the growth and yield of plants.

The effects of pre-sowing magnetic treatments on growth and yield of tomato (cv Campbell-28) were investigated under field conditions. Tomato seeds were exposed to full-wave rectified sinusoidal non-uniform magnetic fields (MFs) induced by an electromagnet at 100 mT (rms) for 10 min and at 170 mT (rms) for 3 min. Non-treated seeds were considered as controls. Plants were grown in experimental plots (30.2 m(2)) and were cultivated according to standard agricultural practices. During the vegetative and generative growth stages, samples were collected at regular intervals for growth rate analyses, and the resistance of plants to geminivirus and early blight was evaluated. At physiological maturity, the plants were harvested from each plot and the yield and yield parameters were determined. In the vegetative stage, the treatments led to a significant increase in leaf area, leaf dry weight, and specific leaf area (SLA) per plant. Also, the leaf, stem, and root relative growth rates of plants derived from magnetically treated seeds were greater than those shown by the control plants. In the generative stage, leaf area per plant and relative growth rates of fruits from plants from magnetically exposed seeds were greater than those of the control plant fruits. At fruit maturity stage, all magnetic treatments increased significantly (P < .05) the mean fruit weight, the fruit yield per plant, the fruit yield per area, and the equatorial diameter of fruits in comparison with the controls. At the end of the experiment, total dry matter was significantly higher for plants from magnetically treated seeds than that of the controls. A significant delay in the appearance of first symptoms of geminivirus and early blight and a reduced infection rate of early blight were observed in the plants from exposed seeds to MFs. Pre-sowing magnetic treatments would enhance the growth and yield of tomato crop.

Solanum lycopersicum↗
PubMed2002

Effect of operating variables on the yield of recombinant trypsinogen for a pulse-fed dilution-refolding reactor.

The inclusion body process route for manufacturing proteins offers distinct process advantages in terms of expression levels and the ease of initial inclusion body recovery. The efficiency of the refolding unit operation, however, does determine the overall economic feasibility of a process. Dilution refolding is the simplest and most extensively used refolding operation, although significant yield losses often occur due mainly to aggregation. Operating variables may have a significant effect on the degree of aggregation, but a systematic study has not been reported. This study investigates the effect of operating variables on the dilution refolding of solubilized r-trypsinogen inclusion bodies in a pulse-fed stirred reactor. Variables investigated were inclusion body washing, stirring speed, feed rate, concentration of solubilized r-trypsinogen, and concentration of urea during solubilization of the inclusion bodies. Additionally, the effect of baffles in the reactor was investigated. The yield of renatured r-trypsinogen varied between 12 +/- 0.2% and 21 +/- 1.0% depending on the specific combination of operating variables employed. It is clear that a suboptimal operating strategy can significantly reduce protein yield. In particular, we note that an increased intensity of mixing adversely affected yield in contrast to previous reports indicating that enhanced dispersion increases yield. We conclude that yield is determined not only by the efficiency of dispersion, but also by the local chemical environment of the protein as it folds, and the rate of change of this environment. This will be controlled by micromixing effects, and hence the intensity of agitation, in a complex manner requiring further characterization.

Bioreactors↗