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PubMedDate not supplied

Worldwide microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents.

The resistance of microbial pathogens to antimicrobial agents is a crucial health-related problem. The inappropriate use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, along with the widespread use of these agents in animal breeding and in agriculture, has favored the selection of multiply resistant microbial strains. The policies employed for the monitoring of such microbial resistance must be reviewed, and new policies designed to retard and combat the emergence of resistance must be implemented.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

Application of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to the typing of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from raw milk, nondairy foods, and clinical and veterinary sources.

The powerful discriminatory typing capabilities of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were applied to Listeria monocytogenes strains from raw milk, nondairy foods, and clinical and veterinary sources. The raw milk and nondairy food strains were sequential isolates obtained over a year-long period from a number of different producers and manufacturers. Results obtained by the two typing methods were in substantial agreement and showed that both raw milk and nondairy foods frequently contain recurrent L. monocytogenes strains, thus suggesting that the presence of these organisms in such commodities often arises because of contamination from within their respective processing environments. Most recurrent strains were serogroup 1/2, with only one instance of recurrent serogroup 4 strains. Some recurrent L. monocytogenes strains, including the serogroup 4 strains, were found by analysis of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis results to be closely related to clinical and veterinary strains, thus suggesting that strains adapted for survival in the food-processing environment retain their potential for pathogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The distribution of antibiotically-resistant organisms in the environment with special attention to salmonellae].

Antibiotic resistant determinants (R) prevail in environmental bacteria independent of antibiotic application in human and veterinary medicine als well as in agriculture. Due to horizontal gene transfer (plasmids) the spread of R. determinants to pathogenic bacteria occur in relation to selection pressure. Since salmonella bacteria have been found to persist in environmental habitats for a long time they will serve as recipients as a reservoir (donors).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The situation of tuberculosis and tuberculosis control in animals of economic interest.

The need to focus international attention on the continuing problem of tuberculosis in animals of economic interest, can hardly be over-emphasized. Mycobacterium bovis, is the most universal pathogen among the mycobacteria and produces progressive disease in most domestic animals (especially those of economic interest) and in humans. The prevalence of animal tuberculosis therefore, has relevance for both human and veterinary medical practitioners and decision makers on the strategic approach to be adopted in the control of the disease. There is the tendency to underestimate the ability of M. bovis to produce tuberculosis or to assume that it has been totally eliminated and that potential exposure to this pathogen may be a remote occurrence. This perception could have a direct implication for the control of the disease at source, that is in domestic animals. The current epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection raises the issue of what future impact this epidemic may have if the incidence of M. bovis infection in humans increases, when control in livestock especially cattle, is neglected by both developed and developing countries.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Analyses of restriction fragment patterns (RFPs) and pathogenicity in baby mice of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) strains circulating in Danish horses.

Twenty-five strains of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and one strain of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) isolated from material from various clinical cases in Denmark, together with reference EHV-1 and EHV-4 strains, were compared by restriction fragment pattern (RFP) analysis and inoculation of baby mice. The RFP analyses revealed that all EHV-1 strains belonged to genome type Ip. Four fetal isolates exhibited genomic characteristics that have been suggested as specific markers of the attenuated strain Rac H, widely used as a live vaccine. As the use of five vaccines against EHV-1 and EHV-4 has never been allowed in Denmark, it is assumed that Rac H derivatives have been acquired from visiting horses and thus are now circulating in the horse population. Baby mice inoculation revealed that four biotypes could be distinguished on the basis of pathogenicity. However, no strict correlation with pathogenicity in the natural host was seen.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1986

[Helminths of carnivores relevant to veterinary practice].

Especially in an urban environment man and carnivores live closely together, whereby one has to pay attention not only to animal parasites, but also to human pathogenic connections regarding these parasites. Because of the infection risk the animal owner has to be competently informed by his veterinarian. While some cestodes make great demands on hygiene, with others the cycle can be interrupted by consequent diet restrictions. Of all nematodes the stomach worm of the cat is of greater importance as it is easily overlooked because of its small size, is difficult to diagnose and is occurring in our regions with an infestation rate of about 40%. "Larva migrans visceralis" and "Larva migrans cutanea" caused by ascaride and hookworm larvae are important in human medicine and demand therapeutic measures. The contamination of parks, playgrounds and beaches with these parasites caused by carnivores requires a critical evaluation of the human pathogen interests.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMed1997

Outbreak of Salmonella infantis infection in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital.

During the past 11 years, there have been numerous reports of outbreaks of salmonellosis involving horses in veterinary teaching hospitals. Some of these outbreaks have been associated with Salmonella serotypes not commonly associated with infection of horses. Salmonella infantis is among the more common Salmonella serotypes isolated from human beings, and is an important pathogen in the broiler chicken industry. However, it was not commonly isolated from horses or cattle on a national basis between 1993 and 1995. In this report, we describe an outbreak of S infantis infection among large animals, primarily horses, in a veterinary teaching hospital and the control measures that were implemented. Factors that appeared to be key in control of this outbreak in this hospital included providing biosecurity training sessions for hospital personnel, adopting a standard operating procedure manual for biosecurity procedures, installing additional handwashing sinks throughout the facility, painting the interior of the facility with a nontoxic readily cleanable paint, replacing the dirt flooring in 4 stalls with concrete flooring, and removing noncleanable surfaces such as rubber stall mats, wooden hay storage bins, and open grain bins. Our experience with this outbreak suggests that although it is virtually impossible to eliminate Salmonella organisms from the environment, minimizing contamination is possible. Prevention of nosocomial infection must be approached in a multifaceted manner and care must be taken to search out covert sources of contamination, especially if standard intervention procedures do not prevent spread of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Threat of infection: microbes of high pathogenic potential--strategies for detection, control and eradication.

Infectious diseases due to microbes of high pathogenic potential remain a constant and variable threat for human and animal health. The emergence of new diseases or the re-emergence of diseases that were previously under control complicates the situation to date. Infectious disease research, which has undergone a dramatic progress in understanding disease mechanisms such as host-pathogen interactions, is now focusing increasingly on new strategies for prevention and therapy. Significant progress has been achieved in the development of delivery systems for protective heterologous protein antigens and in veterinary vaccinology. A landmark of infectious diseases research is the chemical synthesis of genomes, a major new field of research referred to as "synthetic biology", that to date has resulted in the chemical synthesis of the poliovirus and of phage phiX174 genomes and their expression as infectious viruses. On the molecular level the evolution of pathogens and mechanisms of genome flexibility, which account for several pathogenic properties of infectious agents, have received increased attention. Bacterial toxins are an additional threat to human health and their interference with host cells and cellular functions is receiving more attention.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolated from retail raw chicken and beef meat, Tehran, Iran.

Campylobacter spp. is a leading cause of human diarrhea. The common source of infection is contaminated food, particularly poultry. The veterinary use of antimicrobial drugs has been suggested to be largely responsible for resistance in human isolates of this zoonotic pathogen. From April to October 2004, 241 samples of chicken and beef meat for sale in retail outlets in Tehran (Iran) were analyzed for the presence of Campylobacter. Totally, 88 (36.5%) Campylobacter strains were isolated. Campylobacter was isolated from a significantly larger number of chicken (63%) than beef (10%) meat (P < 0.0001). Susceptibilities of 72 strains were determined for eight antimicrobial drugs using the disk diffusion assay. Resistance to nalidixic acid was the most common finding (75%), followed by resistance to ciprofloxacin (69.4%), tetracycline (45.8%), amoxicillin (11.1%), streptomycin (4.2%), chloramphenicol (2.8%) and gentamicin (1.4%). None of the isolates was resistant to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance was seen in 75% of the Campylobacter strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter coli isolated from fattening pigs in France.

Campylobacter are a leading cause of human diarrhea. The usual source of infection is contaminated food, particularly poultry but pork has also been described. The veterinary use of antimicrobial drugs has been suggested to be largely responsible for resistance in human isolates of this zoonotic pathogen. A study was carried out to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolated from French fattening pigs. From March 1998 to June 1999, stomach samples were collected at slaughter from 240 fattening pigs originating from 24 different farms. Half of the pigs were found to be positive for Campylobacter but considerable variation was observed between farms. Isolates all belong to the Campylobacter coli species. Susceptibilities of the strains were determined for five antimicrobial drugs using agar dilution. Resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was high (79 and 55%, respectively). For nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin and ampicillin, resistance was observed in 34, 15 and 20% of the isolates, respectively. More than one-third of the strains was resistant to at least three antimicrobial drugs. A Thr86Ile modification in GyrA was observed in the enrofloxacin-resistant strains studied. The multiresistant strains analyzed expressed the multidrug transporter CmeB at a high level. Results indicated a high prevalence of C. coli in the stomach of the French pigs examined. In addition, a high proportion of the strains was resistant to antimicrobial drugs, particularly to tetracycline and erythromycin, or were multiresistant.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of florfenicol against bacteria isolated from bovine and porcine respiratory disease.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of florfenicol (FFC) against 243 bacterial agents isolated in Korea from cattle and pigs with respiratory disease were investigated by agar diffusion and microdilution broth methods following the recommendations provided by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. All Actinobacillus pleuropnemoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica and 98.6% of the Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates were susceptible to FFC, which as significantly more effective than the other antibiotics used in this study. FFC also showed high in vitro antimicrobial activities (MIC(90) < or = 1 microg/ml) against all strains tested with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination ranging from 0.12 to 4 microg/ml. No resistant strains of A. pleuropneumoniae, P. multocida and M. haemolytica to FFC have apparently developed since the first introduction of this antibiotics for veterinary use in Korea. The results suggest that FFC is therapeutically valuable in the treatment of primary or complicating bacterial pathogens causing of the bovine and swine respiratory tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Review of Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

The taxonomy, distribution, bionomics, and medical and veterinary importance of C. rufifacies are reviewed and summarized. Late instars are beneficial as predators of the maggots of pathogen-transmitting and myiasis-producing flies, but strains from parts of Australia, India, and Hawaii are harmful as secondary myiasis agents. The effects of invasions, possible competition, and displacement of native calliphorids are discussed. The developmental duration of the immature stadia at different temperatures are reviewed. The primary literature (274 papers) dealing with this fly is given and cross-referenced by subject to serve as a reference to research entomologists and governmental agencies involved in the control of this livestock parasite in the Americas and Australia.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of various diagnostic methods for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis.

Mycoplasma bovis, the main causative agent of mycoplasmal mastitis, arthritis and pneumonia in cattle, causes considerable economic losses. Veterinary hygiene measures would be most effective if introduced at an early stage, especially the culling of cows shedding the pathogen for the control of mastitis. It is therefore crucial to ensure that diagnostic methods are available which can perform rapid and specific detection of the agent at acceptable costs. Six different detection methods have been compared and evaluated in terms of performance parameters and suitability for routine diagnosis. Conventional M. bovis isolation and identification from culture is the only technique used for routine diagnosis at present. However, this process is rather laborious and time-consuming, and final results are available only after several days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques can be used to screen for M. bovis antibodies or antigens in clinically-diseased animals. Detection of the agent in subclinical cases was accomplished in pre-incubated samples by an antigen capture ELISA involving a monoclonal antibody. Whole-cell protein patterns generated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to identify and classify field isolates. Nucleic acid hybridizations using probes of defined specificity were conducted both as filter dot blot assay and in solution with ribosomal ribonucleic acid as the target. The latter was found to be potentially suitable for the screening of biological samples, although problems due to high background and reduced specificity remained. Finally, the presence of M. bovis cells in culture supernatant and in milk samples was demonstrated using the polymerase chain reaction. This procedure is potentially superior to all others currently available, due to its high sensitivity, specificity and speed. However, a number of practical problems must be solved prior to full-scale introduction of this technique for routine diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic enteric pathogens.

Antimicrobial resistance is a zoonotic health threat. As in humans, the use of antimicrobial agents in animals results in the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Resistant bacteria from animals may be passed to humans via the food chain or direct animal contact, and may result in resistant infections. Increasing prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial agents such as fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins, which are important for the treatment of infections caused by enteric pathogens, has significant public health implications. Controlling the spread of resistance requires the collaboration of several partners, including the farming, veterinary, medical, and public health communities.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of enteric pathogens in dogs of north-central Colorado.

To evaluate the prevalence of enteric pathogens in dogs of north-central Colorado, fecal samples were obtained from client-owned dogs presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Colorado State University for evaluation of acute small-bowel, large-bowel, or mixed-bowel diarrhea (n=71) and from age-matched, client-owned, healthy dogs (n=59). Infectious agents potentially associated with gastrointestinal disease were detected in 34 of 130 (26.1%) fecal samples. Agents with zoonotic potential were detected in feces from 21 (16.2%) of 130 dogs and included Giardia spp. (5.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (3.8%), Toxocara canis (3.1%), Salmonella spp. (2.3%), Ancylostoma caninum (0.8%), and Campylobacter jejuni (0.8%). Positive test results occurred in dogs with or without gastrointestinal signs of disease. Dogs, particularly those in homes of immunocompromised humans, should be evaluated for enteric zoonotic agents.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1995

Yersinia enterocolitica is a common cause of gastroenteritis in Auckland.

AIMS: Infections with Yersinia enterocolitica are a significant cause of gastroenteritis in many countries, However, little information is available on the incidence of human disease in New Zealand. A study was performed between January 1988 and December 1993 to investigate aspects of the epidemiology of yersiniosis in the Auckland region including prevalence, age and sex distribution, strain definition and seasonal occurrence. METHODS: Culture of 231 128 faecal samples for enteric pathogens was performed at Diagnostic Laboratory, a community laboratory in Auckland, between January 1988 and December 1993. All yersinia isolates recovered were sent to the department of veterinary pathology and public health, Massey University for further typing. Relevant data were entered into a database and reviewed at the end of the study period. RESULTS: 1469 of the samples, representing 941 cases, were positive for strains of yersinia during the study period, a crude isolation rate of 0.6%. A single strain from each of the cases was further typed and yersinia enterocolitica was found to constitute the majority of the isolates (918), making it the third most common enteric pathogen isolated after campylobacter and salmonella. Of the strains isolated, 98% were recognised human pathogens, with biotype 4, serotype 0:3 being the most frequently recovered, as it is worldwide. No clear seasonal pattern emerged although most isolations were made in the autumn-winter period. The age distribution showed two peaks, 0-4 (17.6%) and 25-29 year olds (13%). Infections in males outnumbered those in females (56:44). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that Y enterocolitica is an important enteric pathogen in the Auckland region, particularly in children and young adults and it has identified a need for a case-control study to assess the relevant risk factors for acquisition of Y enterocolitica infections in New Zealand.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The veterinary importance of nodular worms (Olesophagostomum spp).

The nodular worms (Oesophagostomum spp) are important parasites of food animals and primates. The archaic line that parasitizes pigs appears to be less pathogenic than the parallel evolutionary lines in ruminants and primates. Morphological types of O. dentatum in pigs and an apparent new host record for O. venulosum, which normally affects sheep and wild ruminants, in cattle suggests aggressive recruitment within the genus. The same Oesophagostomum spp occur in humans and in non-human primates but it is not clear which is the natural host.

Journal Article↗